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Reference of Measurements in Halacha: Difference between revisions

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Reference of Measurements in Halacha (view source)

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#One view is that it takes 72 minutes from the time of the first light until sunrise. They are assuming that the time of a ''mil'' is 18 minutes, and that it takes 4 ''mil'' from ''alot'' until sunrise.<ref>Rambam Peirush Hamishnayot Brachot 1:1, Abudraham Shaar 1, Hazmanim Bhalacha Chap. 21:7 writes that this is the custom outside Israel.</ref>
#One view is that it takes 72 minutes from the time of the first light until sunrise. They are assuming that the time of a ''mil'' is 18 minutes, and that it takes 4 ''mil'' from ''alot'' until sunrise.<ref>Rambam Peirush Hamishnayot Brachot 1:1, Abudraham Shaar 1, Hazmanim Bhalacha Chap. 21:7 writes that this is the custom outside Israel.</ref>
#Another opinion is 90 minutes. They conclude as well that there are 4 ''mil'' between ''alot'' and ''hanetz''; yet they set the amount of a ''mil'' at 22.5 minutes.<ref>Biur Halacha 459:2 ''s.v. Havei'' quoting Biur HaGra, Sefer Seder Zmanim. Hazmanim Bhalacha Chap. 21:8 writes that this is the custom in Israel.</ref>
#Another opinion is 90 minutes. They conclude as well that there are 4 ''mil'' between ''alot'' and ''hanetz''; yet they set the amount of a ''mil'' at 22.5 minutes.<ref>Biur Halacha 459:2 ''s.v. Havei'' quoting Biur HaGra, Sefer Seder Zmanim. Hazmanim Bhalacha Chap. 21:8 writes that this is the custom in Israel.</ref>
#A third opinion is that the ''mil'' is 24 minutes, and there are 5 ''mil'' between ''alot'' and sunrise. This sets the time of ''alot'' at 120 minutes before ''hanetz.''<ref>Magen Avrohom 459:3, Rav Chaim Noeh coined this as the "custom of Chabad"; yet there were those who disagreed - see Hazmanim Bhalacha Chap.21:9</ref>
#A third opinion is that the ''mil'' is 24 minutes, and there are 5 ''mil'' between ''alot'' and sunrise. This sets the time of ''alot'' at 120 minutes before ''hanetz.''<ref>Magen Avrohom 459:3, Rav Chaim Noeh coined this as the "custom of Chabad"; yet there were those who disagreed - see Hazmanim Bhalacha Chap.21:9</ref><ref>Magen Avrohom 267:1 writes that there are 96 minutes between ''shkiya'' and ''tzet'' (which applies as well to the time period between ''alot'' and ''hanetz.'' This assumes that there are 4 ''mil'' each one being 24 minutes.</ref><ref>*The Rosh (Brachot 4:1) writes that Alot for the korban tamid and Shacharit is after the rays of the sun begin to show and also the Eastern part of the sky began to become light. This is also the opinion of the Rabbenu Yerucham cited by Bet Yosef 89:1. Shulchan Aruch 89:1 codifies their opinion. Magen Avraham 89:3 argues that many rishonim hold that Alot is once the rays of the sun begin to show even though the Eastern part of the sky isn't light. Torat Yoma 28a siman 11 writes that the Rambam Pirush Mishnayot Yoma 3:1 and Ritva Yoma 28a hold like the Rosh and Rabbenu Yerucham, while Rashi sides with the Magen Avraham. Practically, the Mishna Brurah (Biur Halacha 89:1 s.v. v'im) writes that one shouldn't be lenient for the Magen Avraham as the Eliya Rabba, Mateh Yehuda, and Gra argue with the Magen Avraham. Therefore, Alot is once the rays of the sun began to show and also the Eastern part of the sky became light.
#There is yet a fourth opinion that there are 96 minutes between ''alot'' and ''hanetz.'' This is assuming that there are 4 ''mil'' each one being 24 minutes.
#Many ''rishonim'' hold that [[Alot HaShachar|''alot hashachar'']] is 72 minutes before sunrise on a "perfect day" (when sunrise and sunset are exactly 12 hours apart) in Jerusalem which is equivalent to when the sun is 16.1 degrees below the horizon anywhere in the world; however, others hold that [[Alot HaShachar]] is 90 minutes on a perfect day which is 19.78 degrees below the horizon.<ref>*The Rosh (Brachot 4:1) writes that Alot for the korban tamid and Shacharit is after the rays of the sun begin to show and also the Eastern part of the sky began to become light. This is also the opinion of the Rabbenu Yerucham cited by Bet Yosef 89:1. Shulchan Aruch 89:1 codifies their opinion. Magen Avraham 89:3 argues that many rishonim hold that Alot is once the rays of the sun begin to show even though the Eastern part of the sky isn't light. Torat Yoma 28a siman 11 writes that the Rambam Pirush Mishnayot Yoma 3:1 and Ritva Yoma 28a hold like the Rosh and Rabbenu Yerucham, while Rashi sides with the Magen Avraham. Practically, the Mishna Brurah (Biur Halacha 89:1 s.v. v'im) writes that one shouldn't be lenient for the Magen Avraham as the Eliya Rabba, Mateh Yehuda, and Gra argue with the Magen Avraham. Therefore, Alot is once the rays of the sun began to show and also the Eastern part of the sky became light.
*Sefer Zmanim KeHilchatam (Rabbi Berstein, pg 347) writes that 72 minutes on a perfect day in Jerusalem is equal to when the sun is 16 degrees below the horizon and 90 minutes is equal to 19.78 degrees below the horizon. He personally rules that one should be strict for both of these opinions for Deoritta halachas and those derabbanan halachas where safek is lechumra. He tries to prove that this is the opinion of the Mishna Brurah (92:3, Beiur Halacha 163:1 s.v. Berachok). However, he totally rejects the opinion that [[Alot HaShachar]] is 120 minutes before sunrise. [It is noteworthy that astronomical dawn is the time when the Sun is at 18 degrees below the horizon and before then the sky is absolutely dark ([timeanddate.com https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/different-types-twilight.html]).]
