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Reference of Measurements in Halacha: Difference between revisions

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Reference of Measurements in Halacha (view source)

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→‎Bein HaShemashot and Tzet Hakochavim: Still in middle of this footnote...
(→‎Fixed Minutes: I am working on consolidating this. I do not want to place all that was written for alot in the body, instead I will put it in the footnote. The reason is because there are very few who go with Rabbenu Tam for degrees. There are a few explanations for this. On top I'll write a few accepted views and on the bottom I'll explain.)
(→‎Bein HaShemashot and Tzet Hakochavim: Still in middle of this footnote...)
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*See Hazmanim B'halacha Chap 41 for a complete discussion.</ref><ref>Rabbi Hershel Schachter on [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/728553/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Shiur_on_Zmanim_in_Halacha# yutorah.org (min 43-5)] explains that many practice like the Gra regarding Tzet HaKochavim on [[Motzei Shabbat]]. See Biur HaGra and Mishna Brurah 261. Pri Megadim assumes that according to Rabbenu Tam, 72 minutes is a fixed time, but Biur Halacha 261:2 ''s.v. kodem'' writes that it varies according to one's location.</ref>
*See Hazmanim B'halacha Chap 41 for a complete discussion.</ref><ref>Rabbi Hershel Schachter on [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/728553/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Shiur_on_Zmanim_in_Halacha# yutorah.org (min 43-5)] explains that many practice like the Gra regarding Tzet HaKochavim on [[Motzei Shabbat]]. See Biur HaGra and Mishna Brurah 261. Pri Megadim assumes that according to Rabbenu Tam, 72 minutes is a fixed time, but Biur Halacha 261:2 ''s.v. kodem'' writes that it varies according to one's location.</ref>
#Just as by ''alot hashachar'', there is a dispute among the ''poskim'' as to the value of a ''mil'' and the amount of ''mil'' between ''alot'' and ''hanetz'', so too, this dispute applies regarding ''tzet hakochavim.''
#Just as by ''alot hashachar'', there is a dispute among the ''poskim'' as to the value of a ''mil'' and the amount of ''mil'' between ''alot'' and ''hanetz'', so too, this dispute applies regarding ''tzet hakochavim.''
#Similarly, just as by ''alot'' there is a dispute as to whether it is measured in degrees, ''shaot shavot,'' or ''shaot zmaniot''; there is the same dispute regarding ''tzet hakochavim'' as well.
#Similarly, just as by ''alot'' there is a dispute as to whether the time is measured in degrees, ''shaot shavot,'' or ''shaot zmaniot''; that dispute applies regarding ''tzet hakochavim'' as well.<ref>There are three methods in the ''poskim'' for applying the ''zman'' of the Gra and of Rabbenu Tam: degrees, ''shaot zmaniot, shaot shavot.''
#Some ''poskim'' write, that even according to Rabbenu Tam, in areas of a lower latitude where three medium-sized stars are visible earlier, ''tzet hakochavim'' would be at the time when the stars are visible.<ref>Minchas Kohen 2:5 ''s.v.'' ''she'im'', Biur Halacha 261:2 ''s.v. kodem'' and Igros Moshe O.C. IV:62 agree. Rav Moshe writes that in New York the time for ''tzet'' according to Rabbenu Tam is 50 minutes after ''shkiya''; however, he writes that it is proper for G-d fearing Jews to wait 72 minutes to end Shabbat, as was the custom in Europe. See Hazmanim B'halacha Chap. 42 for a complete discussion.</ref><ref>There are three methods in the ''poskim'' for applying the ''zman'' of the Gra and of Rabbenu Tam: degrees, ''shaot zmaniot, shaot shavot.''
*Degrees - The time of ''tzet hakochavim'' is an astronomical event; the timing of this varies depending on the locale and the time of year. Thus, many ''poskim'' write, that ''tzet'' cannot be calculated by time; rather, it must be based on the position of the sun below the horizon. ''Tzet'' is always when the sun is at a certain point below the horizon. According to this, the measurements given in ''mil'' actually refer to degrees. In other words, when the ''poskim'' write that ''tzet'' occurs 72 minutes after sunset, they do not mean to say that ''tzet'' occurs 72 minutes after ''shkiya'' in every locale, on every day of the year. Rather, they are discussing the time of ''tzet'' in Israel or Bavel on the equinox at which time the sun is approximately 16.1º below the horizon. By converting ''mil'' into degrees, we are merely conveying the "72 minutes" to apply them to any locale and for any time of the year.


*Degrees - The time of ''tzet hakochavim'' is an astronomical event; the timing of this varies depending on the locale and the time of year. Thus, many ''poskim'' write, that ''tzet'' cannot be calculated by time; rather, it must be based on the position of the sun below the horizon. ''Tzet'' is always when the sun is at a certain point below the horizon. According to this, the measurements given in ''mil'' actually refer to degrees. In other words, when the ''poskim'' write that ''tzet'' occurs 72 minutes after sunset they do not mean to say that ''tzet'' occurs 72 minutes after ''shkiya'' in every locale, on every day of the year. Rather, they are discussing the time of ''tzet'' in Israel or Bavel on the equinox at which time the sun is approximately 16.1º below the horizon. By converting ''mil'' into degrees, we are merely conveying the "72 minutes" to apply them to any locale and for any time of the year.  
*The conversion of ''mil'' into degrees is as follows. (This is the number of degrees that the sun is below the horizon in Israel on the equinox at each time.)
*The following applies assuming that a ''mil'' is either 18, 22.5, or 24 minutes.
 
*According to the Gra the following times apply
 
*At 13 1/2 minutes the sun is 3.7º below the horizon.
 
*At 16 7/8 minutes the sun is 4.4º below the horizon.
 
* At 18 minutes the sun is 4.7º below the horizon.
 
*According to Rabbenu Tam the degrees would be the following.
 
*At 72 minutes the sun is 16.1º below the horizon.


*The conversion of ''mil'' into degrees is as follows. (This is the number of degrees that the sun is below the horizon in Israel on the equinox at each time.)
* At 90 minutes the sun is 19.75º below the horizon.


At 72 minutes the sun is 16.1º below the horizon.
* At 120 minutes the sun is 25.9º below the horizon.


Shaot Zmaniot
Shaot Zmaniot
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72 minutes fixed before Netz.</ref>
72 minutes fixed before Netz.</ref>
#Some ''poskim'' write, that even according to Rabbenu Tam, in areas of a lower latitude where three medium-sized stars are visible earlier, ''tzet hakochavim'' would be at the time when the stars are visible.<ref>Minchas Kohen 2:5 ''s.v.'' ''she'im'', Biur Halacha 261:2 ''s.v. kodem'' and Igros Moshe O.C. IV:62 agree. Rav Moshe writes that in New York the time for ''tzet'' according to Rabbenu Tam is 50 minutes after ''shkiya''; however, he writes that it is proper for G-d fearing Jews to wait 72 minutes to end Shabbat, as was the custom in Europe. See Hazmanim B'halacha Chap. 42 for a complete discussion.</ref> 


==Miscellaneous==
==Miscellaneous==
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