General Overview of Kashrut and Selling Chametz: Difference between pages

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==General==
==Institution of Selling Chametz==


#It’s forbidden to eat any non-Kosher food of any size. <ref>Rambam Machalot Assurot 14:2 </ref>
#Some authorities question the sale of complete Chametz, however, most authorities allow it and such is the minhag. <ref>The institution of [[Mechirat Chametz]] is based on a Tosefta (Pesachim 2:6) that says that a Jew on a boat with a non-Jew may sell his Chametz to the non-Jew and then buy it back after [[Pesach]]. This is codified by the Rambam ([[Pesach]] 4:6) and Shulchan Aruch 448:3. The Beit Yosef 448:3 writes that selling it before [[Pesach]] and buying it back is Ha’arama (a scheme to avoid a prohibition) and yet it is permitted. The Talmid Haritva printed at the end of the Chiddushei Haritva on Pesachim limits this permission to an incidental sale of the Chametz but doesn't allow the sale in an institutionalized manner.  
#It’s forbidden to eat the taste of non-Kosher food which was absorbed into another food.
#It is permitted to smell non-kosher food unless the food was prepared specifically for fragrance. <ref>[http://www.dailyhalacha.com/displayRead.asp?readID=1696 Rabbi Mansour on dailyhalacha.com]</ref>


==Non-Kosher Animals==
*Gemara [[Shabbat]] 139b says that a certain Rabbi slept on a non-Jew’s boat on [[Shabbat]] claiming that he intended to sleep, even though he knew the non-Jew would sail the boat across the river. The Gemara says that his claim was HaAramah, but is permitted since it’s only an rabbinic prohibition and he was a talmid chacham. Bechor Shor (Pesachim 21a) learns from here that Ha’aramah is permitted only if the issue is derabbanan. He writes that after Bitul, the issue of owning Chametz is only derabbanan and Ha’aramah is acceptable. Bet Efraim 1:33 and Minchat Bikkurim (Tosefta 2:7) agree. [https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=9259&st=&pgnum=422 Yeshuot Yakov 448:9] theoretically agrees with the Tevuot Shor but in practice forbade selling chametz to a non-Jew to sell to one's animals because of haarama.
*Mekor Chaim 448:11 rejects the Bechor Shor and explains that in Gemara [[Shabbat]] HaAramah was only permitted on an isser derabbanan because the Rabbi was actually violating an prohibition, however, by selling Chametz, one circumvents the issue altogether.
*Rav Yosef Dov Soloveitchik (quoted by Rav Hershel Schachter in Nefesh HaRav p. 177) held that one shouldn’t sell Chametz BeEyn, actual chametz. [Halachos of [[Pesach]] (pg 32) defines Chametz BeEyn as mixtures which have a majority or equal amount of Chametz in comparison to the non-Chametz ingredients.] This opinion is based on the idea that Ha’aramah shouldn’t be performed except for Derabbanan issues. According to this, one may rely on Rabbeinu Tam (Pesachim 42a s.v. VeElu), who holds that mixtures of Chametz are only a derabbanan issue of Bal Yeira’eh.
*Rav Schachter in BeIkvei HaTzon (siman 15) writes to defend the minhag that Ha’aramah is acceptable to avoid an isser, but not to exempt one from a mitzvah because at the end of the day, one didn’t fulfill the mitzvah. Therefore, selling one’s Chametz only avoids the isser, and one may still fulfill the mitzvah of Tashbitu with burning the last unsold [[kezayit]].
*Halachos of [[Pesach]] (p. 123) records the practice of Rav Aharon Kotler not to sell Chametz BeEyn. However, Halachos of [[Pesach]] quoting Rav Moshe Feinstein, Tzitz Eliezer 20:51(2), and Yalkut Yosef 448:3(1) permit selling all forms of Chametz. A Guide to Practical Halacha v. 5 p. 66 n. 5 also quotes Rav Moshe to this effect, but the Debrecener held one should try to use up one's chametz before Pesach. Halachos of [[Pesach]] (p. 123) writes that most poskim allow the sale and that such is the minhag. See, however, Haggadah of the Roshei Yeshiva (pg 13) which writes that Rav Moshe's minhag was not to sell actual chametz but he did sell alcoholic beverages.</ref>
#A store shouldn't buy non-perishable chametz before Pesach, then sell them to a non-Jew, so that he can have them immediately after Pesach and sell them.<ref>Yalkut Yosef 448:3:9 writes that even though the minhag is to use the sale of Chametz a store shouldn't initially buy chametz in order to sell it.</ref>
#There’s no reason or special practice to sell Chametz if one can eat all one’s Chametz. <ref>Rabbi Sobolofsky at [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/759810/Rabbi_Zvi_Sobolofsky/Pesach_Issues_in_the_Workplace yutorah.org] between minutes 12 and 13 </ref>


