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Reference of Measurements in Halacha: Difference between revisions

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Reference of Measurements in Halacha (view source)

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# According to the Chazon Ish, the [[Amah]] is 24 inches (60.96 centimeters), the [[Tefach]] is 4 inches (10.16 centimeters), and the Etzbah is 1 inch (2.54 centimeters). <ref> Shiurin shel Torah (pg 3) by the Steipler quoting the Chazon Ish but admitting that these are approximate measures because of the need to publicize the measures but not an accurate calculation. </ref>
# According to the Chazon Ish, the [[Amah]] is 24 inches (60.96 centimeters), the [[Tefach]] is 4 inches (10.16 centimeters), and the Etzbah is 1 inch (2.54 centimeters). <ref> Shiurin shel Torah (pg 3) by the Steipler quoting the Chazon Ish but admitting that these are approximate measures because of the need to publicize the measures but not an accurate calculation. </ref>
==Mil==
==Mil==
# When [[Mil]] is given in terms of time, some consider it 18 minutes, some 22.5 minutes, and some 24 minutes. <ref>S"A 459:2 writes that the [[mil]] is 18 minutes. Rama 261:1 agrees. Biur Halacha 459:2 s.v. Haviy quotes some who consider it 22.5 minutes and others who say that it is 24 minutes.</ref>
# When [[Mil]] is given in terms of time, some consider it 18 minutes, some 22.5 minutes, and some 24 minutes. <ref>S"A 459:2 writes that the [[mil]] is 18 minutes. Rama 261:1 agrees. Beiur Halacha 459:2 s.v. Haviy quotes some who consider it 22.5 minutes and others who say that it is 24 minutes.</ref>
# When [[Mil]] is given in terms of distance it is equal to 2000 [[Amot]]. <ref>S"A 261:2 writes that 3/4 of a [[mil]] is equal to 1500 [[amot]], implying a [[mil]] is 2000 [[amot]]. [http://www.yeshiva.org.il/midrash/shiur.asp?id=15883#3b Rabbi Melamed on yeshiva.org.il] writes that a [[mil]] is 2000 [[amot]].</ref>
# When [[Mil]] is given in terms of distance it is equal to 2000 [[Amot]]. <ref>S"A 261:2 writes that 3/4 of a [[mil]] is equal to 1500 [[amot]], implying a [[mil]] is 2000 [[amot]]. [http://www.yeshiva.org.il/midrash/shiur.asp?id=15883#3b Rabbi Melamed on yeshiva.org.il] writes that a [[mil]] is 2000 [[amot]].</ref>


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# There are several opinions about how long Kdei Aniva is, however, one doesn't need to be strict to consider it to be longer than 2 gudalin. <ref>How long is kdei aniva? There’s several opinions about this topic:  
# There are several opinions about how long Kdei Aniva is, however, one doesn't need to be strict to consider it to be longer than 2 gudalin. <ref>How long is kdei aniva? There’s several opinions about this topic:  
* Smag- long enough to loop around all the rest of the 7 strings.  
* Smag- long enough to loop around all the rest of the 7 strings.  
* Chayei Adam, Kitzur S"A 9:13- 4 gudalin, Biur Halacha: 2 gudalin, Eliya Rabba (paskening like Rif and Rosh)- long enough to loop around just 1 string (very short).  
* Chayei Adam, Kitzur S"A 9:13- 4 gudalin, Beiur Halacha: 2 gudalin, Eliya Rabba (paskening like Rif and Rosh)- long enough to loop around just 1 string (very short).  
* The Biur Halacha concludes that there’s no need to be strict for more than 2 gudalin. And he says if you have no choice, you can rely on the Eliya Rabba. see [http://ph.yhb.org.il/07-08-11/ Peninei Halacha] </ref>
* The Beiur Halacha concludes that there’s no need to be strict for more than 2 gudalin. And he says if you have no choice, you can rely on the Eliya Rabba. see [http://ph.yhb.org.il/07-08-11/ Peninei Halacha] </ref>
# How long is the shiur of 2 godlin in practical terms? Chazon Ish : 5 cm, Rav Chaim Naeh: 4 cm. Rav Mordechai Eliyahu (comments to Kitzur 9:13) writes that Kedi Anivah is 4 cm.
