Mussaf

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The Mussaf prayer is a special prayer for Shabbat, Yom Tov, Chol Hamoed, and Rosh Chodesh and it is said immediately after Shacharit.[1]

Obligation

  1. Everyone is obligated to say Mussaf just like all other prayers. [2]
  2. Women too can pray mussaf. [3]

Earliest time

  1. The earliest time to say Mussaf is Olot HaShachar, however, it should not be said before Shacharit. [4] If one said it before Shacharit one has fulfilled one’s obligation after the fact. [5]

Latest time

  1. The latest time to finish Mussaf is the end of the seventh hour, however, if one didn’t say it before the seventh hour one should still say it before the end of the day and even though one is called ‘negligent’ for having delayed praying one still fulfills one’s obligation. [6]
  2. According to some one should pray mussaf without a minyan before the end of the seventh hour instead of praying with a minyan afterwards, while others argue that praying with a minyan is preferable. [7]

Tashlumin (makeup)

  1. There is no makeup (Tashlumin) if one forgot to pray or missed the time for Mussaf. [8] See also the Tashlumin page.

If one started Atta Chonen in Mussaf

  1. If one started the bracha of Atta Chonen or any other bracha of a weekday Shemona Esrei one should stop in the middle of the bracha and start with the text for Mussaf. [9]
  2. This is equally true for Shabbat Mussaf as it is for Rosh Chodesh, Yom Tov, or Yom Tov Sheni Mussaf. [10]

If one has the option to pray both Mincha and mussaf

  1. If one has the option to pray both Mincha and mussaf the one should say Mincha first and then Mussaf. [11]
  2. After the fact if one did say Mussaf before Mincha (when one had the option to say both) nonetheless one has fulfilled one’s obligation. [12]
  3. If there’s not enough time in the day to say both Mincha and Mussaf according to some one should say Mincha, while according to others one should say Mussaf [13] unless one intentionally didn’t pray until that time in which case everyone agrees that one should pray Mincha. [14]
  4. Some say that one only has to pray Mincha before Mussaf if one plans on praying both prayers now however if one plans on saying Mincha later then one may say Mussaf first [15], however, past nine and half hours one should always say Mincha first even if one plans to say it later. [16]
  5. A congregation should be careful to avoid this situation and begin Mussaf before six and a half hours. [17]
  6. Some say that if the situation arises that a congregation must pray Mincha and Mussaf (past sixth and a half hours) that one should pray Mussaf first so as not to confuse the people and make them think that in general Mincha precedes Mussaf. [18]
  7. If one unintentionally missed Shacharit of Shabbat one must say Tashlumin at Mincha. If one is in the situation where he has the obligation to pray Mincha, Mussaf and Tashlumin for Shacharit one should say it in that order, first Mincha, then Mussaf, and then Tashlumin for Shacharit. [19]

Davening Mussaf before Shacharit

  1. After the fact if someone davened Mussaf before Shacharit he fulfilled his obligation.[20]
  2. If you come to shul when the tzibur is up to musaf and you didn’t yet say shacharit what should you do? Many poskim hold that it is better to daven Shacharit even though it isn't considered tefillah btzibur since one shouldn't daven Mussaf before Shacharit initially. Other poskim however hold that it is better to daven mussaf with the tzibur and then daven Shacharit so that one will be able to daven with the tzibur. [21]

Eating before Mussaf of Shabbat or Yom Tov

  1. Once the time for Mussaf (from Olot HaShachar) it’s forbidden to eat a meal (more than a KeBaytzah of bread) before praying Mussaf, however, it’s permissible to have a KeBaytzah of bread or a lot of fruit. [22]
  2. The custom is to be lenient to permit eating even more than a Kabaytzah of baked Mezonot (cakes and cookies) before Mussaf after having made Kiddish. [23]
  3. If one does eat before Mussaf one must first do Kiddish and have a Revi'it of wine or eat a Kezayit of baked mezonot (cakes and cookies) in order to fulfill Kiddish. [24]