#Non-Kosher animals are those which do not have completely split hooves and chew its cud. Examples of non-kosher animals include pig, camel, donkey, and horse. <ref>Vayikra 11:3-8, Rambam Machalot Asurot 2:1, S”A YD 79:1, The Laws of Kashrus (Rabbi Binyamin Forst; pg 33-4) </ref>
===Those who don't sell real Chametz===
#The Torah specifies 24 non-Kosher birds and in practice we hold that any specifies about which we do not have a tradition that it is Kosher may not be eaten. <ref>Vayikra 11:13-20, S”A YD 82:2 </ref>
##There is no definitive tradition regarding pheasant, peacock, guinea hen, partridge, swan, geese, pigeons, and doves and so these should not be eaten. <ref>The Laws of Kashrus (Rabbi Binyamin Forst; pg 35-6) </ref>
##Common practice is to permit eating turkeys. <ref>The Laws of Kashrus (Rabbi Binyamin Forst; pg 35) quoting Darkei Teshuva 82:26</ref>


===Their products===
#Even if one wants to observe this stringency, it is advisable to perform [[Mechirat Chametz]] for mixtures of Chametz. <ref>Halachos of [[Pesach]] (p. 123) writes that sometimes those who desired not to sell Chametz unknowingly retained Chametz items. He adds that a student in a dorm should not assume that his Chametz was sold for him; rather, he should specifically request his father (or another individual) to be his representative to sell his Chametz. http://www.torah.org/advanced/weekly-halacha/5757/metzorah.html also says that one should sell his chametz even if he doesn't think he has any because there may be denatured ethyl alcohol in deodorant, [[shaving]] cream, or cologne. </ref>
#If one doesn’t sell real Chametz such as cake, bread, or noodles, one may still sell ketchup, mayonnaise or any mixture of a minority of chametz. <ref>Rav Schachter on [http://www.ou.org/torah/article/oukosher_pre-pesach_webcast_5771 OU Pre-Pesach Webcast 5771] between minutes 26 and 27 </ref>
#If one doesn’t sell real Chametz such as cake, bread, or noodles, one may still sell flour commonly found in the market which is Chametz since in the processing the grain is washed and comes into contact with water. <ref>Rav Yisrael Belsky on [http://www.ou.org/torah/article/oukosher_pre-pesach_webcast_5771 OU Pre-Pesach Webcast 5771] between minutes 79 and 80 </ref>


#Eggs or milk of a non-Kosher animal is also non-Kosher. <ref>Gemara Bechorot 5b-6a, Rambam Machalot Asurot 3:1, S”A YD 81:1, The Laws of Kashrus (Rabbi Binyamin Forst; pg 33-4) </ref>
==Procedure of Selling Chametz==


==Non-Kosher Fish==
#When selling Chametz one should write down one’s address and, if one is going away for Pesach, provide access to get in by leaving the keys by the Rabbi, neighbors, or security guard. If one feels uncomfortable doing that one should at least write down one’s cell phone number at which one would be reachable over [[Pesach]].<ref>Rabbi Sobolofsky at [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/759810/Rabbi_Zvi_Sobolofsky/Pesach_Issues_in_the_Workplace yutorah.org] between minutes 4 and 6 </ref>
# A person should appoint the rabbi to sell his chametz by the seller picking up a handkerchief of another item of the rabbi. If that can not be done, the seller should sign the authorization document. In cases of great need he can appoint the rabbi orally over the phone.<ref>Rav Moshe Feinstein (cited by A Guide to Practical Halacha v. 5 p. 65 n. 4)</ref>
#One should make sure to sell one's chametz completely and not with a gift with a condition that it must be returned after [[Pesach]]. <ref>Shulchan Aruch 448:3 writes that one may not do a Matana Al Menat LeHachzir. Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 114:6 agrees. Mishna Brurah 448:21 explains that even though usually a Matana Al Menat Lehachzir works to completely acquire something (such as Shulchan Aruch 558:4), by chametz because of the chumra of chametz one may not do a Matana Al Menat LeHachzir. </ref>However, one may assure the non-Jew that one will buy it back after [[Pesach]] and make it profitable for the non-Jew.<ref>Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 114:6, Mishna Brurah 448:23</ref>
#One who sells his Chametz, should not sell the containers which are holding the Chametz to the goy because if he does so, he may be required to dip them in the Mikveh again.<ref>Chachmat Adam 73:3, Yechave Daat 3:24 </ref> If one did so, he should dip them in the mikveh after Pesach, without a beracha.<ref>Yechave Daat 3:24, Nitai Gavriel Pesach 1:44:8 </ref>
#One may not sell one's chametz to a Jew who "converted" to another religion.<ref>Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 114:7</ref>


#Fish which has fins and scales are Kosher, while all others are non-Kosher. <ref>Vayikra 11:12, S”A YD 83:1 </ref> Fish do not need ritual slaughtering. <ref>S”A YD 13:1 </ref>
==Stocks of companies which own Chametz==


