Hatmana

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When it comes to cooking and reheating foods on Shabbat, aside from the major biblical prohibition of cooking there are three rabbinic prohibitions. One is that it is forbidden to leave raw food over an open fire before Shabbat for it to continue cooking as Shabbat commences. Although this does not constitute a biblical prohibition of cooking because the act of placing the food over the fire was done before Shabbat; nevertheless, we are concerned that once one is involved with ensuring that their food is cooked, they may help the process along by stoking the fire. This prohibition is called shehiya.[1] The second is chazara.[2] Food that was over a fire at the beginning of Shabbat but has been completely removed, must not be returned on Shabbat. There are two explanations for this in the rishonim. Some say that chazal forbade this because it appears as if one is cooking and not just reheating.[3] Others explain, that similar to chazara, we are concerned that one may come to stoke the fire.[4] The third is a prohibition to insulate food on Shabbat, and in some instances, even before Shabbat.[5] This prohibition is called hatmana and is the subject of this article.

Insulating before Shabbat

  1. Before Shabbat, it is permissible to insulate food with material that preserves heat. This is permitted even during the twilight period. However, it is forbidden to insulate food with material that increases heat. Since this is similar to hot ashes, chazal were concerned that one may insulate with glowing hot ashes, and one may come to stoke the coals on Shabbat.[6]
  2. On the Shabbat itself it is forbidden to insulate even with material that only preserves heat.[7] We are concerned that if someone is attentive to the warmth of their pot, they may discover the pot to be too cold and heat it up and/or stoke the coals on Shabbat. This is not a concern during the twilight period as most pots are warm during that time.[8]
  3. Before Shabbat, it is permissible to insulate a hot pot with material (e.g. a cloth) that merely preserves the heat. [9]
    1. This is permissible even if the pot is on another hot pot, as long as they are off the fire.[10]
    2. Most poskim agree that if the pot is on a source of heat, it is forbidden to wrap it.[11] However, a Sephardic Jew who has such a minhag does not need to stop.[12]
    3. Even in this case - when the pot is on a source of heat, one may place a wide tray on top of the pot and put the cloth over the tray. In this way the cloth will not touch the sides of the pot and is therefore permitted.[13]
    4. According to most poskim it is forbidden to insulate a pot before Shabbat if it is on top of another pot which is on the fire.[14]

Insulating Food within Another Food

  1. It is permissible to insulate food by submerging it within another food if there is nothing separating between them. This is true even when the pot is on the fire, as this does not constitute hatmana at all. When the pot is on the fire one would have to be careful to fulfill the conditions of shehiya.[15]
  2. Before Shabbat, one may wrap food in a plastic, nylon, or aluminum bag and submerge it in a pot of hot food (such as chulent). Others are stringent.[16]
  3. Submerging a bottle holding food or drink into a container of hot water is similar to covering it with a cloth. Thus, before Shabbat this is permissible. On Shabbat, if the bottle is not totally submerged this would be permitted for Ashkenazim. However, there is a caveat. If there is a liquid in the bottle, the water in the container must be such that the liquid will never reach yad soledes bo, to avoid the problem of bishul. Alternatively, the container may be a kli sheini. If there are cooked dry goods in the bottle, these conditions do not apply. However, according to the Sephardim, who forbid hatmana even when the item is only partially covered, this would be forbidden.[17]

Hot Plate Blanket

 
According to Sephardim it is forbidden and according to Ashkenazim it is permitted if the sides of the pots are clearly and recognizable partially exposed (unlike this picture).
  1. One may not completely wrap a pot with a cloth if the pot is on top of a hot plate, covered fire, or any other heating element. Although the blanket or towel itself does not add heat, the heating element does, and this is considered hatmana in something that adds heat. Thus, this is forbidden even before Shabbat.[18] A Sephardi who has a minhag to do this need not be stopped if done before Shabbat.[19]
  2. If only a portion of the pot is covered, according to many Ashkenazi poskim, this is not hatmana, and is permitted even though it is on a heat source. This is permissible even on Shabbat. To qualify as being partially exposed, a significant portion of the pot must be uncovered, such that it will lose heat because of its exposure. If, in a significant portion of the wrapping, there is a big space between the pot and the cloth, this also would not constitute hatmana.[20] According to Sephardim, this is forbidden even before Shabbat - as the Sephardim consider this to be real hatmana on a heat source.[21]
  3. Obviously if one does use such a blanket one should be careful that it is fire safe.