# How long is the shiur of 2 godlin in practical terms? Chazon Ish : 5 cm, Rav Chaim Naeh: 4 cm. Rav Mordechai Eliyahu (comments to Kitzur 9:13) writes that Kedi Anivah is 4 cm.


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==Olot HaShachar==
==Olot HaShachar==
# Many rishonim hold that [[Olot HaShachar]] is 72 minutes before sunrise on a perfect day in Jerusalem which is equivalent to when the sun is 16 degrees below the horizon for everywhere in the world, however, others hold that [[Olot HaShachar]] is 90 minutes on a perfect day which is 19.78 degrees below the horizon. <ref>
# Many rishonim hold that [[Olot HaShachar]] is 72 minutes before sunrise on a perfect day in Jerusalem which is equivalent to when the sun is 16 degrees below the horizon for everywhere in the world, however, others hold that [[Olot HaShachar]] is 90 minutes on a perfect day which is 19.78 degrees below the horizon. <ref>
* Sefer Zmanim KeHilchatam (Rabbi Berstein, pg 347) writes that 72 minutes on a perfect day in Jerusalem is equal to when the sun is 16 degrees below the horizon and 90 minutes is equal to 19.78 degrees below the horizon. He personally rules that one should be strict for both of these opinions for Deoritta halachas and those derabbanan halachas where safek is lechumra. He tries to prove that this is the opinion of the Mishna Brurah (92:3, Biur Halacha 163:1 s.v. Berachok). However, he totally rejects the opinion that [[Olot HaShachar]] is 120 minutes before sunrise.  
* Sefer Zmanim KeHilchatam (Rabbi Berstein, pg 347) writes that 72 minutes on a perfect day in Jerusalem is equal to when the sun is 16 degrees below the horizon and 90 minutes is equal to 19.78 degrees below the horizon. He personally rules that one should be strict for both of these opinions for Deoritta halachas and those derabbanan halachas where safek is lechumra. He tries to prove that this is the opinion of the Mishna Brurah (92:3, Beiur Halacha 163:1 s.v. Berachok). However, he totally rejects the opinion that [[Olot HaShachar]] is 120 minutes before sunrise.  
* He also quotes Rabbi Tukachinsky who held like the opinion of 90 minutes.  
* He also quotes Rabbi Tukachinsky who held like the opinion of 90 minutes.  
* [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/728553/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Shiur_on_Zmanim_in_Halacha Rav Hershel Schachter on yutorah.org] (min 65-7) says that we assume that [[Olot HaShachar]] is 72 minutes before sunrise, varying according to one’s location. Similarly, [http://www.ou.org/webcast_kosher Rav Yisrael Belsky] (OU Kosher Webcast, 2011, min 19-21) mentioned in passing that [[Olot HaShachar]] is assumed to be 72 minutes before sunrise, varying according to the longitude and latitude. </ref>
* [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/728553/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Shiur_on_Zmanim_in_Halacha Rav Hershel Schachter on yutorah.org] (min 65-7) says that we assume that [[Olot HaShachar]] is 72 minutes before sunrise, varying according to one’s location. Similarly, [http://www.ou.org/webcast_kosher Rav Yisrael Belsky] (OU Kosher Webcast, 2011, min 19-21) mentioned in passing that [[Olot HaShachar]] is assumed to be 72 minutes before sunrise, varying according to the longitude and latitude. </ref>
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* '''Who does the halacha follow? Rabbi Yehuda or Rabbi Yose''' The Briatta ([[Shabbat]] 34b) says that in regards to practical ramifications [[Ben HaShemashot]] is always considered day as a stringency and night as a stringency. Rif ([[Shabbat]] 14b) and Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 5:4) codify this Briatta. S"A 261:1 rules that during [[Ben HaShemashot]] one may not doing anything one may not do on [[Shabbat]] with some exceptions (see there). Rabbi Yochanan ([[Shabbat]] 35a) says that we follow Rabbi Yehuda regarding [[Shabbat]] as a stringency and Rabbi Yose regarding Trumah as a stringency. Rif (15a) and Rosh 2:23 codify Rabbi Yochanan as halacha.