==Blood==
#Some authorities hold that there's is no prohibition of owning Chametz to a shareholder of a company which owns Chametz on [[Pesach]] who has no say in the actions of the company, while others hold that one should sell the shares together with one's other [[Mechirat Chametz]] through the Rabbi. <ref>Piskei Teshuvot 440:1 and http://www.vbm-torah.org/pesach/stocks.htm quote the dispute. Rabbi Yisrael Belsky based on Rav Moshe and many others at the [http://www.ou.org/torah/article/oukosher_pre-pesach_webcast_5770 OU Pre-Pesach Webcast (5770 min 29-32)] permits someone who owns shares but doesn't have any say in the company, however if someone has 30% (or so) of the company it's considered as if one is a partner and it'd be forbidden. This is implied by Igrot Moshe EH 1:7. Rav Dovid Feinstein (cited by Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society v. 24 p. 85) agreed that it is permitted to own stocks of a chametz company if one doesn't have any involvement in the voting or management of the company. Haelef Lecha Shlomo OC 238 agrees. Minchat Yitzchak 3:1 and Moadim Uzmanim 3:269 say that one should sell these stocks along with the rest of the chametz and not trade them during [[chol hamoed]]. Yalkut Yosef (Pesach v. 1 p. 599 5780, Shabbat 1-1 p. 129 5771) writes that it is permitted to own stock of a company that owns chametz on pesach if has no voting rights or say in how the company runs since it like he lent them money and isn't an owner.  </ref>


#Blood of any animal or bird is forbidden to be eaten. Therefore after a kosher animal is ritually slaughtered it must be salted properly in order to remove the blood. <ref>Vayikra 7:26-27, Devarim 12:23, Rambam Machalot Assurot 6:10, S”A YD 66:1</ref>
==Storing the Chametz==
#Fish blood is permitted to drink, however, it’s forbidden if it’s gathered in a vessel unless it’s recognizably fish blood such as having in it fish scales. <ref>S”A YD 66:9 </ref>
#Human blood which separated from the area which it left the body is forbidden, however, if one’s gums are bleeding it is permitted to swallow that blood. <ref>The gemara Keritut 21b says that eating human blood is only derabbanan once it separated from the body. The gemara explains that if a person is eating and finds blood on the piece of food that is forbidden, however, if a person’s teeth are bleeding that blood is permitted and a person can swallow it. Rambam (Machalot Asurot 6:2) and Shulchan Aruch YD 66:10 codify this halacha. Rama YD 66:10 adds that if human blood fell into a food and isn't recognizable it doesn't forbid the mixture. The Pri Megadim S"D 66:16 writes that theoretically this is the case even if the human blood is in the majority.</ref>


==Nevelah==
#Chametz which one sells to a non-Jew for [[Pesach]] should be put away in a closet or another partition of 10 [[Tefachim]] and not opened on [[Pesach]]. Similarly, one shouldn’t leave sold Chametz out in the refrigerator but rather it should be partitioned off with a wall of ten [[Tefachim]]. <ref>Rabbi Sobolofsky at [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/759810/Rabbi_Zvi_Sobolofsky/Pesach_Issues_in_the_Workplace yutorah.org] between minutes 6 and 8. <br>
see Rav Yisrael Belsky ([http://www.ou.org/torah/article/oukosher_pre-pesach_webcast_5771 OU Pre-Pesach Webcast 5771] between minutes 27:00 and 28:30) says that one shouldn’t store Chametz that is sold on the shelves of the door of the refrigerator. Instead, it should be put in the back of the refrigerator and sealed off. <br>
Rav Meir Mazuz (Hashem Nisi part 1 pg. 13 and Ohr Torah 5749 Siman 101) writes that it is not appropriate to sell Chametz and then block it off with just a piece of paper right next to the food that is Kosher for Pesach because that makes the sale seem like a joke. Instead, one should lock it off in in the refrigerator or cabinets.</ref>


#Any animal, kosher or not, may not be eaten unless it has first been ritually slaughtered properly, otherwise, the animal is considered Nevelah. An unwarranted pause, excessive pressure, or using a jagged knife are among the numerous defects of a ritual slaughtering which would cause the animal to be Nevelah. <ref>S”A YD 18:1, 23:1-2, 24:1 </ref>
==Seventh Day on a Friday==


==Teriefah==
#If the seventh day of Pesach falls out on a Friday in Israel, some poskim say that that an Israeli can eat Chametz on that Shabbat and the Chametz isn't considered muktzeh because of the previous day. <ref>Yechave Daat 2:64, Yalkut Yosef 448:5 citing Yabia Omer 9:46 </ref> Others are strict. <ref>Or Litzion 3:9:4 </ref>


#An animal which has a health defect or disease which Chazal specify is considered Teriefah and is forbidden to eat. <ref>The Mishna Chullin 42a enumerate 18 defects and the Rambam Hilchot Shechitah 10:9 counts 70. </ref>
==Bedikat Chametz in Rooms That Are Sold==
See [[Bedikat_Chametz#Renting_or_Selling_the_House_to_a_Non-Jew]]


