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| ==Talmud Bavli and Yerushalmi== | | == Overview == |
| == Geonim ==
| | In order to be privy to the nuances and mindsets of the Poskim, it is advantageous to understand the Klalim relevant to the Poskim, from the two Talmuds through the Rishonim to the Shulchan Aruch. The Machon Yerushalayim edition of the Yad Malachi is particularly helpful for this, as the Yad Malachi is fantastic for collecting all the ideas mentioned throughout Halachic literature and the Matnat Yado footnotes add many additional sources from those who came before and after him, as well as direct quotations of sources. |
| # The term "Geonim" generally refers to those who lived between the Savoraim and the Rif, though the institution of Geonim did extend beyond then. Some say that the term Gaon is short for "Rosh Yeshivat Gaon Yaakov,"<ref>https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/gaon</ref> while others claim it was reserved for those who were experts in all sixty Masechtot of Shas, corresponding to the Gematria of גאון.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaGeonim 1)</ref>
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| # The monograph on Hilchot Tefillin from the times of the Geonim is claimed by some to be super authoritative, as "the words of the Geonim are tradition" (דבריהם דברי קבלה) in that they had access to the first edition of Talmud Bavli, which was clearer than ours. At the same time, a number of Rishonim poke holes in the work and argue it shouldn't be followed when it contradicts Talmud Bavli.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaGeonim 2)</ref>
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| == Bahag (Ba'al Halachot Gedolot) ==
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| ==Rif==
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| == Rambam ==
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| === General ===
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| # The Maharashdam believes that since the Rambam saw the other opinions on each issue and still decided the way we did, we should follow his rulings (analogous to the Radbaz and the Rif).<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 27)</ref> On the other hand, a number of Ashkenazi authorities feel that the Rambam is a minority in the face of the Baalei HaTosafot.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 28)</ref>
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| # One cannot pose questions from Tosafot's logic against the Rambam. Gavra aGavra KaRamit?!<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 8)</ref>
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| # The Rivash and Rosh warn that one who attempts to rule on practical matters solely from Mishneh Torah without understanding its Talmudic context will likely mistake Assur for Muttar and Muttar for Assur, thinking he understands the material. At the same time, the Rambam's explicit intention was to write the Halacha so clearly that one need not be bogged down by the confusing Sugya and need only Mishneh Torah to know how to act, so some Acharonim, such as the Ohr HaChaim and Baal HaTanya are less concerned. While that is true, the Rambam himself explains in a letter that he did so for people for whom understanding the Gemara was beyond their reach.<ref>Shu"t HaRivash (Siman 144), Shu"t HaRosh (Klal 31 Siman 9), Rishon LeTzion (Berachot 60a, Sukkah 12b), Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 20), Shulchan Aruch HaRav (Kuntress Acharon Hilchot Talmud Torah Perek 2), Iggerot HaRambam (Shilat Edition, page 439)</ref>
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| # Seldom does the Rambam disagree with the Rif, so one should not assume so unless there are already a great number of Rishonim for him to side with.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 29)</ref>
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| === Mishneh Torah ===
| | A number of these Klalim, such as Stam vaYesh and Yesh veYesh have much import in understanding many of the Rishonim, though the idea is only written out under the heading of one of them. |
| # In Mishneh Torah, the Rambam focuses on relaying rulings explicated in the Gemara in a lucid way, while leaving out rulings that can only be inferred but aren't stated explicitly.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 2)</ref>
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| # Every word of the Rambam is written with tremendous precision and exactness, enough for one to infer from his words as one would from the Gemara itself.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 3)</ref> Similarly, the Maharalbach warns that one shouldn't rush to reject the Rambam for coming off as against the Gemara, but should rather pin the in-congruence on our own lack of understanding.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 26)</ref>