Sources

  1. ↑ Rambam (Tefillah 9:13-4) writes that mussaf of Shabbat, Yom Tov, Chol Hamoed, and Rosh Chodesh is said after shacharit. Shulchan Aruch 286:1 writes this halacha in regards to mussaf of Shabbat. Aruch Hashulchan 89:9 explains that chazal instituted mussaf on any day on which a korban was brought. See Gemara Brachot 26b which says that certainly chazal instituted tefillah in accordance with korbanot because mussaf there is no source for mussaf amongst the prayers of the avot but only in the korbanot.
  2. ↑ Who is obligated to say Mussaf? There’s a dispute in the Gemara Brachot 30a-b whether an individual is obligated or not and perhaps an individual is obligated but is exempted by the congregation in the city. Tosfot 30b s.v. Ein quoting Rabbenu Chananel, Rosh Brachot 4:21, and Rambam (Pirush Mishnayot Brachot 4:7 hold that an individual is obligated in Mussaf and is not exempted by the congregation in the city. This is codified by the Tur and S”A 286:2.
  3. ↑ Chazon Ovadia Shabbat part 2: page 204, Halichos Bas Yisrael volume 2 page 104, halachayomit.co.il. Even though Shut Rabbi Akiva Eiger 9 writes that since Mussaf was established in place of the korban mussaf which was brought by only men and therefore women aren't included in this obligation and Shulchan Aruch rules that women may not recite a beracha on a positive time-bound mitzvah, Chacham Ovadia in Chazon Ovadia Shabbat part 2: page 204 rules that women may nevertheless recite mussaf since they would receive atonement from the offering of the mussaf just like men. Mishna Brurah 106:4 quotes the dispute between the Tzlach saying they're exempt and the Magen Giborim holding they're obligated.
  4. ↑ S”A 286:1.
    • Background: What’s the earliest time to say Mussaf? Tosfot 26a s.v. Tefillah writes that the earliest time for Mussaf is Olot hashachar just like Shacharit and similar to the korban mussaf which could be brought right after the tamid korban. This is also implied by the Gemara Avoda Zara 3b which says that on Rosh Hashana one shouldn’t say mussaf alone in the first three hours of the day implying that the rest of the year one could say it even in the morning. If so, why is mussaf at the end of the Mishna? It’s not tadir like the others. Rabbenu Yonah 19a s.v. Tefillat says that even though Mussaf could be said all day it should be said after Shacharit (because of the concept of Tadir VeSheino Tadir-the more common takes precedence). The Rosh 4:1 agrees that mussaf could be said all day from the morning.
  5. ↑ Rama 286:1
  6. ↑ There’s a dispute between Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbanan as to the latest time for Mussaf. Rabbi Yehuda says the latest time is the end of the 7th hour and Rabbanan say one may pray until the end of the day. According to some versions, this can be found in the Mishna on 26a however, it’s certainly a dispute in the Brittah on 27b. The Tosfot 27a s.v. Tah Shema says that the version which deletes Rabbi Yehuda from the Mishna is correct and that shows that Rebbe didn’t hold like Rabbi Yehuda. The Rambam (Tefillah 3:5), Tur, and S”A 286:1 hold like Rabbanan that one could pray Mussaf all day. However, in Gemara Brachot 28a, Rabbi Yochanan says someone who prays mussaf after the 7th hour is called negligent for having delayed praying earlier. The Tur 286:1(2) codifies this and says that even though the halacha permits one to pray Mussaf the entire day, one may not delay saying it because the primary time is the first seven hours of the day. S”A 286:1 also rules that one may not delay it past the seventh hour but if one did one is called negligent but still fulfills one’s obligation. The Mishna Brurah 286:2 explains that one shouldn’t delay it past the seventh hour because that is the primary time the korban Mussaf was brought.