===Dairy Products of Non-kosher Animals===
==Links==


#The milk of a Tereifah animal is non-Kosher. <ref>Based on Mishna Chullin 116b, Rif Chullin 19a, Rambam Machalot Asurot 3:10, Rosh Chullin 3:52, S”A YD 81:1 </ref>
*[http://www.hebrewbooks.org/54541 Yalkut Yosef Hilchot Pesach vol. 1 (Hebrew, 5775)]
 
*[http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/718382/Rabbi_Mordechai_I_Willig/Mechirat_Chametz Mechirat Chametz] by Rabbi Mordechai Willig
==Chelev==
*Article on [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/714420/Rabbi_Josh_Flug/Mechirat_Chametz:_Theory_and_Practice Mechirat Chametz: Theory and Practice] by Rabbi Josh Flug
 
#Certain fats of domestic animals (cattle, sheep, and goat) are forbidden, however, fat of birds or other kosher animals is permissible. Therefore after the ritual slaughtering, the butcher or other expert removes these forbidden fats. <ref>Shulchan Aruch YD 64:1 </ref>
#Many poskim hold that it is permitted to use soaps made from animal fats even if they included the forbidden fats.<ref>Rav Ovadia Yosef (Taharat Habayit v. 3 p. 244) quotes the Tosfot niddah 32a and many other rishonim that smearing forbidden animal fat on one's skin isn't forbidden because it is like eating. Additionally, he quotes the Pri Chadash YD 177:4 who says that the soaps are unfit for eating and as such there's no issue of using soaps. The Aruch Hashulchan YD 117:29 agrees. See however, Biur Halacha s.v. 326:10.</ref>
 
==Gid HaNasheh==
 
#It’s forbidden to eat the Gid HaNasheh which is the sciatic nerve in the hind thighs of kosher animals. <ref>Beresheet 32:33, Rambam 8:1, S”A YD 64:11 </ref>
 
==Ever Min HaChay==
 
#It’s forbidden to eat a limb that was detached from a live animal. <ref>Beresheet 9:4, Rambam Machalot Assurot 5:1, S”A YD 62 </ref>
 
==Tevel==
 
#Produce of Eretz [[Israel]] may not be eaten until one has removed [[Trumot and Maaserot]]. <ref>Rambam Machalot Assurot 10:19 </ref>
 
==Orlah==
 
#A fruit tree within its first three years is called Orlah and its fruit are forbidden to eat. <ref>Vayikra 19:23, Rambam Machalot Assurot 10:1, Sefer Hachinuch (Mitzvah 247)  </ref>
 
==Chadash==
 
#Any grain which took root after 16th of Nissan is forbidden to be eaten until the next 16th of Nissan. <ref>S”A OC 489:10 </ref>
#There is considerable debate whether this applies outside [[Israel]]. <ref>Beiur Halacha 489:10 s.v. Af </ref>
 
==Yayin Nesech==
See [[Kosher Wine: Yayin Nesech, Stam Yeinam, and Maga Akum]] for details.
 
#Wine which was poured in a sacrificial manner to an Avoda Zara is forbidden biblically. The same is true of any food served to an Avoda Zara. <ref>Rambam Machalot Assurot 11:1 </ref>
#Wine that was moved by a non-Jew is forbidden by rabbinic decree. There is a dispute whether the wine is forbidden upon touch of a non-Jew. <ref>S”A YD 124:11, Shach 124:20 </ref>
#One may not drink wine that belongs to a non-Jew and is considered Stam Yainom. <ref>Rambam Machalot Assurot 11:7 </ref>
 
==Fish and Meat==
 
#It’s forbidden to eat fish and meat together because Chazal felt that there was a health concern. <ref>Shulchan Aruch YD 116:2, Yalkut Yosef YD 87:83, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 33:1. See Dr. Fred Rosner's article in [https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/23261619.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Ae0b168f1e99d18e7992f40fe2316ed33 Tradition v. 35 pp. 36-44] about the theory that it is unhealthy since there's small bones in fish and a person might swallow one without realizing if he is also eating meat at the same time which doesn't have small bones. However, he questions that theory and concludes that we don't have a scientific explanation of this danger today.  </ref>
#A person who ate fish should wash out his mouth with a solid and liquid before eating meat. Ashkenazim hold that one doesn't have to wash one's hands but Sephardim hold that one should also wash one's hand before eating meat after having fish.<ref>Shulchan Aruch YD 116:3 based on the practice of the Rosh that one should wash one's hands and mouth before eating meat after having fish. However, the Rama says that practice isn't to wash one's hands or mouth before having meat but it is proper to wash out one's mouth with a solid and liquid.
 