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| # Though the Rambam never relies in Mishneh Torah on what he already wrote in Peirush HaMishnayot, he does rely on what he wrote in earlier sections of Mishneh Torah, and perhaps even later ones, or, at least, in that chapter.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 6, 37)</ref>
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| # When a contradiction is found between the Perush HaMishnayot and the Mishneh Torah, the Halacha follows Mishneh Torah, which was written later and as a set of rulings, not a set of elucidations of the Mishnah.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 1)</ref>
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| # In Mishneh Torah, the Rambam's style is to write only what it says in the Gemara and not the interpretation, but his intention is to for the interpretation of the Gemara to be applied to his words, as well, though some disagree.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 24)</ref>
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| # It's abnormal for the Rambam to omit a din dealt with explicitly in the Talmud and instead write a different idea not mentioned in the Talmud that implies the one mentioned explicitly.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 35)</ref>
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| # Counts of the number of Perakim, Halachot, Mitzvot, etc are provided in Mishneh Torah to facilitate memorization, not to imply additional ideas.<ref>Introduction to Mishneh Torah, Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 34)</ref>
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| # The Rambam will rule like a Halacha found in the Sifrei if it's not contradicted by the Talmud.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 9)</ref>
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| # The word Assur is used even when referring to Dinim MiDeoraita that would warrant Malkot.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 10)</ref>
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| # "MiPi HaShmua" refers to a Halacha whose source is not explicit in the Torah,<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 39)</ref> and "MiPi HaKabbalah" refers to Halachot learned from Pesukim in Neviim.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 40)</ref>
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| # The term "MiDivrei Sofrim" can refer to Dinim MiDeRabbanan, as well as any Din MiDeoraita not stated explicitly in the Torah, such as one derived via the thirteen Middot, because without the Chachamim it would not be understood.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 7)</ref>
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| # Consistently marking each Din as a Gezeirah or Halacha LeMoshe MiSinai is not a priority for the Rambam: sometime he mentions the Din's classification, while other times he does not.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 30)</ref>
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| # The Rivash argues that the Rambam will refer to a Takkanat Chachamim as "Torah," such as in "Lo Hikpida Torah" in reference to the Ne'emanut of an Ed Echad, while others disagree.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 19)</ref>
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| # When the Gemara presents more specific arguments predicated on accepting one of two possible assumptions - "Im Timtzi Lomar" - the Geonim and Rambam understand that the Halacha assumes like that assumption.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 13)</ref> Some say this is only true if the Gemara did not leave the very same uncertainty pending with a "Tiku" elsewhere, while others argue the opposite.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 14)</ref> The two levels of the Im Timtzi Lomar cannot be interchangeable, meaning if assuming A over B and then asking C over D is equivalent to assuming C over D and then asking A over B, this rule does not apply for the Rambam.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 15)</ref> The words must also be explicit in the text of the Gemara, so two subsequent questions, one building on the previous, would not be subject to this rule.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 16)</ref> The Poskim dispute if this is only true when the Amora in the Gemara himself uses these words to navigate the situation or if it's even true when the omniscient narrator of the Sugya does so externally of the Amora's words. <ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 18)</ref>
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| # If the Gemara presents two opposite understandings and then rejects one, the Rambam will formulate it in a way that accepts the accepted one and implies the rejection of the rejected one.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 31)</ref>