  7. ↑ Tefillah KeHilchata 3:56 quotes Zeh HaShulchan 286:1, Rav Wosner, and Chacham Ben Tzion Abba Shaul who say it’s preferable to pray by oneself early and Rav Elyashiv who says it’s preferable to pray with the minyan.
  8. ↑ S”A 108:6 and 286:1. Mishna Brurah 286:3 explains that since the Korban mussaf is mentioned in the tefillah of mussaf and there's no makeup for the korban mussaf, there's no makeup for mussaf.
  9. ↑ Shulchan Aruch 268:2, Kaf HaChaim 268:9, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 76:19, Aruch Hashulchan 268:3. See also Shabbat Davenings.
  10. ↑ Kaf HaChaim 268:10 quoting the Eliyah Rabba
  11. ↑ The Gemara Brachot 28a says that Rabbanan hold that if one has before him both Mincha and Mussaf one should say Mincha first because it’s the more common prayer (Tadir VeSheino Tadir, Tadir Kodem). However, Rabbi Yehuda argues that since the time for Mussaf is going to pass one should say Mussaf first (that is only according to his opinion that the latest time for Mussaf is the end of the 7th hour unlike Rabbanan who say Mussaf could be said all day.) Later in the gemara, Rabbi Yochanan rules like Rabbanan. The Rosh 4:8, Rambam (Tefillah 3:11), and Rif (Brachot 19a) rule like Rabbanan. This is the ruling of Tur and S”A 286:4.
  12. ↑ The Gemara Brachot 28a says that the reason we pray Mincha first is because it’s the more common prayer (Tadir VeSheino Tadir, Tadir Kodem). The Rashba (Brachot 28a s.v. Tanu Rabbanan) says that after the fact if one said Mussaf first one has fulfilled one’s obligation because the concept of putting the more common prayer first doesn’t invalidate something after the fact. [See also the Taz 108:10 who uses this regarding Tashlumin.] This is quoted by the Bet Yosef 286:4 and codified by the Rama 286:3. [This is also explained clearly by the Mishna Brurah 286:11 that the reason for the Rama is that the concept of putting the more common mitzvah first is only preferable but not absolutely necessary.] Yalkut Yosef (Tefillah vol 1 pg 551) rules like the Rama.
  13. ↑ The Magen Avraham 286:3 writes that if one is very close to the end of the day and there’s only time to pray either Mincha or Mussaf one should say Mussaf since there’s Tashlumin for Mincha but not for Mussaf. Kaf HaChaim 286:36 holds like the Magen Avrham. However, the Dagul Mirvavah (on Magen Avraham 286:3) argues that the Yerushalmi explicitly writes that certainly the opinion of Rabbanan to say Mincha first applies when there’s not enough time in the day to say both however if there’s enough time to say both it’s unclear that the Rabbanan ever said their opinion. Hagahot Rabbi Akiva Eiger (also on the Magen Avraham) tries to defend the Magen Avraham by saying that perhaps the Yerushalmi was speaking about a case where there was no option of Tashlumin such as if a person intentionally didn’t pray until that time or if one was an onen (first day mourner) and in that case the Magen Avraham’s logic doesn’t apply. The Mishna Brurah 286:13 quotes this dispute. [It seems that the Mishna Brurah sides with the Magen Avraham because he writes it as the anonymous first opinion and even adds that Rabbi Akiva Eiger defends it.] Yalkut Yosef (Tefillah vol 1 pg 551) rules like the Magen Avraham.
  14. ↑ Hagahot Rabbi Akiva Eiger on Magen Avraham 286:3
  15. ↑ Tosfot (Brachot 28a s.v. Halacha) quotes the Ri who says that one only has to pray Mincha before Mussaf if one plans on praying both at this time however if one plans to say Mincha later one may pray Mussaf now. However, the anonymous first opinion of Tosfot argues. The Rashba sides with the Ri (and infers it from the language of the Gemara) and quotes the Teshuvat Goanim which also agrees. The Rabbenu Yonah (Brachot 19a s.v. VeYesh) comes up with this same idea on his own. The Tur 286:3 quotes it as a dispute but then writes that the Rosh would pray by himself and leave the minyan in order to pray mussaf before the time for Mincha comes. The Bet Yosef 286:4 quotes all the above rishonim who hold like the Ri. The S”A 286:4 writes the simple halacha that Mincha precedes mussaf and then quotes the opinion of the Ri (implying that the halacha doesn’t follow the Ri).