*The Magen Avraham 173:1 and Chatom Sofer YD 101 question whether this prohibition should really still apply today since it doesn't seem to be dangerous. Kaf Hachaim 173:9 says that since this is a question of health one should be strict.</ref>
#It is permitted to cook fish in a meat pot even if it is was used within that same day.<ref>Yalkut Yosef YD 87:85 (Isur V'heter v. 3, p. 316)</ref>
 
==Fish and Dairy==
 
#There is a Sephardic custom not to eat fish and dairy together. <ref>Yalkut Yosef YD 87:84, Yechave Daat 6:48, BI"H, Beha'alotecha, 15, Kaf Hachaim 87: 24</ref> Such is the Syrian practice.<ref>[https://www.dailyhalacha.com/displayRead.asp?readID=770 Rabbi Mansour]</ref> Ashkenazim hold that it is permitted.<ref>Shach YD 87:5</ref>
#Ashkenazim hold that it is permitted to have fish and dairy together.<ref>Shach 87:5, Taz 87:3</ref>
#Even according to those who don't eat fish and milk together may have fish cooked with butter. <ref>Yalkut Yosef YD 87:85, Kaf Hachaim 87: 24</ref>
 
==[[Bishul Akum]]==
 
#One may not eat food that was cooked by a non-Jew.<ref>Shulchan Aruch YD 113:1</ref> See the [[Bishul Akum]] page.
 
==Pat Akum==
 
#One may not eat bread that was baked by a non-Jew.  see the [[Pat_Akum]] page
 
==Chalav Yisrael==
see the [[Kosher Milk]] page
 
==Kelayim==
 
#One may not mingle seeds of different species of plants however, if one did so the product is permitted. <ref>Rambam Kelayim 1:1, 6:1, The Laws of Kashrus (Rabbi Binyamin Forst; pg 42) </ref>
#It’s forbidden to sow a vegetable or grain near a grape vine and if one did so the product is forbidden. <ref>Rambam Kelayim 1:1, 6:1, The Laws of Kashrus (Rabbi Binyamin Forst; pg 42) </ref>
 
==Meat and Milk==
see [[Milk_and_Meat_in_the_Kitchen|Milk and Meat in the Kitchen]] and [[Waiting between Meat and Milk]] and [[Eating Dairy and Meat at the Same Table]]
 
#Even though both meat and milk separately are Kosher, when mixed they are forbidden. Any cooked combination is biblically forbidden. <ref>Rambam Machalot Assurot 9:1 </ref> Rabbinically, a combination of milk and meat of non-domesticated animals or milk and poultry is forbidden. <ref>Rambam Machalot Assurot 9:4 </ref>
#Many poskim hold that it is permissible to own stock in a company that sells meat and milk cooked together such as McDonald's.<ref>Shulchan Aruch YD 117 writes that it is forbidden to sell non-kosher food. Gilyon Maharsha 117:1 forbids even investing in a non-kosher business even though there's no concern that one will come to eat the non-kosher food. Kaf Hachaim 117:69 quotes most achronim who are strict about investing in a non-kosher business but some who are lenient. Igrot Moshe EH 1:7 allows buying shares of a publically traded company that works on Shabbat since he doesn't mean to buy any share of the actual company and its tools but just to invest in the value of the corporation. He allows that as long as one isn't invested so heavily that he is involved in the voting or management. Similarly, Rav Dovid Feinstein (cited by Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society v. 24 p. 85) ruled that it is permitted to own stock in McDonald's since one is just an investor and not like one is actually doing business with the non-kosher food.  [https://www.kof-k.org/articles/021909100220doc13.pdf Halachically Speaking v. 4 Issue 21 p. 7] discusses this as well.</ref>
 
==Veal==
 
Many poskim permit eating veal with a reliable hechsher. The issues involved are that there is a greater percentage of terefot, the animals aren't treated nicely, and the diet consists of meat and milk.
 
