Medicine on Shabbat

The Rabbis issued a decree limiting the usage of medications on Shabbat. In the opinion and experience of the Rabbis, easy access to medicine could lead to the transgression of certain melachot (Shabbat labors). While issuing the decree, however, the Rabbis were lenient in certain cases of those suffering pain or distress. (See the footnote for some background.) These laws are true for the first day of Yom Tov and the two days of Rosh Hashana as well.

Taking Medicine

If one has a minor condition (Meychush BeAlma)

1. If someone has a minor condition which hurts, such as a tooth ache, throat ache, head ache, cold, or cough, it is forbidden to take any medicine. However, someone who is in a lot of pain to the point that he's lying in bed, or he can't function normally due to his weakness (as is the case with a migraine), is permitted to take medicine.
2. Some poskim allow a person who is accustomed to take pain killers for a head ache or tooth ache to take pain killers on Shabbat if otherwise he will be in pain.

If one has a sickness (Choleh Shein Bo Sakana)

1. If one has fever, feels weak all over, or feels bad enough to require bed rest, he can be classified as a “patient not dangerously ill” (Choleh Shein Bo Sakana) and he is permitted to take oral medications.
2. Since “requiring bed rest” and “weak all over” are subjective terms, it is up to each individual to determine his personal pain threshold. There is no requirement to be overly stringent when judging the degree of illness.
3. Some poskim hold that it is forbidden to perform a biblically prohibited action on Shabbat (melacha deoritta) for someone who is in the category of "patient not dangerously ill", even if one does it in an abnormal manner (Shinui). Some, however, hold that it is permitted to do actions in an abnormal way (Shinui) for a "patient not dangerously ill."

If One is Critically Ill (Choleh Sheyesh Bo Sakana)

1. It is permitted and a mitzvah to violate Shabbat in order to save a Jewish life. Even if there is only a doubt if the patient is critically ill or if there is a doubt if the procedure will save the patient's life, nonetheless, it is a mitzvah to violate Shabbat in order to try to save a Jewish life.
2. Someone who delays in saving a life out of a concern of violating Shabbat is sinning in a way that is tantamount to murder. This is only true of a situation that needs to be dealt with immediately. In that case, it is forbidden to delay. But in a case of potential danger that is certainly not an immediate emergency, it is correct and necessary to ask questions to minimize the violation of Shabbat.
3. A rabbi should be careful to teach his community that it is permitted and a mitzvah to violate Shabbat for life endangering concerns.
4. A person should violate Shabbat in order to save a non-Jew or non-religious Jew.
5. A person should violate Shabbat in order to save someone who tried to commit suicide.
6. After calling for help, one may hang up the phone if there will be further needs (various instruction, medical history, etc). However, if the patient has already been transported to the hospital and is absolutely certain that no further information will be needed, then one may not end the call.

Pikuach Nefesh (life-threatening situation)

1. If there's a danger that will be life threatening after Shabbat, and he cannot or he doesn't know if he can save the person from the danger after Shabbat, it is permitted to violate Shabbat to prevent the danger. However, if he can prevent the danger after Shabbat, he must do so and not violate Shabbat.
2. One should try to minimize the violation of Shabbat to the extent possible when treating someone whose life is in danger. However, if this entails causing pain to someone else, then one should not attempt to minimize the violation of Shabbat.
   1. For example, if a doctor needs light to treat a choleh sheyesh bo sakana, and there's a candle in another room, it is preferable to carry the candle from one room to the other instead of lighting a new candle. However, if taking the candle from the other room is going to cause a lot of pain to someone else (such as if there's someone else in the room with the candle who is sleeping and taking the candle will wake him up), then there's no obligation to minimize the violation of Shabbat.
   2. If someone has an emergency and needs to go to the hospital, and he can either call an ambulance or ask his neighbor to drive him to the hospital: Is his neighbor obligated to drive him to the hospital in order to minimize the amount of driving on Shabbat that will take place? Rav Shlomo Zalman seems to hold that it is not necessary. However, Rav Nissim Karelitz argues that the neighbor is obligated to drive him, even though it will very inconvenient for him to be stuck at the hospital for the rest of the day.
   3. If a live wire fell in the street, one may call the electric company to fix it. There is no obligation to minimize the violation of Shabbat by sitting there all day and warning passersby to be careful and avoid the live wire
3. If a person is informed of a relative who is very sick and it is pikuach nefesh for him to travel there on Shabbat to help save that relative, he may go. In that situation he may not call to someone there to check that the relative is still alive since doing so doesn't help the patient. Calling just to minimize desecration of Shabbat is not permitted.