* '''Who does the halacha follow? Rabbi Yehuda or Rabbi Yose''' The Briatta ([[Shabbat]] 34b) says that in regards to practical ramifications [[Ben HaShemashot]] is always considered day as a stringency and night as a stringency. Rif ([[Shabbat]] 14b) and Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 5:4) codify this Briatta. S"A 261:1 rules that during [[Ben HaShemashot]] one may not doing anything one may not do on [[Shabbat]] with some exceptions (see there). Rabbi Yochanan ([[Shabbat]] 35a) says that we follow Rabbi Yehuda regarding [[Shabbat]] as a stringency and Rabbi Yose regarding Trumah as a stringency. Rif (15a) and Rosh 2:23 codify Rabbi Yochanan as halacha.
* '''(2) Gemara Pesachim''' 94a records Rabbi Yochanan's statement that an average person can walk 30 [[mil]] from [[HaNetz HaChama]] until [[Shekiyah]] and 5 [[mil]] from [[Shekiyah]] until [[Tzet HaKochavim]] (according to Rashi s.v. Ovav). The Gemara challenges this and explains really an average person can walk 32 [[mil]] from [[HaNetz HaChama]] until [[Shekiyah]] and only 4 [[mil]] from [[Shekiyah]] until [[Tzet HaKochavim]].  
* '''(2) Gemara Pesachim''' 94a records Rabbi Yochanan's statement that an average person can walk 30 [[mil]] from [[HaNetz HaChama]] until [[Shekiyah]] and 5 [[mil]] from [[Shekiyah]] until [[Tzet HaKochavim]] (according to Rashi s.v. Ovav). The Gemara challenges this and explains really an average person can walk 32 [[mil]] from [[HaNetz HaChama]] until [[Shekiyah]] and only 4 [[mil]] from [[Shekiyah]] until [[Tzet HaKochavim]].  
* '''The opinion of Rabbenu Tam:''' Tosfot (Pesachim 94a s.v. Rabbi Yehuda and [[Shabbat]] 35a s.v. Trei) is bothered how the Gemara [[Shabbat]] seems to say that from [[Shekiyah]] until [[Tzet HaKochavim]] a person can walk 3/4 of a [[mil]] (according to the Rabba) and the Gemara Pesachim says a person can walk 4 [[mil]]. Rabbenu Tam answers that the Gemara [[Shabbat]] was referring to the end of the [[Shekiyah]] and from then until [[Tzet HaKochavim]] is 3/4 of a [[mil]], while the Gemara Pesachim is discussing the end of [[Shekiyah]] which takes 4 [[mil]] until [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. Ramban (cited by [[Maggid]] Mishna), [[Maggid]] Mishna ([[Shabbat]] 5:4), and Ran ([[Shabbat]] 15a) agree. The Ran ([[Shabbat]] 15a) explains that according to Rabbenu Tam there's two Shekiyot. After the first it is still considered daytime until 3.25 [[mil]] after the beginning of the [[Shekiyah]]. [[Ben HaShemashot]], which is uncertain day or night, spans .75 of a [[mil]] and begins from the beginning of the second [[Shekiyah]]. See Biur Halacha 261 s.v. Metechila explains that the first [[Shekiyah]] is when the sun sets from our vision, and the second [[Shekiyah]] is when the light from the sun leaves the sky.