Insulating on Shabbat

  1. On Shabbat one is not allowed to insulate food, whether it is cooked or raw, even with material that doesn’t preserve heat - like clothing or cloth. Chazal were concerned that one will find the food cold and come to heat it up.[22]
  2. According to Ashkenazim, it’s permissible to insulate a pot that’s on the fire if the insulation doesn’t come into contact with all (6) sides of the pot only if the food is fully cooked and the food is liquid it must still not have completely cooled. [23]
    1. With respect to hatmana there is no issue of leaving food in an oven before or on Shabbat since the food isn't touching the walls of the oven.[24] However, regarding chazara or shehiya see the article on heating up foods on Shabbat.
  3. It’s permissible to insulate a kli sheni with cloth.[25]
  4. On Shabbat, it is permissible to insulate cold food to remove its chill or to prevent it from getting colder with material that does not preserve heat - like clothing.[26]
  5. However, if the cold pot is on top of a hot pot, even if it is off the fire, this would be forbidden.[27]

Pot Cover

  1. Covering a pot to prevent the food from getting dirty is not considered insulating even if the cover is touching the food and keeps the heat. Since the intent is not to insulate, it is no different than covering the pot with its regular cover. It would be no different if one would place aluminum foil under the cover to prevent the moisture from escaping. Here too, the intent is not to insulate.[28]

Wrapping with Tin Foil

  1. It is permitted to cover a food with tin foil since this is done to prevent the food from getting dirty. However, one should not use multiple layers of tin to wrap the food.[29]

Crock Pot

  • Crock Pot

  • Crock Pot with Lining

  • Slow Cooker on Base

  1. Leaving food in a crock pot, to alleviate both issues of shehiya and hatmana,
    1. according to some poskim all you need to do is cover the knob as long as it is cooking for Shabbat day.
    2. However, some forbid it unless there is an aluminum foil lining between the insert and the heating element and the knob is covered.[30]
    3. Furthermore, some take this a bit further and insist that there be a significant space between the heating element and the crock pot insert. This can be accomplished by placing a few balls of tin foil under the crock pot insert.[31]
  2. A crock pot or slow cooker that doesn’t fit into a heating element and just sit upon a heating element don’t have the question of hatmana and only need cover the heating element with aluminum foil and preferably the knob as well.[32]

Thermos

  1. Many permit pouring hot water into a thermos on Shabbat.[33] If there are droplets of cold water in the thermos, they must be shaken out very well prior to putting in the hot water. Some require that the thermos be completely dry before pouring into it.[34]

Hot Water Urn

  1. It is permissible to use a samovar on Shabbat.[35]

Rewrapping

  1. A pot that was wrapped in cloth before Shabbat and, after Shabbat commences, it becomes uncovered, may be rewrapped on Shabbat. When rewrapping, heavier coverings may be added as long as the food is completely cooked. Similarly, once properly wrapped on Erev Shabbat, warmer coverings may be added on Shabbat, as long as the food is completely cooked.[36]