Infants

1. If a child needs a vaporizer to alleviate discomfort (from bronchitis etc.), one may ask a non-Jew to plug it in on Shabbos to ease his pain. While some prohibit adding cold water to a cold water vaporizer, others are lenient if you pour it through the spout. If it is a hot water vaporizer, one may take previously boiled water from an urn and refill it.
2. Healthy infants and babies until the age of three (and according to some poskim even older children till the age of six or nine) are halachically classified as “patients not dangerously ill.” (In the final analysis, it all depends on the strength and maturity of the child.) Therefore, they are permitted to take all forms of medicine, provided, of course, that no Biblical prohibitions are transgressed.
3. In a case where the child is under three months and appears to be ill, if his temperature is not that high, but merely a notch over 100 degrees, one can still desecrate the Shabbos (call a doctor, drive if a non-Jew cannot be found etc.), as temperature for a newborn can be indicative of something more serious. If time is not of the essence, one should initially look to engage a non-Jew in any prohibited activity.

Preparing medicine from before Shabbat

1. One may crush a capsule or tablet of medicine so that it is mixed into a food or drink before Shabbat. Once it becomes disguised by the food, one can eat the food or drink on Shabbat. If one didn't do it before Shabbat, some allow mixing a liquid medicine into a drink on Shabbat.

Continuing to take a daily dosage

1. Although one who is not classified as “ill” may not begin taking medicine on Shabbat, some poskim hold that one who requires daily medication for an ongoing condition may continue doing so on Shabbat as well, while others disagree.
2. Some say that one may only take an ongoing medication on Shabbat if skipping a day of medication would be detrimental to the patient's health or if the medication must be taken for a number of consecutive days such that it is impossible not to take it on Shabbat. Other poskim hold that it is forbidden to take an ongoing antibiotic even if one started before Shabbat and needs to take it every day.

Non-medical treatment

Using a Band Aid

1. It is permitted to put a band aid on a wound.
2. According to Ashkenazim, one should not remove a band aid on Shabbat if there is hair in the area of the band aid. However, if it is painful, one may remove it. However, Sephardim are more lenient and may remove the band aid, as long as there is a need to remove.
3. Most authorities permit removing the Band-Aid from the protective tabs, while some are stringent. In order to satisfy all of the opinions, one should prepare Band-Aids for Shabbat by peeling off their protective tabs and re-sealing them before Shabbat.

Cleaning a wound

1. It is permitted to clean and bandage a wound, or to pour hydrogen peroxide over it. Note that doctors today do not recommend this. The recommended solution is to wash the wound with soap and water.

Braces

1. Braces may be worn on Shabbat because there is no medicine for aligning teeth properly.

Exercise

1. One may not exercise on Shabbat. If one needs to do physical therapy, they should consult their rabbi.
2. Someone who is healthy may not do physical therapy on Shabbat. However, someone who is a Choleh Shein Bo Sakana or someone who whom not doing physical therapy might lead to a worse problem, may do physical therapy on Shabbat. Breathing and speech therapy are permitted on Shabbat.