* '''The opinion of Rabbenu Tam:''' Tosfot (Pesachim 94a s.v. Rabbi Yehuda and [[Shabbat]] 35a s.v. Trei) is bothered how the Gemara [[Shabbat]] seems to say that from [[Shekiyah]] until [[Tzet HaKochavim]] a person can walk 3/4 of a [[mil]] (according to the Rabba) and the Gemara Pesachim says a person can walk 4 [[mil]]. Rabbenu Tam answers that the Gemara [[Shabbat]] was referring to the end of the [[Shekiyah]] and from then until [[Tzet HaKochavim]] is 3/4 of a [[mil]], while the Gemara Pesachim is discussing the end of [[Shekiyah]] which takes 4 [[mil]] until [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. Ramban (cited by [[Maggid]] Mishna), [[Maggid]] Mishna ([[Shabbat]] 5:4), and Ran ([[Shabbat]] 15a) agree. The Ran ([[Shabbat]] 15a) explains that according to Rabbenu Tam there's two Shekiyot. After the first it is still considered daytime until 3.25 [[mil]] after the beginning of the [[Shekiyah]]. [[Ben HaShemashot]], which is uncertain day or night, spans .75 of a [[mil]] and begins from the beginning of the second [[Shekiyah]]. See Beiur Halacha 261 s.v. Metechila explains that the first [[Shekiyah]] is when the sun sets from our vision, and the second [[Shekiyah]] is when the light from the sun leaves the sky.
* '''Does halacha follow Rabbenu Tam?''' The S"A 261:2 rules in accordance with Rabbenu Tam and states that from the beginning of the [[Shekiyah]] until [[Ben HaShemashot]] there's 3.25 [[mil]] and then [[Ben HaShemashot]] itself is .75 of a [[mil]], which is equivalent to the time it takes to walk 1500 [[amot]]. Biur Halacha 261 s.v. Metechila writes that for sure one should be strict for the Gra not to do any melacha after sunset.  
* '''Does halacha follow Rabbenu Tam?''' The S"A 261:2 rules in accordance with Rabbenu Tam and states that from the beginning of the [[Shekiyah]] until [[Ben HaShemashot]] there's 3.25 [[mil]] and then [[Ben HaShemashot]] itself is .75 of a [[mil]], which is equivalent to the time it takes to walk 1500 [[amot]]. Beiur Halacha 261 s.v. Metechila writes that for sure one should be strict for the Gra not to do any melacha after sunset.  
* '''(3) Shmuel's opinion:''' Then, Shmuel ([[Shabbat]] 35b) says that [[Ben HaShemashot]] is as long as two stars are seen in the sky, but if there’s only one star, it’s day, and if it’s three, then it’s night. The Gemara then clarifies that the stars which were discussed are medium size stars. Similarly, the Yerushalmi ([[Brachot]], cited by Ran 15a) says that [[Shabbat]] concludes when three stars can be seen in one area and not spread out. The Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 5:4) rules like Shmuel that when three medium size stars are seen it is certain nighttime. The Kesef Mishna ([[Shabbat]] 5:4) is bothered why the Rambam said that [[Ben HaShemashot]] begins from [[Shekiyah]] and ends when three stars are seen, choosing the opinion of Rabba for the beginning of [[Ben HaShemashot]] and Shmuel for the end of [[Ben HaShemashot]]. He answers that really Rabba and Shmuel agree and just describe it differently. This may also be the intent of the Rif (15a) and Rosh 2:23 who say that halacha follows Rabba as a stringency and also quote Shmuel without anyone arguing.</ref>
* '''(3) Shmuel's opinion:''' Then, Shmuel ([[Shabbat]] 35b) says that [[Ben HaShemashot]] is as long as two stars are seen in the sky, but if there’s only one star, it’s day, and if it’s three, then it’s night. The Gemara then clarifies that the stars which were discussed are medium size stars. Similarly, the Yerushalmi ([[Brachot]], cited by Ran 15a) says that [[Shabbat]] concludes when three stars can be seen in one area and not spread out. The Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 5:4) rules like Shmuel that when three medium size stars are seen it is certain nighttime. The Kesef Mishna ([[Shabbat]] 5:4) is bothered why the Rambam said that [[Ben HaShemashot]] begins from [[Shekiyah]] and ends when three stars are seen, choosing the opinion of Rabba for the beginning of [[Ben HaShemashot]] and Shmuel for the end of [[Ben HaShemashot]]. He answers that really Rabba and Shmuel agree and just describe it differently. This may also be the intent of the Rif (15a) and Rosh 2:23 who say that halacha follows Rabba as a stringency and also quote Shmuel without anyone arguing.</ref>
==Sources==
==Sources==
<references/>
<references/>
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