Sources

  1. ↑ Shabbat 36b, Shulchan Aruch O.C. 253:1
  2. ↑ Shabbat 38b, Shulchan Aruch O.C. 253:2
  3. ↑ Rashba shabbat 40b, Ran ibid.
  4. ↑ Tosfot Shabbat 38b
  5. ↑ Shabbat 34a, Shulchan Aruch O.C. 257
  6. ↑ See Talmud Shabbat 34b, Rashi at loc, Shulchan Aruch O.C. 257:1
  7. ↑ See statement of Rava on Gemara Shabbat 34a
  8. ↑ Shulchan Aruch 257:1
  9. ↑ Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:75 (3rd edition) based on Shulchan Aruch 257:1 and 3.
  10. ↑ Shulchan Aruch 258:1, Mishna Brurah 258:2, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:75
  11. ↑ Shulchan Aruch 257:8 explains that even though covering with a cloth is considered something doesn't preserve the heat, since the pot is top of the fire insulating the pot with the cloth becomes like it is insulated with something that preserves the heat, which is forbidden even on Friday. Mishna Brurah 257:37, Kaf Hachaim 257:40, and Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:75 agree.
  12. ↑ Chazon Ovadia (Shabbat v. 1 p. 56) writes that some are lenient and there is a minhag to be lenient against Shulchan Aruch.
    • When Hatmana on it’s own doesn’t preserve heat but keeps in heat because of another source (that besides the cover of clothing, the food is on a Garuf or Katum stove) there is a dispute in the Rishonim if there’s an issue of Hatmana with something that preserves heat. Ran (Shabbat Bameh Tomnin) in name of Rabbenu Yonah and Rashba writes that if the insulation preserves heat because of an external source it is forbidden as Hatmana Dvar Hamosif Hevel because this insulation shows one is concerned about keeping the food warm. However, the Ramban permits if the Hatmana is done with permitted material and the Shehiyah (leaving food on a covered stove from before Shabbat) is done in a permitted way because these are two separate Gezerahs (the Gemara 47b which seemingly prohibits putting an insulated pot on a permitted stove is only forbidden because the food is put directly on the coals but if there’s a space of air in between the coals and the food it’d be permitted.) Ran (22a s.v. VeMinhagenu), Nemukei Yosef (Lo Yachpor), Rabbenu Yerucham (pg 68c), and Meiri (Shabbat Perek Kirah pg 142 s.v. Zu Hiy) write that the Minhag is like the Ramban's explanation. Ritva 47b mentions the Ramban and adds that some are strict to make a separation between the clothing and the pot (as that’s not the usual way to insulate) but concludes that he prefers a different stringency which is putting the pot on top of a cover that separates between the pot and stove. S”A 257:8 rules even though Shehiyah is permitted in certain cases (see S”A 253) if the pot is covered with clothes even though it is a material that doesn’t preserve heat it’s forbidden to be left on the fire.
    • Sh”t Chut MeShulash 8, Shaarei Yeshua 5:8, and Sh”t Divrei Moshe 64 say that the Minhag has what to rely on even though S”A was strict. Sh”t Zechur LeYitzchak 74 pg 113b brings the opinion of Maharar Moshe Ben Chaviv who says the Minhag has what to rely on based on the Ramban and the opinions that there’s no issue of Hatmana if the food is cooking for Shabbat day; nonetheless, Zechur LeYitzchak suggests that since the Minhag predates S”A it can continue, but concludes that one should be strict like S”A. Eretz Chaim 257, Memei Shlomo 257, Sh”t Yaskil Avdi 3:10(4:7), Gedolei Tzion 9:11 also quote the Maharar Ben Chaviv and Chazon Ovadyah (Shabbat 1 pg 56; as in Sh”t Yabia Omer O”C 6:33) conclude that one can be lenient. Halacha Brurah 257:29 writes that one doesn't need to stop someone who is lenient since there is what to rely upon.
  13. ↑ The Tur 257:8 adds in the name of his father, the Rosh, that if the clothes aren’t touching the pot, it is not the normal way to do hatmana and is permitted. Thus, Shulchan Aruch 257:8 rules that as long as the pot isn’t touching the coals, so that it is a permissible shehiyah, one may put a tray on top of the pot with a cloth on top of it. In this way the cloth doesn’t touch the sides of the pot and is thus not hatmana. Minchat Cohen (Mishmeret Shabbat 8) explains that S”A requires both requirements: 1) the pot doesn’t touch the coals and 2) the clothes don’t touch the sides of the pot. Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchata 1:76 accepts this.