  16. ↑ The Rabbenu Yonah 19a s.v. VeYesh writes that the Bavli holds that once the earliest time for Mincha (six and a half hours) arrives one should say Mincha before Mussaf against the Yerushalmi which says that only after nine and half hours does Mincha precede Mussaf. Then the Rabbenu Yonah continues to say the distinction of the Ri and concludes that even according to that idea once nine and half hours passes one must say Mincha first like the Yerushalmi (even though we don’t hold the Yerushalmi for the basic halacha). The Rosh (Brachot 4:8) also quotes the Yerushalmi. The Rama 286:4 rules like the Rabbenu Yonah.
  17. ↑ Kaf HaChaim 286:37
  18. ↑ The Rambam Tefillah 3:11 writes that there is an opinion who says that only an individual should say Mincha and then Mussaf however a congregation should say Mussaf first so as not to confuse the people. This is quoted in the Tur and S”A 286:4 as a individual opinion (implying that it is not followed as the basic halacha). However, the Kaf HaChaim 286:37 writes that if this case happens one may rely on the combination of the Ri and Rambam (and Arizal who holds that Kabbalistically it’s always better to pray Mussaf first) the congregation should say Mussaf first even if it’s past nine and a half hours.
  19. ↑ Yalkut Yosef (Tefillah vol 1 pg 551, Kitzur S”A 286:14)
  20. ↑ Aruch Hashulchan 286:7 asked how you can daven mussaf before Shacharit even after the fact like the Rama writes because Shacharit is supposed to be first as it says boker. But Igrot Moshe OC 4:68 asks how this comment is very difficult since he quotes the Tosfot pesachim and menachot that mdeoritta bedieved you’re yotzei a korban if brought before tamid shel shachar. Even though it is pasul mderabbanan maybe they didn’t institute that for tefillah. Furthermore, the Rambam doesn’t agree that it is pasul at all (see Mishneh Lmelech Temidin Umusafin 1:3). (Tosfot Yoma 29a s.v. elah seems to agree that it isn’t pasul at all.) The Rama is based on the Rashba Brachot 28 s.v. tanu explicitly. Rav Moshe concludes that certainly we follow the Rashba and Rama unlike the Aruch Hashulchan.
  21. ↑
    • Rav Moshe in Igrot Moshe OC 1:68 explains that there are 3 reasons why the korban tamid shel shacharit preceded the korban mussaf. 1) Haolah indicates that the korban olah was first of all the korbanot. 2) Tadir. 3) Shacharit has boker written next to it and Mussaf has yom written next to it. Rav Moshe explains that all of these factors are separate. (However, that seems to depend on the answers of Tosfot Yoma 34a s.v. haolah whether haolah is fundamentally the same as tadir or not.)
    • The Rosh (cited by Tur 286) would daven by himself on Yom Kippur mussaf rather than daven with the tzibur mussaf after six and a half hours. The reason is because if he waited until then the tzibur would daven first mussaf and then mincha which is in violation of tadir even though that the ruling of the Rambam. Also, the Yesh Mefarshim in the Rosh explained that there’s no issue of tadir here since you plan on davening Mincha later unless mincha ketana already came. Furthermore, that Yesh Mefarshim is based on the Yerushalmi. However, nonetheless, the Rosh wasn’t convinced by the ruling of the Rambam or Yesh Mefarshim that it was permitted to daven mincha first because of tadir. In fact he held that in order to avoid tadir he preferred to daven by himself without a tzibur. Why would he violate tefillah btzibur vaday instead of violating tadir safek? He held that safek tadir is more important than tefillah btzibur since it is relevant to many areas of Torah.