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| # Often times, answers presented in the Gemara in rejection of a difficulty are omitted by the Rambam in favor of the simple meaning of the Mishnah, Baraita, or Amoraic statement.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 33)</ref>
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| # It is not uncommon for the Rambam to pin a ruling on a Pasuk not mentioned in or even rejected by the Gemara, because he felt it to be simpler or more acceptable, especially if there's no practical difference.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 4). See the Shut Rama MiFano Siman 108 he cites who says that the Rambam will often present a ruling borrowing the wording of one opinion but adjust it to match the other.</ref>
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| # In a few places, the Rambam employs a Talmudic phrase to mean something different from what it does in the Talmud.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 38)</ref>
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| # One cannot infer from the presentation of a ruling in one section of Mishneh Torah and its absence in another seemingly appropriate section that it only applies in one and not the other, as the Rambam's goal is to present the Talmud's rulings in their wording in their appropriate place. For example, a Halacha in Terumot that might also fit in Maachalot Assurot cannot be assumed to only apply in Terumot and not Maachalot Assurot given its presence in the former and absence in the latter. This is, however, a valid tool in reading other Poskim, such as the Tur.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 5)</ref>
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| === Sefer HaMitzvot ===
| | The Chida writes how important it is to learn the chronological/historical/bibliographic details of Sefarim, because it alleviates many uncertainties and prevents one from entertaining mistaken understandings, as is evidenced by the many times he uses such details to resolve issues throughout Shem HaGedolim.<ref>Shem HaGedolim (Sefarim, Tet 11)</ref> |
| # The focus of Sefer HaMitzvot is not to determine which Mitzvot are part of the 613, not to present a comprehensive of accurate representation of their Halachot and details. Therefore, when studying Sefer HaMitzvot, questioning the count of Mitzvot is wholly acceptable, but questioning the details of the Mitzvot is not. The Mishneh Torah was written to address those details, and, even if there are distinct differences, it's always possible that he changed his mind over time.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 23)</ref>
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| === Perush HaMishnah === | | ==Safrut Chazal == |
| # In Perush HaMishnayot, wherever there is an opinion that misleadingly seems to be the minority one but is, in fact, the one the Halacha follows, the Rambam will buttress that opinion by writing of its truth or singularity or the like to indicate that the Halacha does indeed follow it.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 36)</ref>
| | * [[Talmud Bavli and Yerushalmi]] |
| # Sometimes our translation of Perush HaMishnayot will refer to a din as being MiDeRabbanan, but it's probably just a mistaken translation of "MiDivrei Sofrim."<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 22)</ref>
| | * [[Tosefta]] |
| # The Ramban did not have the Introduction to Perush HaMishnayot available to him, as Hebrew translations of the Arabic were not yet available in Spain, according to the Yad Malachi, who posits that had they been available, the Ramban would not have been as quick to argue.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam 21)</ref>
| | * [[Midrashim]] |
| | * [[Zohar]] |
| | * [[Sefarim HaChitzonim]] |
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| ==Ra'avad== | | ==Klalei HaRishonim== |
| # In a dispute between the Rambam and Ra'avad, some argue the Halacha should be treated as a Safek, while others favor the Ra'avad when he is more stringent than the Rambam, and still others are willing to be lenient like the Ra'avad against the Rambam.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam Ra'avad veSamag 41)</ref>
| | Some Rishonim are know by the same acronym, which can be confusing. See [[Disambiguations of Rishonim]] for clarification. |
| # When the Ra'avad presents a dissenting opinion with the opening of "Yesh Mi SheOmer," the Tur seems to think he actually paskens that way, but the Beit Yosef does not.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam Ra'avad veSamag 42)</ref>
| | {| class="wikitable" |