  14. ↑ Kaf Hachaim 258:3 writes based on the Magen Avraham 258:1 that insulating a pot on top of another pot that is on the fire is forbidden even before Shabbat since it is considered like hatmana bdvar hamosif hevel. Mishna Brurah 258:2 agrees. Kaf Hachaim adds that according to the lenient opinion in the Rama 257:7 since there is no issue of shehiya on a pot on top of another pot there's also no issue of hatmana, but that is only if that is the minhag.
  15. ↑ Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:72
  16. ↑ Chazon Ish 37:32 rules that a vessel inside a pot of hot water doesn’t have an issue of hatmana. Aruch HaShulchan 258:3 and Sh”t Shevet HaLevi 3:47 argue on the Chazon Ish; however, Chazon Ovadyah (Shabbat 1 pg 62) says one can rely on the Chazon Ish to be lenient, especially if the food is fully cooked (for which Rama 257:7 permits hatmana). Sh”t Shevet HaLevi 8:15(4) says that there is room to be lenient since the bag is only separating between the foods as it would have been hot from the pot nonetheless. Sh”t Vayeshev Moshe (Zanger) O”C 19 adds that the bag or aluminum isn’t a real vessel that separates the food inside it. Rav Shlomo Zalman in Sh”t Minchat Shlomo (2:34(20) in Otsrot Shlomo version), Sh”t LeHorot Natan O”C 12, Kovetz Or Yisrael 5:23, Sh”t Shraga HaMeir 4:63, 6:3, Megilat Sefer on Shabbat 4:13, Sh”t Kinyan Torah 4:24, Sh”t Az Nidabru 6:78, Sh”t Or Letzion 2:17(13), and Sh”t Maaseh Nisim 163 agree that there’s no hatmana in our case of a food within another food since it’s not meant to be totally separate.
    • In the 2nd edition of Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchasa 42:63 he was strict regarding materials that don’t allow liquid through such as plastic, nylon, or aluminum liners inside chulent or crock pots, however in the 3rd edition there’s an explicit retraction in 1:87 quoting Rav Shlomo Zalman to permit in all circumstances.
    • Meor Shabbat 3 pg 519, and Menuchat Ahavah 1:3(27) are somewhat strict on the issue, the Minhag is to be lenient on this issue.
  17. ↑ Mishna Brurah 258:2, Dirshu Footnote 258:7. See Shulchan Aruch 253:1 and Rema there regarding if it is considered hatmana when not totally covered. Chazon Ish 37:19 is stringent like the Shulchan Aruch. However, regarding the case of the bottle, the Chazon Ish 37:32 writes that there is no hatmana when it comes to submerging something in water. The upshot is that the Chazon Ish will be more lenient in our case, and one could totally submerge the bottle.
  18. ↑ Shulchan Aruch O.C. 257:8, Mishna Brurah 257:37, Halacha Brurah 257:28.
    • Tur 257:8, quoting the Rosh, writes that those people who insulate a pot on Friday with a cloth and put the pot on a covered fire are doing wrong, since the cloth is considered an insulation that adds heat once the pot is on top of a heating element. The Bet Yosef (257:8 s.v. u'ma shekatav rabenu aval hatmana) writes that Tosfot Shabbat 48a s.v. dzeytim held that it is forbidden to use a cloth to cover a pot on top of covered coals since the cloth becomes something that adds heat since the pot is on top of a heating element. He also quotes the Smag Lav 65, Smak 282, Sefer Hatrumah 231, and Ran (shabbat 22a s.v. aval) citing the Rabbenu Yonah and Rashba as agreeing. He does cite the Ran quoting the Ramban as disagreeing that hatmana and shehiya are two separate issues, and if a cloth isn't something that adds heat itself it isn't considered something that adds heat for hatmana.
    • Shulchan Aruch 257:8 follows the opinion of the Tosfot, Smag, Smak, Sefer Hatrumah, Rashba, Rabbenu Yonah, Rosh, and Tur unlike the Ramban. This is accepted by the achronim including Shulchan Aruch Harav 257:10, Mishna Brurah 257:37, and Halacha Brurah 257:28. Aruch Hashulchan 257:11 agrees and adds that the Rambam and Rif agree with Tosfot. Halacha Brurah 257:28 adds that the Nemukei Yosef b"b 10a agrees with Tosfot.
  19. ↑ Shulchan Aruch 257:8, Halacha Brurah 257:28-29, Chazon Ovadia Shabbat v. 1 p. 56.
