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Zoreah: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Plant.jpg|200px|right]] | [[File:Plant.jpg|200px|right]] | ||
Zoreah involves [[planting]] as opposed to [[Zoreh]] which involves scattering a collection by the wind. | Zoreah involves [[planting]] as opposed to [[Zoreh]] which involves scattering a collection by the wind. | ||
==Basics== | ==Basics== | ||
# In general, any action that initiates or promotes plant growth in any way is included in the prohibited Melacha called Zoreah ([[planting]]). <ref> 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 261) </ref> | # In general, any action that initiates or promotes plant growth in any way is included in the prohibited Melacha called Zoreah ([[planting]]). <ref> 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 261) </ref> | ||
# [[Planting]] of any amount is forbidden. The applications of this prohibition are [[planting]], grafting, removal of obstacles to the plant, fertilizing, watering, spraying insecticide, putting seeds in water, and moving a plant in a bored pot. <Ref> Rambam [[Shabbat]] 8:2, Eglei Tal Zoreya 1,4-8 </ref> | # [[Planting]] of any amount is forbidden. The applications of this prohibition are [[planting]], grafting, removal of obstacles to the plant, fertilizing, watering, spraying insecticide, putting seeds in water, and moving a plant in a bored pot. <Ref> Rambam [[Shabbat]] 8:2, Eglei Tal Zoreya 1,4-8. The Rama 336:11 says if the plant has no buds, one need not be concerned. </ref> | ||
# Pruning a plant, removing weeds from a lawn or garden, fumigating with insecticide, or removing rocks from on top of a sprouting plant are forbidden as Zoreah (because they all promote plant growth). <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 271-2) </ref> | # Pruning a plant, removing weeds from a lawn or garden, fumigating with insecticide, or removing rocks from on top of a sprouting plant are forbidden as Zoreah (because they all promote plant growth). <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 271-2) </ref> | ||
==Promoting plant growth== | ==Promoting plant growth== | ||
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# One must be very careful not to drop or throw seeds, pits or cores of fruit or vegetables on the ground on [[Shabbat]]. <ref> 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 264) </ref> | # One must be very careful not to drop or throw seeds, pits or cores of fruit or vegetables on the ground on [[Shabbat]]. <ref> 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 264) </ref> | ||
# If one accidentally dropped a seed on [[Shabbat]], if the seed is not [[muktzah]] (such as watermelon, apple, pear, or sunflower seeds, bird seeds) then it should be picked up right away (in order to violate Zoreah according to some opinions) and if the seed is [[muktzah]] (such as raw beans, raw peas, garden seeds, date pits, and date pits) it should not be picked up only after [[Shabbat]]. <ref> 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 266) </ref> | # If one accidentally dropped a seed on [[Shabbat]], if the seed is not [[muktzah]] (such as watermelon, apple, pear, or sunflower seeds, bird seeds) then it should be picked up right away (in order to violate Zoreah according to some opinions) and if the seed is [[muktzah]] (such as raw beans, raw peas, garden seeds, date pits, and date pits) it should not be picked up only after [[Shabbat]]. <ref> 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 266) </ref> | ||
# Placing a seed on a well trodden path isn't a violation of Zoreah (because the seed won't sprout), <ref> | # Placing a seed on a well trodden path isn't a violation of Zoreah (because the seed won't sprout), <ref>Shulchan Aruch 336:4 </ref> however, this is inadvisable because one could misjudge the situation and many seeds are [[muktzeh]]. (for which seeds are [[muktzeh]] see last halacha).<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 263) </ref> | ||
==Watering plants== | ==Watering plants== | ||