Specific conditions

Abscess

1. An abscess may be squeezed to relieve pressure from pus, even if some blood is secreted in the process.

Acne

1. All medication for acne may not be taken on Shabbat.

Angina

1. All medication for angina are permitted to be taken on Shabbat.

Arthritis

1. Anti-inflammatory medication for mild arthritis may not be taken on Shabbat.

Asthma

1. All oral and breathing medications for mild asthma are permitted to be taken on Shabbat.

Athlete’s foot

1. One may not use any medication for athlete’s foot on Shabbat.

Baby Cream

1. If a baby has a rash, it's permitted to dab on some baby rash cream and not rub it in. If the cream would become completely absorbed into the skin, and no trace would be left on the surface of the skin, it would be permitted to even rub it in.

Back or Neck Brace

1. One may put on or remove a back or neck brace on Shabbat.

Bandage

1. It is permissible to put on an ace bandage on Shabbat, as long as you don't tie anything permanent.

Bee sting

1. If one has a bee or wasp sting, the stinger may be removed and the area may be washed with ice water, lemon juice or vinegar, etc. The area may not be soaked, however, in those liquids.
2. One may use liquid or spray insect repellent on Shabbat.

Birth control

1. It's permissible to take birth control pills on Shabbat (assuming she received halachic permission to take these pills).

Bone Fracture

1. For a simple bone fracture, a non-Jew may be asked to do anything necessary, e.g., make a phone call, drive a car, take x-rays or put on a cast. [If a non-Jew is not available, some poskim permit a Jew to do these acts if they are done with a shinui, in an abnormal manner. ] If there is even a small chance of internal bleeding, e.g., the thigh or pelvis bone was fractured, or if the elbow was shattered, all Shabbat restrictions are lifted.

Bow Legged Baby

1. It is forbidden to straighten the legs of a bow-legged baby on Shabbat, since doing so is considered an act of healing.

Cellulites

1. Since cellulitis may be life-threatening, immediate medical attention is required.

Chapped Hands

1. For dried (or chapped) hands, it is prohibited to rub them with either oil, ointment (Vaseline) or lotion. One who regularly uses a liquid lotion or oil on his hands (whether they are chapped or not) may do so on Shabbat, too, even if his hands are chapped.

Chapped Lips

1. For dried or cracked lips, one may not apply chap stick or any other medication, liquid or otherwise.

Cold

1. For a cold, one may not take medications or vitamins unless one is experiencing discomfort in one's whole body or is bedridden. However, one may eat chicken soup or tea with honey to relieve oneself.

Contact Lenses

1. Some poskim permit putting soft contact lenses in contact solution. Others permit putting them in saline solution but not the disinfectant solution. Hard contacts are like dishes which can be cleaned.
2. Sephardim hold that it is permitted to soak contact lenses in their solution on Shabbat.

Cough

1. Cough–medication may not be taken. If the cough may be an indication of pneumonia or asthma, medication is permitted.

Conception Pills

1. Some poskim permit taking pills for conception.

Deodorant

1. It is permitted to use a spray deodorant on Shabbat. Some say that one shouldn't use an antiperspirant deodorant on Shabbat since it is medicinal.

Diabetes

1. All necessary medications for diabetes may be taken on Shabbat.

Diarrhea

1. For diarrhea one may not take medication unless one is in severe pain or weak all over. Any food or drink is permitted. A hot water bottle is permitted when one experiences strong pains.

Dislocated Limb

1. Many poskim hold that it is permitted to push a dislocated limb back into place on Shabbat.

Ear Infection

1. For an ear infection, all medications are permitted. Cotton balls may be inserted. Even if the infection is no longer present, prescribed medicine begun on a weekday must be continued until finished in order to avoid a relapse.

Eye Inflammation

1. For an eye inflammation, eye drops (or ointment) may be inserted in the eye. If the eye is not inflamed but merely irritated, no medication is permitted. Some permit putting in eye drops even if they are irritated.
2. If the patient feels a stabbing pain in the eye, major pains, or has a sudden sharp drop in vision, he can violate Shabbat to be healed.