    • According to Sephardim, Halacha Brurah 257:29 writes that someone who does insulate the pot before Shabbat with a blanket on top of the heating element, even though it is against most rishonim (Tosfot, Rosh, Tur, Smag, Smak, Sefer Hatrumah, Rashba, and Rabbenu Yonah) and Shulchan Aruch, someone who relies on the Ramban Shabbat 47b who holds that a cloth isn't considered something that adds heat even though the pot is on top of a heating element shouldn't be rebuked. (See there where he adds that although many rishonim are strict there are many who are lenient like the Ramban including Or Zaruah 2:8, Sefer Habatim ch. 5, Ohel Moed 3:10, Ritva Shabbat 47b quoting Rabbenu Tam, Sefer Hayashar no. 235, and Meiri 36b based on Rashi.) Furthermore, if the pot is heating food for the next day there is what to rely upon according to the Shibolei Haleket. Even though this is a minority opinion someone who follows it in conjugation with the Ramban shouldn't be rebuked. Halacha Brurah 258:3 p. 382 clarifies that this leniency is only before Shabbat.
  20. ↑ *Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchata 1:77-78 writes that since it isn't considered insulating if the pot isn't completely covered, it would be permitted even if it is on the fire. In the footnote, he cites Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach who clarified that it is only not considered hatmana if a recognizable part of the side of the pot is exposed around a majority of its circumference and not just one little area. Orchot Shabbat v. 1 p. 110 agrees that covering a pot on a covered fire on Shabbat with clothes is permitted if they only partially cover the pot. The definition is that it needs to be uncovered in a significant way so that it negatively impacts on the heat of the pot.
    • However, Halacha Brurah 257:29 writes that even Ashkenazim should be strict. He explains that the implication of the Rama who doesn't comment on 257:8 is that it is forbidden to cover a pot on a heating element even though it is only partially covered. He quotes the Pri Megadim E"A 257:18, who explains that even though usually a partial covering isn't an issue for the Rama 253:1, here it is since it is clear that one is insulting the pot to keep it hot. However, he also quotes the Minchat Cohen 2:8 s.v. veheneh (cited by Halacha Brurah v. 14 p. 345) who says that according to the Rama it is permitted. Halacha Brurah writes that Ashkenazim should be strict.
  21. ↑ Halacha Brurah 257:28, based on Shulchan Aruch 253:1 that hatmana on one side is considered hatmana, writes that covering the pot on top of a covered fire is forbidden. He explains that this is the intent of Shulchan Aruch 257:8.
  22. ↑ Shulchan Aruch 257:1-2, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:65
  23. ↑ Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:66
  24. ↑ Orchot Shabbat 2:86
  25. ↑ Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:68
  26. ↑ In Shabbat 51a, Rav Yehuda in the name of Shmuel says that it’s permitted to insulate cold food. Rashi (Shabbat 51a) explains that it’s permitted to keep it cold and there’s no Gezerah of Hatmana, implying that heating up cold food even with insulation of material that doesn’t preserve heat is forbidden. Mahari MeLunil 51a, Ravan 346, Ravyah 202 pg 287, and Rabbenu Yishaya MeTeranayah pg 294 concur with Rashi. However Rambam, (Shabbat 4:4) permits insulating the cold food even to remove its coldness. Rashba 51a in name of the Geonim, Ran 23b, Nemukei Yosef 51a, and Rabbenu Yerucham pg 68c in name of Tosfot agree with the Rambam. Shulchan Aruch 257:6 rules like the Rambam.
  27. ↑ Mishna Brurah 258:2
  28. ↑ Shulchan Aruch 257:2, Orchot Shabbat 2:76
  29. ↑ Igrot Moshe 4:74 Hatmana no. 3, Orchot Shabbat 2:77. Rabbi Mansour ("Hatmana: Foil –Placing Wrapped Foods on the Blech") writes that Sephardim can be lenient like Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach who says that it is permitted to wrap a food in aluminum foil even if one isn't doing it to prevent it from getting dirty. It is just like encasing it in a pot.