#The fact that there is a higher percent of terefot doesn't exclude the ability of a shochet to check the lungs to determine if it is kosher. The kashrut organizations checked that there isn't a higher concern of a teref developing in the intestines of the calf when raised as veal.<ref>Igrot Moshe EH 4:92 was strict that the intestines should be checked in calves raised for veal. Rav Aaron Tietelbaum is cited by the [https://www.yutorah.org/sidebar/lecture.cfm/772654/rabbi-ezra-schwartz/veal-the-other-white-meat-/ RJJ v. 45 p. 8 fnt. 5](by Rabbi Josh Flug and Rabbi Ezra Schwartz) that the kashrut organizations checked and didn't find a higher incident of a concern.</ref>
#Regarding the fact that the animals aren't treated nicely, that doesn't render the meat non-kosher. <ref>Igrot Moshe EH 4:92</ref>
#Since the calves are fattened with a meat and milk formula there is an issue of eating an animal that was fattened with something that's forbidden in benefit (''nitfatma biusrei hanah'').<ref>Rama YD 60:1 based on Avoda Zara 49a</ref> There are several factors to permit the meat nonetheless. First, not all rishonim agree that the halacha forbids an animal that was fattened with something that's forbidden to benefit from.<ref>Piskei Tosfot Temurah n. 20 writes that an animal that suckled from a teref animal is permitted for consumption. Peleti 60:1 explains that the Piskei Tosfot hold that behema shnitfatma is permitted except for avoda zara which is forbidden to benefit from even in an abnormal way. However, that won't really help by veal since meat and milk is forbidden even in an abnormal way (RJJ article). Pri Chadash YD 60:5 is lenient after the fact to consume an animal that was fattened with food that is forbidden to benefit from since Rashi and Rambam are lenient. See Isur Vheter 47:9, Pri Megadim SD 60:5, Igrot Moshe OC 1:147, Tuv Taam Vdaat 2:236</ref>  Second, since the meat is non-kosher some rishonim hold that the meat and milk combination is not forbidden to benefit from.<ref>Dagul Mirvavah 87:1 based on Rambam Pirush Mishnayot Keritut 3:4</ref> Third, perhaps the diet of the veal is comprised of other permitted ingredients and the forbidden benefit is only considered one factor but not the sole contributor (''zeh vzeh gorem'').<ref>RJJ article cites Mesorah v. 15 pp. 74-8 who suggests that it is zeh vzeh gorem because of the water that the calves drink. RJJ Article p. 17 clarifies that the kosher ingredients in the formula aren't considered zeh vzeh gorem because of chaticha naaseh nevelah. Pri Chadash 47:9 is lenient on any zeh vzeh gorem where the animal itself is considered a gorem together with the food, but his opinion is disputed by Kanfei Yonah YD 60. Also, Bet Hillel 60:1 based on Tosfot A"Z 48b s.v. vrabbanan writes that the animal isn't considered one of the factors as a gorem.</ref> Forth, the meat and milk were individually cooked before being cooked together in which case it might not be considered a meat and milk combination that is forbidden to benefit from.<ref>Pri Megadim OC 673:1 writes that there's no ''bishul achar bishul'' of meat and milk if they were already cooked together but if they were cooked separately it is still forbidden to cook them together. Yalkut Yosef Isur Vheter v. 3 p. 190 writes that it is possible to question this.</ref> The kashrut organizations have tried to mitigate this issue by using a kli sheni to create the formula and not kli rishon, which would also not create a meat and milk combination that is forbidden.<ref>Pri Megadim SD 87:19 writes that cooking meat and milk together in a kli sheni isn't considered cooking and the result would be permitted to benefit from. Yalkut Yosef Isur Vheter v. 3 p. 111 agrees.</ref>
#See this topic discussed on [https://www.ouisrael.org/torah-tidbits/veal-kosher/ OU.org] and in the [https://www.yutorah.org/sidebar/lecture.cfm/772654/rabbi-ezra-schwartz/veal-the-other-white-meat-/ Journal of Contemporary Halacha].
 
==Sheretz==
 
#All insects are forbidden to eat except a certain species of locust which is unknown to us and as such one shouldn’t eat locust. <ref>Vayikra 11, The Laws of Kashrus (Rabbi Binyamin Forst; pg 38) </ref>
##Fruit or vegetables which commonly are infested with bugs must be checked before eating. <ref>S”A YD 84:8 </ref>
##Insects which are only visible through a microscope are not forbidden. <ref>Sh”t Yechave Daat 6:47 </ref>
 
==Honey==
 
#Bees' honey is kosher, because the honey is not is not an actual secretion of the bee. Rather, the bee functions only as a carrier. <ref>Bechorot 7b, Rambam Maachalot Asurot 3:3, S"A YD 81:8, Yalkut Yosef Isur VIheter Vol. 2 81:38 see also [https://www.star-k.org/articles/kashrus-kurrents/624/do-bee-dont-bee/ Star-K] </ref>
 
===Royal Jelly===
 
#Although some poskim argued that royal jelly should be considered kosher, most poskim hold that it is not kosher.<ref>Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Minchat Shlomo Tinyana 64), [https://ouintranet.org/newsletters/files/Royal-Jelly-Rav-Schachter-DHK-VII-4.pdf Rav Hershel Schachter]</ref>


==Sources==
==Sources==
<references />
<references />
[[Category:Kashrut]]
[[Category:Pesach]]
[[Category:Holidays]]
{{Pesach}}

Revision as of 04:10, 22 January 2025

Institution of Selling Chametz

  1. Some authorities question the sale of complete Chametz, however, most authorities allow it and such is the minhag. [1]
  2. A store shouldn't buy non-perishable chametz before Pesach, then sell them to a non-Jew, so that he can have them immediately after Pesach and sell them.[2]
  3. There’s no reason or special practice to sell Chametz if one can eat all one’s Chametz. [3]

Those who don't sell real Chametz

  1. Even if one wants to observe this stringency, it is advisable to perform Mechirat Chametz for mixtures of Chametz. [4]
  2. If one doesn’t sell real Chametz such as cake, bread, or noodles, one may still sell ketchup, mayonnaise or any mixture of a minority of chametz. [5]
  3. If one doesn’t sell real Chametz such as cake, bread, or noodles, one may still sell flour commonly found in the market which is Chametz since in the processing the grain is washed and comes into contact with water. [6]

