Reference of Measurements in Halacha: Difference between revisions
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#According to Rav Chaim Noeh, the [[Kezayit]] for Deoritta measures (eating [[Matzah]]) and [[Bracha Achrona]] is 27cc. The Chazon Ish’s opinion is that the [[Kezayit]] is 33.3 grams (1.3 oz).<ref>*The Tzlach (Pesachim 116b s.v. vhoil) holds that the modern day eggs are half the size of those in the days of Chazal. However, Rav Noeh (Shiurei Torah Shaar 3) argues that the modern day eggs have not changed from the days of Chazal. Mishna Brurah 486:1 writes that for the mitzvah deoraitta of [[matza]], one should follow the stringent view of the Tzlach. See Rav Shlomo Wahrman (Orot Haesach 28) who explains why there is no need to say that the eggs have shrunk since the times of the Gemara. See also Maaseh Rav 74, where it says that the Gra accepted the position of the Tzlach. | #According to Rav Chaim Noeh, the [[Kezayit]] for Deoritta measures (eating [[Matzah]]) and [[Bracha Achrona]] is 27cc. The Chazon Ish’s opinion is that the [[Kezayit]] is 33.3 grams (1.3 oz).<ref>*The Tzlach (Pesachim 116b s.v. vhoil) holds that the modern day eggs are half the size of those in the days of Chazal. However, Rav Noeh (Shiurei Torah Shaar 3) argues that the modern day eggs have not changed from the days of Chazal. Mishna Brurah 486:1 writes that for the mitzvah deoraitta of [[matza]], one should follow the stringent view of the Tzlach. See Rav Shlomo Wahrman (Orot Haesach 28) who explains why there is no need to say that the eggs have shrunk since the times of the Gemara. See also Maaseh Rav 74, where it says that the Gra accepted the position of the Tzlach. | ||
*Practically, how much is a [[Kezayit]]? | *Practically, how much is a [[Kezayit]]? | ||
**(1) Rav Chaim Noeh in Shiurei Torah (3:11, pg 191, 5707) writes that for Deoritta Mitzvot one should eat 28.8cc, however, in Shiurei Tzion (p. 70, 5709) he writes that it is 27cc. Vezot HaBracha (Birur Halacha 1) explains that Rav Chaim Noeh retracted from his original ruling. | **(1) Rav Chaim Noeh in Shiurei Torah (3:11, pg 191, 5707) writes that for Deoritta Mitzvot one should eat 28.8cc, however, in Shiurei Tzion (p. 70, 5709) he writes that it is 27cc. Vezot HaBracha (Birur Halacha 1) explains that Rav Chaim Noeh retracted from his original ruling. | ||
**(2) Steipler in Shiurin Shel Torah (p. 66) quotes the Chazon Ish that a [[Kezayit]] is 2/3 of a modern egg and an egg can possibly be up to 55cc. Therefore, Vezot HaBracha (Birur Halacha 1) writes that the Chazon Ish holds that 33.3cc is a [[Kezayit]]. The Chazon Ish's opinion of [[Kezayit]] is partially based on the opinion of the Tzlach. see also Chazon Ish in Hilchot [[Shabbat]] 39. | **(2) Steipler in Shiurin Shel Torah (p. 66) quotes the Chazon Ish that a [[Kezayit]] is 2/3 of a modern egg and an egg can possibly be up to 55cc. Therefore, Vezot HaBracha (Birur Halacha 1) writes that the Chazon Ish holds that 33.3cc is a [[Kezayit]]. The Chazon Ish's opinion of [[Kezayit]] is partially based on the opinion of the Tzlach. see also Chazon Ish in Hilchot [[Shabbat]] 39. | ||
**(3) Vezot HaBracha (Birur Halacha 1) quotes Haggadat Kol Dodi which quotes Rav Moshe Feinstein as saying that a [[Kezayit]] is 31.2cc. [However, Rabbi Bodner in Halachos of K’zayis (p. 24) writes that Rav Dovid Feinstein told him that Rav Moshe never measured the eggs himself and it was his student who calculated 1.1oz, but that if his calculations were more precise he should use those. Therefore, Rabbi Bodner rules, based on his own calculations, that a [[Kezayit]] is 27.2cc.] | **(3) Vezot HaBracha (Birur Halacha 1) quotes Haggadat Kol Dodi which quotes Rav Moshe Feinstein as saying that a [[Kezayit]] is 31.2cc. [However, Rabbi Bodner in Halachos of K’zayis (p. 24) writes that Rav Dovid Feinstein