  30. ↑ 39 Melachos v. 2 p. 633 writes that Rav Moshe held the crock pot wasn't an issue and to avoid those who are strict it is sufficient to place aluminum foil between the insert and the heating element and also cover the knob.
  31. ↑ Reasons to permit:
    1. Hatmana: Hatmana for Tomorrow: There are some Rishonim that permit Hatmana if the food is meant to be eaten the next day. [Shibolei HaLeket 57 in name of Rabbenu Simcha says that Shehiya is permitted if a person has two pots and the one that’s cooking for Shabbat day is separate from the pot cooking for Friday night. Rabbenu Binyamin (quoted by Shibolei HaLeket), Mordechai (Shabbat 3:300), Rabbenu Yishaya HaRishon (Shabbat Bameh Tomnin), and Ravan (Shabbat 338) concerning Hatmana allow something that is set aside for the next day.] Rama 257:1 rules like these opinions. However Bet Yosef 253:1(4) concludes that this seemingly goes against many of the Mefarshim that are brought in the following Siman.
    2. Hatmana: Partial Insulation: There is a dispute in the Rishonim whether there is Hatmana when the food is touching the coals even though the food itself isn’t covered. S”A 253:1 end of saif rules (based on Rosh (Shabbat 3:1), Tur 253:1, Ran 15b s.v. Kirah, and Magid Mishna 3:4 in name of Rambam) that if the pot is touching the coals directly it’s forbidden to do hatmana in any case. However Rama 253:1 says that there are those who permit (namely, Mordechai (Shabbat 299, Hagahot Maimon 7:20, and Or Zaruh 2:8 pg 3c) and so is the Minhag. Chazon Ish 37:19 argues on this Rama and follows S”A. See The Great Crock Pot Controversy by Rabbi Yirmiyahu Kaganoff.
    3. Hatmana: The Tiny Space Between the Pot and Heating Element: Some distinguish between the pot directly on the coals and where there’s a small airspace in between including Mishna Brurah (Shaar Hatziyun 257:43) and Shulchan Aruch HaRav 257:10 (based on Ritva Shabbat 47b). Thus, Chazon Ovadyah (1 pg 64) argues that the small airspace is reason to permit even according to S”A, while Shulchan Shlomo 257:13 doesn’t consider the airspace as an interference between the coals and the pot because that’s the way it cooks.
    4. Shehiya: Covering the Knobs: Chazon Ovadia permits the shehiya because of covering the knobs. Orchot Shabbat 2:18 holds that covering the knob with tape permits shehiya.
    5. Shehiya: Other Solutions: Halacha Brurah 253:9 writes that if one covers the heating element with tin foil that solves the shehiya problem. Halacha Brurah 257:32 notes that if one puts in a raw piece of meat before Shabbat that also solves the issue of shehiya.
    6. Those who permit: Rav Vosner (Kovetz MeBet Levi 9, Shabbat LeYisrael pg 373), Sh”t Shevet HaLevi 9:52, and Rav Moshe Feinstein (Sefer Otzrot HaShabbat and Sefer Matmin UMevashel Beshabbat quote it in his name, see also Igros Moshe OC 4:74:Hatmana 4, Teshuvot Vihanhagot 3:106) permit (according to the Rama). Chazon Ovadyah (Shabbat 1 pg. 64) permits according to S”A based on a Safeka Safeka, and the small airspace, as long as one covers the knob to serve as a reminder. Rabbi Eli Mansour on DailyHalacha.com quotes this opinion of Rav Ovadia. Halacha Brurah 257:32 permits the crock pot for hatmana purposes if the food is intended for tomorrow.
    7. Those who forbid: Rav Shlomo Aurbach in Shulchan Shlomo 257:13 forbids. Rabbi Daniel Mann writes that although one is not required to do so, one who wishes to satisfy the opinion of Rav Shlomo Zalman may place little balls of tin foil underneath the removable part of the crock pot to create a separation between the pot of food and the heating element and raise the pot of food about the walls (see Rav Shlomo Zalman's letter in the back of Orchot Shabbat and Orchot Shabbat pg. 113). Rav Elyashiv (commonly quoted “in his name” (as in Sefer Otzrot HaShabbat and Sefer Matmin UMevashel Beshabbat) as forbidding the crock pot, however Shabbat Hayom recounts that he and his friend Rabbi Ofir Malka showed Rav Elyashiv the pot and Rav Elyashiv permitted it according to the Rama.