Procedure of Selling Chametz

  1. When selling Chametz one should write down one’s address and, if one is going away for Pesach, provide access to get in by leaving the keys by the Rabbi, neighbors, or security guard. If one feels uncomfortable doing that one should at least write down one’s cell phone number at which one would be reachable over Pesach.[7]
  2. A person should appoint the rabbi to sell his chametz by the seller picking up a handkerchief of another item of the rabbi. If that can not be done, the seller should sign the authorization document. In cases of great need he can appoint the rabbi orally over the phone.[8]
  3. One should make sure to sell one's chametz completely and not with a gift with a condition that it must be returned after Pesach. [9]However, one may assure the non-Jew that one will buy it back after Pesach and make it profitable for the non-Jew.[10]
  4. One who sells his Chametz, should not sell the containers which are holding the Chametz to the goy because if he does so, he may be required to dip them in the Mikveh again.[11] If one did so, he should dip them in the mikveh after Pesach, without a beracha.[12]
  5. One may not sell one's chametz to a Jew who "converted" to another religion.[13]

Stocks of companies which own Chametz

  1. Some authorities hold that there's is no prohibition of owning Chametz to a shareholder of a company which owns Chametz on Pesach who has no say in the actions of the company, while others hold that one should sell the shares together with one's other Mechirat Chametz through the Rabbi. [14]

Storing the Chametz

  1. Chametz which one sells to a non-Jew for Pesach should be put away in a closet or another partition of 10 Tefachim and not opened on Pesach. Similarly, one shouldn’t leave sold Chametz out in the refrigerator but rather it should be partitioned off with a wall of ten Tefachim. [15]

Seventh Day on a Friday

  1. If the seventh day of Pesach falls out on a Friday in Israel, some poskim say that that an Israeli can eat Chametz on that Shabbat and the Chametz isn't considered muktzeh because of the previous day. [16] Others are strict. [17]