| # In his inimitable style, the Ra'avad's critiques of the Rambam should not be seen as personal attacks to belittle the Rambam but rather as means of raising the red flag to warn people not to follow the rulings he felt the Rambam was mistaken in presenting.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam Ra'avad veSamag 42)</ref>
| | | [[Geonim]] |
| # Neither the Rambam's Perush HaMishnayot nor Moreh Nevuchim were present before the Ra'avad, as they had not yet been translated from Arabic to Hebrew.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam Ra'avad veSamag 43, 44)</ref>
| | | [[Rashi]] |
| # "Gedolei HaMefarshim" and "Gedolei HaMagihim" refer to the Ra'avad.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam Ra'avad veSamag 45)</ref>
| | | [[Maharam Rutenberg]] |
| | | [[Ramban]] |
| | | [[Tosafot Rid|Tosfot Rid]] |
| | |- |
| | | [[Baal Halachot Gedolot]] ([[Bahag]]) |
| | | [[Tosafot|Tosfot]] |
| | | [[Rosh]] |
| | | [[Ra'ah]] |
| | | [[Riaz]] |
| | |- |
| | | [[Rif]] |
| | | [[Sefer HaTerumah]] |
| | | [[Tur]] |
| | | [[Rabbeinu Yonah]] |
| | | [[Shiltei HaGibborim]] |
| | |- |
| | | [[Rambam]] |
| | | [[Baal HaIttur]] |
| | | [[Rabbeinu Yerucham]] |
| | | [[Rashba]] |
| | | [[Maharik]] |
| | |- |
| | | [[Raavad]] |
| | | [[Rash MiShantz]] |
| | | [[Mordechai]] |
| | | [[Ritva]] |
| | | [[R' Ovadia MiBartenura]] |
| | |- |
| | | [[Baal HaMaor]] |
| | | [[Sefer Mitzvot Gadol]] ([[Samag|Smag]]/[[Semag]]) |
| | | [[Hagahot Maimoniot]] |
| | | [[Ran]] |
| | | [[Maharil]] |
| | |- |
| | | [[Ra'avan]] |
| | | [[Ra'avyah]] |
| | | [[Hagahot Ashri]] |
| | | [[Nimukei Yosef]] |
| | | [[Kol Bo]] |
| | |- |
| | | [[Rabbi Eliezer MiMitz]] |
| | | [[Sefer HaTerumot]] |
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| | | [[Maggid Mishneh]] |
| | | [[Terumat HaDeshen|Trumat HaDeshen]] |
| | |- |
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| | | [[Meiri]] |
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| | | [[Migdal Oz]] |
| | | [[Orchot Chaim]] |
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| | | [[Rivash]] |
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| | | [[Tashbetz]] |
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| | |} |
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| == Sefer Mitzvot Gadol (Semag / Samag) == | | ==Klalei HaAcharonim== |
| # The Samag draws heavily from the Rambam for the most part<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam Ra'avad veSamag 46)</ref> and entirely from his teacher, the Sefer HaTerumah, whose Maftechot he copied letter for letter.<ref>Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam Ra'avad veSamag 47)</ref> When in agreement with the Rambam, he writes so implicitly, and he only disagrees when out-rightly quoting the Rambam by name.<ref>So much so that the Sdei Chemed is willing to use the Samag to ascertain the correct text of the Rambam when the former doesn't disagree with the latter explicitly. Yad Malachi (Klalei HaRambam Ra'avad veSamag 48) and footnotes there.</ref>
| | * [[Shulchan Aruch and Rama]] |
| ==Rashi==
| | * [[Radbaz]] ([[Rav David ben Zimra]]) |
| ==Tosafot==
| | * [[Maharikash]] ([[Rav Yaakov Kastro]]) |
| | * [[Binyamin Ze'ev]] |
| | * [[Kenesset HaGedolah]] |
| | * [[Mishneh LeMelech]] |
| | * [[Chelkat Mechokek]] |
| | * [[Lechem Mishneh (on the Rambam)]] |
| | * [[Magen Avraham]] |
| | * [[Taz]] |
| | * [[Chida]] ([[Rav Chaim Yosef David Azoulay]]) |
| | * [[Chesed LeAlafim]] |
| | * [[Mishnah Berurah|Mishnah Brurah]] |
| | * [[Moroccan Halacha]] |
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| == Further Reading == | | == Further Reading == |
| * Yad Malachi, especially the Machon Yerushalayim annotated edition | | * Koreh HaDorot, Ahavat Shalom edition with footnotes of the Chida |
| * Shem HaGedolim | | * Kenesset HaGedolah, Klalei HaPoskim |
| * Ein Yitzchak, by Rav Yitzchak Yosef | | * Yad Malachi, especially the [http://www.machon-y.com/VSHOP/WSHOP.wzx?UC=machonj&SingleItem=%e9%e3%20%ee%ec%e0%eb%e9&category=Empty Machon Yerushalayim annotated edition] |
| | * Yair Ozen / Ein Zocher, by the Chida |
| | * Shem HaGedolim, by the Chida |
| | * Kol HaChaim, by Rav Chaim Palagi |
| | * Sdei Chemed, Klalei HaPoskim (in some editions, vol. 6, page 55, and [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=14151&st=&pgnum=123 vol. 9, page 125] in others) |
| | * [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/56802 Ein Yitzchak vol. 1], by Rav Yitzchak Yosef |
| | * על ספרים וסופרים by Rav Yaakov Chaim Sofer, Rosh Yeshivat Kaf HaChaim and grandson of the Kaf HaChaim [Parts [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=46425&st=&pgnum=685 I], [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=46426&st=&pgnum=667 II], [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=53557&st=&pgnum=886&hilite= III]] |
| | == Sources== |
| | {{Reflist}} |
| | [[Category:Rules for Determining Halacha]] |