*Sefer Zmanim KeHilchatam (Rabbi Berstein, pg 347) writes that 72 minutes on a perfect day in Jerusalem is equal to when the sun is 16 degrees below the horizon and 90 minutes is equal to 19.78 degrees below the horizon. He personally rules that one should be strict for both of these opinions for Deoritta halachas and those derabbanan halachas where safek is lechumra. He tries to prove that this is the opinion of the Mishna Brurah (92:3, Beiur Halacha 163:1 s.v. Berachok). However, he totally rejects the opinion that [[Alot HaShachar]] is 120 minutes before sunrise. [It is noteworthy that astronomical dawn is the time when the Sun is at 18 degrees below the horizon and before then the sky is absolutely dark ([timeanddate.com https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/different-types-twilight.html]).]
*He also quotes Rabbi Tukachinsky who held like the opinion of 90 minutes.
*He also quotes Rabbi Tukachinsky who held like the opinion of 90 minutes.
*[http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/728553/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Shiur_on_Zmanim_in_Halacha Rav Hershel Schachter on yutorah.org] (min 65-7) says that we assume that [[Alot HaShachar]] depends on degrees below horizon and the specific times vary according to one’s location. Similarly, [http://www.ou.org/webcast_kosher Rav Yisrael Belsky] (OU Kosher Webcast, 2011, min 19-21) mentioned in passing that [[Alot HaShachar]] is assumed to be 72 minutes before sunrise, varying according to the longitude and latitude.</ref>
*[http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/728553/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Shiur_on_Zmanim_in_Halacha Rav Hershel Schachter on yutorah.org] (min 65-7) says that we assume that [[Alot HaShachar]] depends on degrees below horizon and the specific times vary according to one’s location. Similarly, [http://www.ou.org/webcast_kosher Rav Yisrael Belsky] (OU Kosher Webcast, 2011, min 19-21) mentioned in passing that [[Alot HaShachar]] is assumed to be 72 minutes before sunrise, varying according to the longitude and latitude.</ref>
#According to Sephardim, Alot HaShachar is 72 seasonal minutes before sunrise.<ref>Yalkut Yosef, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch, Siman 58, Seif 3. </ref> These minutes are proportional to the length of the day,<ref>Yalkut Yosef, Pesuke DeZimra and Keriat Shema, pages 432-433 based on Rambam, Perush Mishnayot, Masechet Berachot, Perek 1.</ref> and do not depend on current location.<ref>Zmanim KHalacha, page 43, quoting Hacham Ovadia zt"l. Hence, 72 minutes would be 1.2 multiplied by the day's shaa zmanit. Rabbi Yehuda Levi, author of Zmanim KHalacha, argues with Hacham Ovadia on the same page. He writes that the 72 minutes are not calculated based on the shaot zmaniot and do depend on current location. Rabbi Levi's difficulties stem from the Rambam's language and astronomic calculation. In the Berachot (1:1), Rambam uses a unique Arabic term when referring to alot hashachar, one that is not used in reference to zman Kriyat Shema (Berachot 1:5) or a the time of a mil (Pesachim 3:2). Furthermore, in the winter, it starts to become light earlier than it starts to become light the spring and the fall, despite having shorter shaot zmaniot in the winter; given this reality, it is difficult to justify calculating alot hashachar strictly according to shaot zmaniot. Therefore, Rabbi Levi maintains that alot hashachar's calculation is determined by degrees below the horizon.</ref>
#According to Sephardim, ''alot hashachar'' is 72 seasonal minutes before sunrise.<ref>Yalkut Yosef, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch, Siman 58, Seif 3. </ref> These minutes are proportional to the length of the day,<ref>Yalkut Yosef, Pesuke DeZimra and Keriat Shema, pages 432-433 based on Rambam, Perush Mishnayot, Masechet Berachot, Perek 1.</ref> and do not depend on current location.<ref>Zmanim KHalacha, page 43, quoting Hacham Ovadia zt"l. Hence, 72 minutes would be 1.2 multiplied by the day's shaa zmanit. Rabbi Yehuda Levi, author of Zmanim KHalacha, argues with Hacham Ovadia on the same page. He writes that the 72 minutes are not calculated based on the shaot zmaniot and do depend on current location. Rabbi Levi's difficulties stem from the Rambam's language and astronomic calculation. In the Berachot (1:1), Rambam uses a unique Arabic term when referring to alot hashachar, one that is not used in reference to zman Kriyat Shema (Berachot 1:5) or a the time of a mil (Pesachim 3:2). Furthermore, in the winter, it starts to become light earlier than it starts to become light the spring and the fall, despite having shorter shaot zmaniot in the winter; given this reality, it is difficult to justify calculating alot hashachar strictly according to shaot zmaniot. Therefore, Rabbi Levi maintains that alot hashachar's calculation is determined by degrees below the horizon.</ref>


'''Degrees below Horizon'''
'''Degrees below Horizon'''
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