Fever

1. For a fever, all oral medications may be taken. A mercury thermometer may be used. If a person is suffering from high-grade fever, a non-Jew may be asked to do whatever the patient needs in order to feel better. If the cause of the fever is unknown, a doctor should be consulted.
2. A regular fever can be treated with oral medication (it's treated as a Choleh Shein Bo Sakana who can have medicine). If the fever is abnormal, such as if it is 104 F or more, it isn't reduced by medicine and its cause is unknown, a person can violate Shabbat because it is a Safek Choleh Sheyesh Bo Sakana. For a child or elderly person, even if the fever isn't so high, one can violate Shabbat to heal them.

Headache

1. For a headache, medication should not be taken. If the headache is severe enough that one feels weak all over or is forced to be bedridden, medication may be taken. One who is unsure if he has reached that stage of illness may be lenient and take pain- relieving medication.

Heartburn

1. For heartburn, foods which will have a soothing effect may be eaten. Some poskim permit taking anti-acid medication while others are stringent. If the medicine is prescribed by a doctor, one may be lenient.

Hemorrhoids

1. For a mild case of hemorrhoids, medication may not be taken. For a severe case, it is permitted to sit in a “sitz bath” (with water that heated before Shabbat), or use medicated pads or suppositories.

Herniated Disc

1. For a herniated disc (back and leg pain), ice packs or hot packs are permitted. Physical therapy exercises, e.g. stretching, are permitted. If the pain is severe to the degree that the entire body is in pain, painkillers or other medications are permitted as well.

Indigestion

1. One may take a leisurely walk in order to help digestion.
2. One may drink prune juice in order to act as a laxative.

Infection

1. For an infection all medications are permitted.

Lactose

1. For lactose intolerance, some poskim rule that one may not take enzyme supplement tablets. But it is permitted to add enzyme drops to liquid dairy foods before Shabbat and drink the dairy on Shabbat. Others are lenient.

Migraine

1. For a migraine headache, any oral medications may be taken.

Mouthwash

1. It is permitted to use mouthwash on Shabbat. See the Brushing Teeth on Shabbat page for more on this topic.

Nosebleed

1. For a nosebleed, bleeding may be stopped with a tissue or a napkin. If none is available, a cloth napkin may be used.

Raynaud’s Syndrome

1. One who is ill or in need of using chemical hand warmers on Shabbat, such as in the case of Raynaud's syndrome, or a soldier on guard duty who must remain alert, may do so on Shabbat. See Getting_Dressed_on_Shabbat#Hand_Warmers_on_Shabbat for the fuller discussion.

Psychotic Break

1. A psychotic break is a Choleh Sheyesh Bo Sakana.

Retinal Tear

1. If the retina of the eye becomes torn or detached, one should go to the hospital or one's doctor immediately.

Retainer

1. One may insert and remove a retainer on Shabbat.

Scab

1. It is permitted to remove a scab, as long as blood is not drawn from the wound.

Sleep disorder

1. There are conflicting views among contemporary poskim about taking sleeping pills or No-Doze pills. One who is weak all over or bedridden may take them.
2. Cotton balls may be used as ear plugs. It is permitted to use pliable ear plugs, which are made from a wax-like material that spreads to fill the cavity of the ear.

Sore throat

1. For a sore throat medication may not be taken. Gargling is prohibited. Drinking tea or any other hot drink, or sucking a candy, is permitted even if the intention is for medicinal purposes.

Splinter

1. A splinter under the skin may be extracted with the fingers, or with tweezers or a needle. If, unavoidably, a little blood is secreted in the process, it is of no consequence.

Sprain

1. For a sprain, if the patient is not experiencing severe pain, nothing should be done. If the patient is experiencing severe pain, medication may be taken and a massage may be given. A makeshift splint may be applied, provided that no Shabbat Labors are transgressed.