told him that Rav Moshe never measured the eggs himself and it was his student who calculated 1.1oz, but that if his calculations were more precise he should use those. Therefore, Rabbi Bodner rules, based on his own calculations, that a [[Kezayit]] is 27.2cc.] | ||
**(4) Rav Mordechai Willig ([http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/760487/Rabbi_Mordechai_I_Willig/How_Much_Matza_Do_You_Need_to_Eat Pesach To-Go, Nisan 5771], p. 60) is of the opinion that the size in volume of a kezayis is 22.5 cubic centimeters. | **(4) Rav Mordechai Willig ([http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/760487/Rabbi_Mordechai_I_Willig/How_Much_Matza_Do_You_Need_to_Eat Pesach To-Go, Nisan 5771], p. 60) is of the opinion that the size in volume of a kezayis is 22.5 cubic centimeters. | ||
**(5) Rav Shlomo Miller (approbation to Hiddurei Hamiddot p. 80, second edition) writes that for a sick person on Pesach they can rely on the kezayit as 4/9 oz or 13.1 cc. It is based on the Ritva Brachot 1:7 and Ri Shu'iv Tzav who write that the reviyit is 2 unkeliyot and he explains that these are equivalent to modern day ounces (see Chavot Yair in Chut Hashani 97 and R' Reich in Mesoret Hashekel) and also uses the opinion that the kezayit is 1/3 of a kebeytzeh.</ref> | **(5) Rav Shlomo Miller (approbation to Hiddurei Hamiddot p. 80, second edition) writes that for a sick person on Pesach they can rely on the kezayit as 4/9 oz or 13.1 cc. It is based on the Ritva Brachot 1:7 and Ri Shu'iv Tzav who write that the reviyit is 2 unkeliyot and he explains that these are equivalent to modern day ounces (see Chavot Yair in Chut Hashani 97 and R' Reich in Mesoret Hashekel) and also uses the opinion that the kezayit is 1/3 of a kebeytzeh. | ||
</ref> | |||
##The minhag of the world and many other authorities is to follow Rav Chaim Noeh’s opinion.<ref>Vezot HaBracha (pg 6, Birur 1, pg 221) quotes Rav Elyashiv and Rav Shlomo Zalman saying that for [[Bracha Achrona]] the widely accepted measurement of the [[Kezayit]] is according to Rav Chaim Noeh. Vezot HaBracha also mentions that such is the minhag of the world. Yachava Daat 1:16 accepts Rav Noeh's opinion.</ref> | ##The minhag of the world and many other authorities is to follow Rav Chaim Noeh’s opinion.<ref>Vezot HaBracha (pg 6, Birur 1, pg 221) quotes Rav Elyashiv and Rav Shlomo Zalman saying that for [[Bracha Achrona]] the widely accepted measurement of the [[Kezayit]] is according to Rav Chaim Noeh. Vezot HaBracha also mentions that such is the minhag of the world. Yachava Daat 1:16 accepts Rav Noeh's opinion.</ref> | ||
#If one ate between a third and a half a [[KeBaytzah]] one should not make a Bracha achrona because of safek [[Brachot]]. Therefore, one should have less than a third and not make a Bracha achrona or more than a half and make a Bracha achrona.<ref>Mishna Brurah 486:1 </ref> | #If one ate between a third and a half a [[KeBaytzah]] one should not make a Bracha achrona because of safek [[Brachot]]. Therefore, one should have less than a third and not make a Bracha achrona or more than a half and make a Bracha achrona.<ref>Mishna Brurah 486:1 </ref> | ||
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#When [[Mil]] is given in terms of time, some consider it 18 minutes, some 22.5 minutes, and some 24 minutes.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 459:2 writes that the [[mil]] is 18 minutes. Rama 261:1 agrees. Beiur Halacha 459:2 s.v. Haviy quotes some who consider it 22.5 minutes and others who say that it is 24 minutes. | #When [[Mil]] is given in terms of time, some consider it 18 minutes, some 22.5 minutes, and some 24 minutes.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 459:2 writes that the [[mil]] is 18 minutes. Rama 261:1 agrees. Beiur Halacha 459:2 s.v. Haviy quotes some who consider it 22.5 minutes and others who say that it is 24 minutes. | ||