    8. Aluminum Balls Solution: Orchot Shabbat 2:88 writes that in terms of shehiya it is considered an uncovered fire which can be solved by creating a space between the pot and the insert. In terms of hatmana even though the top is uncovered it is still considered insulated since it is mostly surrounded by the heating element. Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach and Rav Elyashiv both held that it is only permitted to using a crock pot is the insert is raised in a noticeable way from the heating element otherwise it would be hatmana. Additionally, Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach added that the food had to be completely cooked before Shabbat to avoid hatmana. Lastly, Rav Wosner held that one should be strict but one doesn't have to protest Ashkenazim who are lenient since it is only partial insulation. Rav Hershel Schachter (The Laws of Cooking and Warming Food on Shabbat p. 184) writes that one should place something in between the pot and the heating element to avoid hatmana.
  32. ↑ 39 Melachos v. 2 p. 633
  33. ↑ Shalmei Yehuda 6:4 quoting Rav Elyashiv, Chazon Ish 37:35, Az Nidbaru 1:48-9, 3:17, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:70, and Sh”t Igrot Moshe 1:95 permit pouring hot water from a Kli Rishon into a thermos and there would be no issue of Hatmana. However, according to Sh”t Shevet HaLevi 1:93 that it’s forbidden to put hot water into a thermos, thermos should be considered a Kli Sh’Melachto LeIssur.
  34. ↑ Orchos Shabbat 1:67, footnote 156,157
  35. ↑ Rav Ovadia Yosef in Mayan Omer 2:9 p. 119. The footnote explains even though the water is completely covered it isn't considered insulated since that is how the machine is made.
  36. ↑ Shulchan Aruch 257:4, Mishna Berura ibid. 25, 26. Biur Halacha ibid, 4. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:67
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Kiddush Levana - Enjoying Shabbat - Fourth meal of Shabbat - Havdalah - Having a meal on Friday - In the Spirit of Shabbat - Kiddush - Lighting Shabbat Candles - Making Early Shabbat - Making one hundred Brachot on Shabbat - Preparing foods on Shabbat - Preparing for Shabbat - Shenayim Mikrah - Kavod Shabbat - Shabbos Davening - Seudat Shabbat - Seudat Shelishit - Lechem Mishneh - Motzei Shabbat - When Does Shabbat Start?
Restrictions of Shabbat
Allowing Carrying Using an Eruv Chatzerot - Animals on Shabbat - Asking a Jew to work on Shabbat - Asking a non-Jew to work on Shabbat (Amirah LeNochri) - Benefiting from a Violation of Shabbat (Maaseh Shabbat) - Books, notebooks, and papers - Brushing Teeth on Shabbat - Building a structure on Shabbat (Boneh) - Carrying on Shabbat - Cleaning the dishes - Cleaning and Folding Garments on Shabbat - Clearing the table - Cooking (Ofeh and Bishul) - Cosmetics on Shabbat - Dancing and clapping on Shabbat - Electricity on Shabbat - Eruv Chatzerot - Eruvin - Games on Shabbat - Getting dressed on Shabbat - Giving birth on Shabbat - Grinding (Tochen) - Handling objects on Shabbat (Muktzeh) - Infants on Shabbat - Introduction to the Modern Eruv - Kneading (Lash) - Mail on Shabbat - Medicine on Shabbat (Refuah on Shabbat) - Melacha That Begins Before Shabbat - Opening bottles and containers (Boneh) - Plants on Shabbat (Zoreah) - Preparing for after Shabbat (Hachana) - Reading on Shabbat (Daber Davar) - Recreation on Shabbat - Sechirut Reshut - Separating mixtures (Borer) - Squeezing fruits (Sechita) - Speaking on Shabbat (Daber Davar) - Taking a cruise over Shabbat - Taking measurements on Shabbat - Techum - Transactions on Shabbat - Transportation on Shabbat - Going to and Staying in the Hospital on Shabbat - Wages on Shabbat (Sachar Shabbat) - Washing one’s body on Shabbat
Melachos
Introduction to Melechet Machshevet - Marbeh Bshiurim - Plowing - Planting - Harvesting - Gathering - Threshing - Winnowing - Separating - Grinding - Sifting - Kneading - Baking and Cooking - Shearing - Laundering - Combing - Dyeing - Spinning - Mounting warp threads - Making two loops - Weaving - Unraveling fabric - Tying - Untying - Gluing, taping, or stapling - Ripping - Trapping - Slaughtering - Skinning - Tanning - Smoothing - Scoring - Cutting precisely - Writing - Erasing - Building - Demolishing - Completing a vessel - Extinguishing a flame - Kindling a fire - Carrying
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