Stitches

1. A non-Jew is allowed to stitch any wound, even if the stitching is done only for cosmetic reasons. Some say even a Jew can add extra stitches for cosmetic reasons. A Jew may place a butterfly bandage or steri-strips to close a simple laceration or cut. Surgical skin closure glue may also be used.

Stopping bleeding

1. Pressure may be applied to a cut to stop bleeding. Sucking or squeezing out blood is prohibited.
2. It is permitted to remove a thorn slowly so that it won’t cause blood to come out. If it is impossible to remove without blood coming out, it is nonetheless permitted to relieve pain.

Strep throat

1. For a strep throat all oral medications may be taken. Even if the infection is no longer present, the prescribed medicine begun on a weekday must be continued until finished. A culture may be taken by a non-Jew.

Sunburn

1. For a ordinary sunburn medications are not permitted.

Sweating

1. It is permitted to sprinkle baby powder on those parts of the body which are perspiring.

Swelling

1. It is permitted to press a knife, etc. against the skin to prevent or minimize swelling.
2. It is permitted to wash or soak the swollen area in water. It is permitted to place a compress, ice (placed in plastic bag) or any frozen item over a swollen area. Some forbid applying an ice pack if it is clearly being done for medicinal reasons.

Toothache

1. A minor (cavity) toothache may not be treated with painkillers, but one is permitted to drink whiskey, etc., provided that it is swallowed immediately. A severe toothache (to the point where one feels weak all over) or gum infection may be treated with oral medication. If the tooth needs to be extracted, a non-Jew may be asked to do so.

Wound

1. Cuts and abrasions may be washed or soaked in water. It is not permitted, however, to soak absorbent cotton or paper in such a solution and then wash the wound with it. The wound may be covered with a non-medicated Band-Aid.

Medicine after Candle Lighting before Kiddush

1. One is permitted to drink water while taking a pill on Shabbos after candle lighting before Kiddush.

Carrying a Pill

1. One who needs to carry a pill on Shabbos in a place which does not have an eiruv should ask his Rav before doing so.

Cutting Pills on Shabbos

1. One is permitted to cut a tablet in half on Shabbos, and there is no concern of "mechatech" (cutting) on Shabbos.

Purchasing the Medicine

1. In situations where one is considered “ill” and is permitted to take medicine on Shabbat, it is also permitted to ask a non-Jew to drive to a drugstore, buy medicine and bring it to him.

Vaccination

1. It is permitted to vaccinate a healthy person on shabbat in a case where there is a risk that they will get sick and be endangered. If the doctor's opinion is that the vaccine is urgent, then it is even permissible to violate Torah-level prohibitions, such as writing for registration purposes or driving in a car to buy the dose.

Medical Plaster

1. It is forbidden to cut or tear medical plaster on shabbat.

Ripping the Packaging of a Medicine

1. According to the opinion of some poskim, on Shabbos, one should rip the wrapping around a medication by destroying it and making it useless.

Specific medicines

Foods and drinks

1. Even someone with a minor ailment may eat food which healthy people eat even if one’s intention is for improving one’s health. For example, someone who has a head ache may eat honey, a lemon, or suck on candy. Someone who has a hoarse throat may swallow a raw egg.
2. Foods and drinks are permitted even when they are consumed for medicinal purposes. For example, one may have tea for a sore throat on Shabbat.

Tylenol or Aspirin

1. Many poskim are of the opinion that Tylenol® and aspirin should not be taken, even though healthy people may take them as well. However, if one is in great pain, then taking them is permitted.
2. Some are lenient to take ibuprofen if a person regularly takes them and if they don't take it they'll be in pain.

Vitamins

1. If the purpose of the vitamin is to serve as a food supplement it is permitted to take such a vitamin on Shabbat.
2. If the purpose of the vitamin is to strengthen a weak body or to relieve certain symptoms, in the opinion of many poskim, one may not take those vitamins on Shabbat.
3. Some say that a multi-vitamin that one takes everyday is permitted since it is a food and not a refuah.