Bedikat Chametz in Rooms That Are Sold

See Bedikat_Chametz#Renting_or_Selling_the_House_to_a_Non-Jew

Links

Sources

  1. ↑ The institution of Mechirat Chametz is based on a Tosefta (Pesachim 2:6) that says that a Jew on a boat with a non-Jew may sell his Chametz to the non-Jew and then buy it back after Pesach. This is codified by the Rambam (Pesach 4:6) and Shulchan Aruch 448:3. The Beit Yosef 448:3 writes that selling it before Pesach and buying it back is Ha’arama (a scheme to avoid a prohibition) and yet it is permitted. The Talmid Haritva printed at the end of the Chiddushei Haritva on Pesachim limits this permission to an incidental sale of the Chametz but doesn't allow the sale in an institutionalized manner.
    • Gemara Shabbat 139b says that a certain Rabbi slept on a non-Jew’s boat on Shabbat claiming that he intended to sleep, even though he knew the non-Jew would sail the boat across the river. The Gemara says that his claim was HaAramah, but is permitted since it’s only an rabbinic prohibition and he was a talmid chacham. Bechor Shor (Pesachim 21a) learns from here that Ha’aramah is permitted only if the issue is derabbanan. He writes that after Bitul, the issue of owning Chametz is only derabbanan and Ha’aramah is acceptable. Bet Efraim 1:33 and Minchat Bikkurim (Tosefta 2:7) agree. Yeshuot Yakov 448:9 theoretically agrees with the Tevuot Shor but in practice forbade selling chametz to a non-Jew to sell to one's animals because of haarama.
    • Mekor Chaim 448:11 rejects the Bechor Shor and explains that in Gemara Shabbat HaAramah was only permitted on an isser derabbanan because the Rabbi was actually violating an prohibition, however, by selling Chametz, one circumvents the issue altogether.
    • Rav Yosef Dov Soloveitchik (quoted by Rav Hershel Schachter in Nefesh HaRav p. 177) held that one shouldn’t sell Chametz BeEyn, actual chametz. [Halachos of Pesach (pg 32) defines Chametz BeEyn as mixtures which have a majority or equal amount of Chametz in comparison to the non-Chametz ingredients.] This opinion is based on the idea that Ha’aramah shouldn’t be performed except for Derabbanan issues. According to this, one may rely on Rabbeinu Tam (Pesachim 42a s.v. VeElu), who holds that mixtures of Chametz are only a derabbanan issue of Bal Yeira’eh.
    • Rav Schachter in BeIkvei HaTzon (siman 15) writes to defend the minhag that Ha’aramah is acceptable to avoid an isser, but not to exempt one from a mitzvah because at the end of the day, one didn’t fulfill the mitzvah. Therefore, selling one’s Chametz only avoids the isser, and one may still fulfill the mitzvah of Tashbitu with burning the last unsold kezayit.
    • Halachos of Pesach (p. 123) records the practice of Rav Aharon Kotler not to sell Chametz BeEyn. However, Halachos of Pesach quoting Rav Moshe Feinstein, Tzitz Eliezer 20:51(2), and Yalkut Yosef 448:3(1) permit selling all forms of Chametz. A Guide to Practical Halacha v. 5 p. 66 n. 5 also quotes Rav Moshe to this effect, but the Debrecener held one should try to use up one's chametz before Pesach. Halachos of Pesach (p. 123) writes that most poskim allow the sale and that such is the minhag. See, however, Haggadah of the Roshei Yeshiva (pg 13) which writes that Rav Moshe's minhag was not to sell actual chametz but he did sell alcoholic beverages.
  2. ↑ Yalkut Yosef 448:3:9 writes that even though the minhag is to use the sale of Chametz a store shouldn't initially buy chametz in order to sell it.
  3. ↑ Rabbi Sobolofsky at yutorah.org between minutes 12 and 13
  4. ↑ Halachos of Pesach (p. 123) writes that sometimes those who desired not to sell Chametz unknowingly retained Chametz items. He adds that a student in a dorm should not assume that his Chametz was sold for him; rather, he should specifically request his father (or another individual) to be his representative to sell his Chametz. http://www.torah.org/advanced/weekly-halacha/5757/metzorah.html also says that one should sell his chametz even if he doesn't think he has any because there may be denatured ethyl alcohol in deodorant, shaving cream, or cologne.
  5. ↑ Rav Schachter on OU Pre-Pesach Webcast 5771 between minutes 26 and 27
  6. ↑ Rav Yisrael Belsky on OU Pre-Pesach Webcast 5771 between minutes 79 and 80
  7. ↑ Rabbi Sobolofsky at yutorah.org between minutes 4 and 6
  8. ↑ Rav Moshe Feinstein (cited by A Guide to Practical Halacha v. 5 p. 65 n. 4)
  9. ↑ Shulchan Aruch 448:3 writes that one may not do a Matana Al Menat LeHachzir. Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 114:6 agrees. Mishna Brurah 448:21 explains that even though usually a Matana Al Menat Lehachzir works to completely acquire something (such as Shulchan Aruch 558:4), by chametz because of the chumra of chametz one may not do a Matana Al Menat LeHachzir.
  10. ↑ Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 114:6, Mishna Brurah 448:23
  11. ↑ Chachmat Adam 73:3, Yechave Daat 3:24
  12. ↑ Yechave Daat 3:24, Nitai Gavriel Pesach 1:44:8
  13. ↑ Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 114:7
  14. ↑ Piskei Teshuvot 440:1 and http://www.vbm-torah.org/pesach/stocks.htm quote the dispute. Rabbi Yisrael Belsky based on Rav Moshe and many others at the OU Pre-Pesach Webcast (5770 min 29-32) permits someone who owns shares but doesn't have any say in the company, however if someone has 30% (or so) of the company it's considered as if one is a partner and it'd be forbidden. This is implied by Igrot Moshe EH 1:7. Rav Dovid Feinstein (cited by Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society v. 24 p. 85) agreed that it is permitted to own stocks of a chametz company if one doesn't have any involvement in the voting or management of the company. Haelef Lecha Shlomo OC 238 agrees. Minchat Yitzchak 3:1 and Moadim Uzmanim 3:269 say that one should sell these stocks along with the rest of the chametz and not trade them during chol hamoed. Yalkut Yosef (Pesach v. 1 p. 599 5780, Shabbat 1-1 p. 129 5771) writes that it is permitted to own stock of a company that owns chametz on pesach if has no voting rights or say in how the company runs since it like he lent them money and isn't an owner.
  15. ↑ Rabbi Sobolofsky at yutorah.org between minutes 6 and 8.
    see Rav Yisrael Belsky (OU Pre-Pesach Webcast 5771 between minutes 27:00 and 28:30) says that one shouldn’t store Chametz that is sold on the shelves of the door of the refrigerator. Instead, it should be put in the back of the refrigerator and sealed off.
    Rav Meir Mazuz (Hashem Nisi part 1 pg. 13 and Ohr Torah 5749 Siman 101) writes that it is not appropriate to sell Chametz and then block it off with just a piece of paper right next to the food that is Kosher for Pesach because that makes the sale seem like a joke. Instead, one should lock it off in in the refrigerator or cabinets.
  16. ↑ Yechave Daat 2:64, Yalkut Yosef 448:5 citing Yabia Omer 9:46
  17. ↑ Or Litzion 3:9:4
Time Topic
Before Pesach
Month of Nissan - Shabbat HaGadol - Bedikat Chametz - Biur Chametz - Bitul Chametz - Tanit Bechorot - Erev Pesach - Selling Chametz - Erev Pesach That Fell out on Shabbat - Candle Lighting on Yom Tov - Kashering the kitchen for Pesach - Which foods, medications, cosmetics, and toiletries are Chametz? - Kitniyot - Chametz of a non-Jew - Owning Chametz on Pesach
Kaddesh - Urchatz - Karpas - Yachatz - Maggid - Rachsa - Motzei Matzah - Maror - Korech - Shulchan Orech - Tzafun - Barech - Hallel of the Seder - Nirtzah - Kriyat Shema Al HaMitah
- Setting the Table (The Seder plate) - Arvit of the night of Pesach - Leaning during the Seder - Required Amount of Matzah and Wine for the Seder - The four cups of wine - Matzah
After Pesach
Issru Chag - Chametz which a Jew owned on Pesach - Pesach Sheni
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