* The 18 minute mil emerges from calculating that it is possible to travel 40 mil over 12 hours from netz until shekiya. On an equinox day, there are 720 minutes from sunrise until sunset, yielding a 18 minute mil (720/40=18). This is the opinion of the Rambam Pirush Mishnayot Brachot 1:1, Trumat Hadeshen, and Shulchan Aruch O.C. 459:1. | |||
* The 22.5 minute mil is based on the understanding that a person could walk 40 mil from olot to tzet, with 4 mil from olot until netz and 4 mil from shekiya until tzet, leaving 32 mil from netz until shekiya. Dividing up the 12 hours of the equinox day into 32 equal sections produces a 22.5 minute mil (40-4-4=32; 720/32=22.5). This is the opinion of the Gra 459:1 and Zmanim Khalacha pp. 19-20. | *The 18 minute mil emerges from calculating that it is possible to travel 40 mil over 12 hours from netz until shekiya. On an equinox day, there are 720 minutes from sunrise until sunset, yielding a 18 minute mil (720/40=18). This is the opinion of the Rambam Pirush Mishnayot Brachot 1:1, Trumat Hadeshen, and Shulchan Aruch O.C. 459:1. | ||
* The 24 minute mil is sourced in the Rambam Korban Pesach 5:8 and Pirush Mishnayot Pesachim 9:1 who holds that a person could travel 15 mil from netz until chatzot and when doubled it emerges a person can travel 30 mil from netz until shekiya. Diving 12 hours into 30 equal parts yields a 24 minute mil (720/30=24).</ref> | *The 22.5 minute mil is based on the understanding that a person could walk 40 mil from olot to tzet, with 4 mil from olot until netz and 4 mil from shekiya until tzet, leaving 32 mil from netz until shekiya. Dividing up the 12 hours of the equinox day into 32 equal sections produces a 22.5 minute mil (40-4-4=32; 720/32=22.5). This is the opinion of the Gra 459:1 and Zmanim Khalacha pp. 19-20. | ||
#When [[Mil]] is given in terms of distance it is equal to 2000 [[ | *The 24 minute mil is sourced in the Rambam Korban Pesach 5:8 and Pirush Mishnayot Pesachim 9:1 who holds that a person could travel 15 mil from netz until chatzot and when doubled it emerges a person can travel 30 mil from netz until shekiya. Diving 12 hours into 30 equal parts yields a 24 minute mil (720/30=24).</ref> | ||
#When [[Mil]] is given in terms of distance it is equal to 2000 [[Amah]].<ref>Rashi Yoma 67a s.v. shivah and Tosfot Shabbat 34b s.v. safek write that a mil is 2000 amot. Shulchan Aruch O.C. 261:2 writes that 3/4 of a [[mil]] is equal to 1500 [[amah]], implying a [[mil]] is 2000 [[amah]]. [http://www.yeshiva.org.il/midrash/shiur.asp?id=15883#3b Rabbi Melamed on yeshiva.org.il] writes that a [[mil]] is 2000 [[amah]].</ref> | |||
==Money== | ==Money== | ||
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===Prutah=== | ===Prutah=== | ||
#A [[prutah]] is 1/40 of a gram of silver, which today is equal to {{PrutaVar}} cents.<ref>This evaluation of the pruta in pennies uses the price of an ounce of silver given by a webserver with that information [http://services.packetizer.com/spotprices/ here].</ref> However, the [[prutah]] with regards to the mitzvah of returning a lost object is discussed [[Returning_Lost_Objects#Worth_a_Prutah| here]].<ref>Shulchan C.M. 88:1 says a [[prutah]] is a half of a pearl of barley. Shiurei Torah (Rav Chaim Noeh pg 177) and Shiurin Shel Torah (Steipler p. 65; first edition p. 86) say a [[prutah]] is 1/40 of a gram of silver (which currently is about 2.3 cents). Rav Hadar Margoliyat in Hiddurei Hamiddot (second edition p. 252) concludes that the prutah is no more than 1/45 of a gram. Halachos of [[Chanukah]] (Rabbi Shimon Eider, pg 38) quotes Rav Moshe Feinstein saying that a [[prutah]] is 2 or 3 cents and not just one penny. See Halachos of Other People’s Money (Rabbi Bodner pg 150) who quotes Rav Moshe regarding a [[prutah]] for the mitzvah of returning a lost object. </ref> | #A [[prutah]] is 1/40 of a gram of silver, which today is equal to {{PrutaVar}} cents.