Elective Surgery

1. One should make sure to schedule an elective surgery within the first three days of the week, but not on or after Wednesday. However, after the fact, and if one did the surgery at such a time, and there is a situation of Pikuach Nefesh, it is totally permissible to violate Shabbat like any other sick person in danger. Sephardim can be lenient to schedule such a surgery on Wednesday but not past Thursday.

Inducing labor

1. It is permissible for a pregnant woman who is past her term to receive a hormone infusion to induce labor if the doctor feels that there is danger to the life of the mother or the fetus.

Caesarean Section

1. If the doctor says that a woman needs to have a caesarean section, and she is able to choose when to schedule the surgery, she should schedule it for the first three days of the week and not Wednesday through Friday.

A Doctor on Call

1. A doctor who is on call and there is a sick patient under his or her care, some say that the doctor should stay in the hospital or nearby so that the doctor will not have to travel on Shabbat, while others are lenient if it will ruin the doctor and his family’s oneg Shabbat.
2. According to many poskim, a hatzolah member or doctor who was called into the hospital for an emergency can't drive home afterwards. However, most poskim including those who do not allow the hatzolah member or doctor to drive home, allow him to ask a non-Jew to drive him home. Nonetheless, this leniency does not allow him to travel home even if he's driven by a non-Jew if he went beyond his techum. Only those who are lenient for him to drive home allow him to return from beyond techum.
   1. According to the lenient view who allows a hatzolah member to drive home, the same could be applied to a doctor who is on call and goes into the hospital for an emergency that he can drive home. However, this does not apply to a doctor who needs to go in for rounds or scheduled hours. Since he must go in for his job, according to absolutely everyone he may not drive home. Others argue that even the lenient view wouldn't allow a doctor on call to return home.
   2. Some write that according to the lenient view who allows a hatzolah member to drive home, that is only if he left on Shabbat for the emergency, but if it began before Shabbat it is forbidden. Others disagree.
   3. Some write that even according to the lenient view this only applies to going to save a Jew but not for a non-Jew. Even though it is permitted to violate Shabbat to save a non-Jew he may not violate Shabbat to return home.
3. If someone leaves to leave the techum for an emergency such as for a woman giving birth or a hatzolah member, he doesn’t need to remove any extra clothing he’s wearing even though he’s bringing those clothing beyond the techum. Some say that he should make those clothing ownerless before Shabbos if he knew that it would happen.
4. If the hatzolah member evaluates that probably the ambulance will be necessary for another call later that Shabbat he can drive it back according to everyone.

Public Safety

1. It is permitted to violate any rabbinic prohibition to prevent something dangerous to the public.

Shomer Shabbos Residency

Is it permissible to join a non-shomer Shabbos residency?

Discussion

One factor to consider is that halacha forbids getting into a situation where it will be necessary to violate Shabbat for pikuach nefesh. This stricture applies even before Shabbos. The counter-principle to consider that it is possible that only this doctor will merit to cure a certain patient. A practical consideration is that taking a Shomer Shabbos residency might mean sacrificing a better education to be an expert in that field of medicine.

Rav Hershel Schachter

Rav Hershel Schachter holds that if it can’t be arranged to get a shomer Shabbos residency a person should find another profession. Rabbi Chaim Jachter quotes that Rav Schachter gave two reasons. First, a person can’t set himself up to violate Shabbat even in advance of Shabbat since the treatment of many or most patients is not a mitzvah. Additionally, he holds that there is a concern that if one becomes used to doing a forbidden activity when it is permitted, he will continue these activities even when it is forbidden.