    • Rav Yitzchak Elchanan (Bear Yitzchak 20) writes that mussaf with tzibur is better since it is mekudash which is a factor equally as powerful as tadir. Tefillah btzibur isn’t mekudash. It is an enhancement of tefillah mdeoritta and an obligation mderabbanan. It is forbidden to daven in a way that won’t be accepted as it says in brachot 22b. Also, tamid before mussaf is for other reasons besides tadir.
    • Rav Elchanan proved from the fact that we do mincha before mussaf even though that would violate the principle of hashlama because tadir is more important (as is evident from Menachot 64b) that we can also say that mekudash which is equal to tadir (Menachot 49a, Rambam Temidin 9:2) is more important than hashlama (Menachot 49b) and mussaf btzibur can beat hashlama and come before shacharit. Also, mekudash can beat tadir since you’ll be able to do the tadir afterwards but mekudash is a one time opportunity.
    • Rav Moshe argues with his proof since there’s no halacha of hashlama by mincha davening at all. The proof is that according to Rabbi Yochanan you can daven all day according to the Rambam and Rif even if you vaday already prayed. Also, how can they institute neilah unless there’s no din hashlama on davening mincha. [Chazon Ish Menachot 33:7 clearly held like Rav Elchanan that hashalama does apply to davening mincha.]
    • Rav Elchanan proves from the Tur who says that that we do chanuka candles and then havdalah that tadir is pushed aside for any reason even if it is optional since extending Shabbat is optional after the exact time for tosefet Shabbat. So too we can push off tadir for tefillah btzibur. Rav Moshe argues that kavod shabbat exists whether it is Shabbat or long afterwards and that is what is pushing aside tadir.
    • Maharshag 1:22 agrees with Rav Moshe. Additionally, Rav Chaim Zonenfeld (Shalmat Chaim OC 113) agrees with Rav Moshe for another reason because he assumes that it is considered tefillah btzibur even though you’re davening another Shemona Esrei with them. Yalkut Yosef 90:9:5 cites this dispute.
  22. ↑ The Gemara Brachot 28b writes that the halacha doesn’t follow Rav Huna who says that it’s forbidden to taste any food before praying Mussaf. The Tur 286:3 writes that even though we don’t hold like Rav Huna we only permit have a snack but a meal is forbidden. The Bet Yosef quotes the Raavad, Rashba, and perhaps the Rabbenu Yerucham who agree. S”A 286:3 writes that it’s forbidden to eat a meal before praying Mussaf but it’s permissible to have a snack. The Magen Avraham 286:2 writes that the snack is the same as before Mincha where S”A 232:3 writes that one may have a KeBaytzah of bread and a lot of fruit but not more.
  23. ↑ Shaar HaTziyun 286:7 writes that the measure for a meal before mussaf in regards to baked mezonot is the same as by Sukkah. Mishna Brurah 639:15-6 (regarding Sukkah) quotes some who say that if one establishes a meal out of the Pas HaBah Bekisnin certainly it requires a Sukkah. However, if one didn’t have it as a meal if one had more than a KeBaytzah then there’s a dispute whether one needs a Sukkah and if one eats less than a KeBaytzah then certainly it doesn’t require a Sukkah. Nonetheless, Halichot Shlomo (Tefillah 14:9, pg 179-80) writes that the minhag is to lenient to have even more than a Kabaytzah of baked mezonot.
  24. ↑ Magen Avraham 286:1, Beiur Halacha 286:3 s.v. Achilat, Mishna Brurah 286:7, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 52:17
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