<ref>This evaluation of the pruta in pennies uses the price of an ounce of silver given by a webserver with that information [http://services.packetizer.com/spotprices/ here].</ref> However, the [[prutah]] with regards to the mitzvah of returning a lost object is discussed [[Returning_Lost_Objects#Worth_a_Prutah| here]].<ref>Shulchan C.M. 88:1 says a [[prutah]] is a half of a pearl of barley. Shiurei Torah (Rav Chaim Noeh pg 177) and Shiurin Shel Torah (Steipler p. 65; first edition p. 86) say a [[prutah]] is 1/40 of a gram of silver (which currently is about 2.3 cents). Rav Hadar Margoliyat in Hiddurei Hamiddot (second edition p. 252) concludes that the prutah is no more than 1/45 of a gram. Halachos of [[Chanukah]] (Rabbi Shimon Eider, pg 38) quotes Rav Moshe Feinstein saying that a [[prutah]] is 2 or 3 cents and not just one penny. See Halachos of Other People’s Money (Rabbi Bodner pg 150) who quotes Rav Moshe regarding a [[prutah]] for the mitzvah of returning a lost object. </ref> | ||
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===Chatzot=== | ===Chatzot=== | ||
#[[Chatzot]] is midday and midnight, always separated by 12 hours.<ref>Shulchan Aruch Harav 1:8 and Birkei Yosef 1:5 write that [[chatzot]] at night is always 12 hours after [[chatzot]] of day for any place in the world. Mishna Brurah 1:9 and Chazon Ovadia (Yamim Noraim pg. 3) agree. </ref> This is calculated as halfway between sunrise and sunset, meaning 6 halachic hours after sunrise, see [https://www.myzmanim.com/search.aspx myzmanim.com]<ref>Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim pg. 3. [https://din.org.il/2016/01/09/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%94%D7%99-%D7%91%D7%97%D7%A6%D7%99-%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94-%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99-%D7%97%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D-%D7%95%D7%97%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%94/ see din.org ]for at length discussion.<br> | #[[Chatzot]] is midday and midnight, always separated by 12 hours.<ref>Shulchan Aruch Harav 1:8 and Birkei Yosef 1:5 write that [[chatzot]] at night is always 12 hours after [[chatzot]] of day for any place in the world. Mishna Brurah 1:9 and Chazon Ovadia (Yamim Noraim pg. 3) agree. </ref> This is calculated as halfway between sunrise and sunset, meaning 6 halachic hours after sunrise, see [https://www.myzmanim.com/search.aspx myzmanim.com]<ref>Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim pg. 3. [https://din.org.il/2016/01/09/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%94%D7%99-%D7%91%D7%97%D7%A6%D7%99-%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94-%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99-%D7%97%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D-%D7%95%D7%97%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%94/ see din.org] for at length discussion.<br> | ||
see however Minchat Shlomo 1:91:15 regarding the latest time to eat Afikoman on Pesach </ref> | see however Minchat Shlomo 1:91:15 regarding the latest time to eat Afikoman on Pesach </ref> | ||
===Mincha Gedola=== | ===Mincha Gedola=== | ||
Regarding all of the laws of reciting mincha at that time or later see the [[mincha]] page. | Regarding all of the laws of reciting mincha at that time or later see the [[mincha]] page. | ||
#Mincha Gedola is six and a half halachic hours (Shaot Zmaniot) after sunrise.<ref>Rashi (Pesachim 107a s.v. mincha gedola), Rambam (Tefillah 3:2)</ref> | #Mincha Gedola is six and a half halachic hours (Shaot Zmaniot) after sunrise.<ref>Rashi (Pesachim 107a s.v. mincha gedola), Rambam (Tefillah 3:2)</ref> | ||