Rav Dovid Cohen and Rav Moshe Feinstein

Rav Dovid Cohen holds that initially a person should find a shomer Shabbos residency but if it can’t then he can manage with a non-shomer Shabbos residency. Similarly, Rav Moshe Tendler quotes Rav Moshe Feinstein as holding that it is permissible to go to a non-Shomer Shabbos residency with better training as long as one keeps Shabbos even in a less favorable environment. If the superior training comes at the expense of breaking Shabbat in a forbidden way, even if it is only a rabbinic ordinance, he must forgo the better training.

Summary

Bottom line, there is a dispute among the contemporary poskim whether a medical student must find a shomer-Shabbos residency or find another profession, or it is permitted to take a non-shomer Shabbos residency. Even according to the lenient view, no transgression of Shabbat is permitted in the name of training to be a doctor. It is just permitted to take the training in a less Shabbos friendly environment and cope with the questions as they arise and only do what is permitted on Shabbat.

Related Pages

1. Tochen (grinding)
2. Brushing Teeth on Shabbat

Credits

Halachipedia is very thankful to Rabbi Doniel Neustadt who gave Halachipedia permission to use his valuable article on this topic to improve the Halachipedia page.

Sources

Category	Topic
Mitzvot of Shabbat	Kiddush Levana - Enjoying Shabbat - Fourth meal of Shabbat - Havdalah - Having a meal on Friday - In the Spirit of Shabbat - Kiddush - Lighting Shabbat Candles - Making Early Shabbat - Making one hundred Brachot on Shabbat - Preparing foods on Shabbat - Preparing for Shabbat - Shenayim Mikrah - Kavod Shabbat - Shabbos Davening - Seudat Shabbat - Seudat Shelishit - Lechem Mishneh - Motzei Shabbat - When Does Shabbat Start?
Restrictions of Shabbat	Allowing Carrying Using an Eruv Chatzerot - Animals on Shabbat - Asking a Jew to work on Shabbat - Asking a non-Jew to work on Shabbat (Amirah LeNochri) - Benefiting from a Violation of Shabbat (Maaseh Shabbat) - Books, notebooks, and papers - Brushing Teeth on Shabbat - Building a structure on Shabbat (Boneh) - Carrying on Shabbat - Cleaning the dishes - Cleaning and Folding Garments on Shabbat - Clearing the table - Cooking (Ofeh and Bishul) - Cosmetics on Shabbat - Dancing and clapping on Shabbat - Electricity on Shabbat - Eruv Chatzerot - Eruvin - Games on Shabbat - Getting dressed on Shabbat - Giving birth on Shabbat - Grinding (Tochen) - Handling objects on Shabbat (Muktzeh) - Infants on Shabbat - Introduction to the Modern Eruv - Kneading (Lash) - Mail on Shabbat - Medicine on Shabbat (Refuah on Shabbat) - Melacha That Begins Before Shabbat - Opening bottles and containers (Boneh) - Plants on Shabbat (Zoreah) - Preparing for after Shabbat (Hachana) - Reading on Shabbat (Daber Davar) - Recreation on Shabbat - Sechirut Reshut - Separating mixtures (Borer) - Squeezing fruits (Sechita) - Speaking on Shabbat (Daber Davar) - Taking a cruise over Shabbat - Taking measurements on Shabbat - Techum - Transactions on Shabbat - Transportation on Shabbat - Going to and Staying in the Hospital on Shabbat - Wages on Shabbat (Sachar Shabbat) - Washing one’s body on Shabbat
Melachos	Introduction to Melechet Machshevet - Marbeh Bshiurim - Plowing - Planting - Harvesting - Gathering - Threshing - Winnowing - Separating - Grinding - Sifting - Kneading - Baking and Cooking - Shearing - Laundering - Combing - Dyeing - Spinning - Mounting warp threads - Making two loops - Weaving - Unraveling fabric - Tying - Untying - Gluing, taping, or stapling - Ripping - Trapping - Slaughtering - Skinning - Tanning - Smoothing - Scoring - Cutting precisely - Writing - Erasing - Building - Demolishing - Completing a vessel - Extinguishing a flame - Kindling a fire - Carrying