# It is forbidden to water a plant on [[Shabbat]] because of Zoreah. <ref> | # It is forbidden to water a plant on [[Shabbat]] because of Zoreah. <ref>Shulchan Aruch 336:3, 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 267-8) </ref> | ||
# Washing one’s hands over plants on [[Shabbat]] is forbidden because watering a plant helps it grow and is forbidden on [[Shabbat]]. <ref> | # Washing one’s hands over plants on [[Shabbat]] is forbidden because watering a plant helps it grow and is forbidden on [[Shabbat]]. <ref>Shulchan Aruch 336:3, 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 267-8) </ref> | ||
# One should be careful not to spill any liquid or even to spit on plants on [[Shabbos]]. <ref> 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 267-8), Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 26:6 </ref> | # One should be careful not to spill any liquid or even to spit on plants on [[Shabbos]]. <ref> 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 267-8), Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 26:6 </ref> | ||
# Urinating on a plant isn't a violation of Zoreah (because the caustic fluid doesn't help the plant). <ref> | # Urinating on a plant isn't a violation of Zoreah (because the caustic fluid doesn't help the plant). <ref>Shulchan Aruch 336:3, Mishna Brurah 336:28, 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 267-8) </ref>See the halacha about urinating into dirt (Melachet [[Lash]]). | ||
# Regarding leaving a sprinkler on a timer one must consult one's local Orthodox Rabbi. <ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 26:8 writes that one should ask this question to one's Rabbi. [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/727469/Rabbi_Daniel_Stein/Meleches_Zoreiya_-_2_-_Sprinklers_on_Shabbos Rabbi Stein] quotes Rav Hershel Schachter who is strict regarding leaving the sprinkler on a timer over [[Shabbat]]. However, [https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehalacha.com%2Fattach%2FVolume5%2FIssue12.pdf Halachically Speaking] quotes Rav Yisrael Belsky who permits except in an area that is seen by the public.</ref> | # Regarding leaving a sprinkler on a timer one must consult one's local Orthodox Rabbi. <ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 26:8 writes that one should ask this question to one's Rabbi. [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/727469/Rabbi_Daniel_Stein/Meleches_Zoreiya_-_2_-_Sprinklers_on_Shabbos Rabbi Stein] quotes Rav Hershel Schachter who is strict regarding leaving the sprinkler on a timer over [[Shabbat]]. However, [https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehalacha.com%2Fattach%2FVolume5%2FIssue12.pdf Halachically Speaking] quotes Rav Yisrael Belsky who permits except in an area that is seen by the public.</ref> | ||
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# If is forbidden to move a potted plant onto soil or grass nor may one hang a potted plant above soil or grass. <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 275). See Mishna Brurah 336:34. </ref> | # If is forbidden to move a potted plant onto soil or grass nor may one hang a potted plant above soil or grass. <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 275). See Mishna Brurah 336:34. </ref> | ||
# Many authorities forbid handling a potted plant on [[Shabbat]] even if it doesn’t improve it’s growth, while some are lenient. <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 275) quotes Shevitat [[Shabbat]] ([[Kotzer]] 5) and that he heard in the name of Rav Moshe Feinstein that potted plants are [[Muktzeh]], however, he adds that it seems from other sources that it wouldn’t be an issue.</ref> | # Many authorities forbid handling a potted plant on [[Shabbat]] even if it doesn’t improve it’s growth, while some are lenient. <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 275) quotes Shevitat [[Shabbat]] ([[Kotzer]] 5) and that he heard in the name of Rav Moshe Feinstein that potted plants are [[Muktzeh]], however, he adds that it seems from other sources that it wouldn’t be an issue.</ref> | ||
# If a potted plant fell over one may sweep the dirt but one may not put it back into the plant pot. <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 276) based on Mishna Brurah 337:12 and | # If a potted plant fell over one may sweep the dirt but one may not put it back into the plant pot. <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 276) based on Mishna Brurah 337:12 and Beiur Halacha 337 D”h VeYesh </ref> | ||
==Putting flowers in a vase== | ==Putting flowers in a vase== | ||
# A bouquet of flower isn’t usually [[Muktzeh]]. Some authorities permit putting fully bloomed flowers in water on [[Shabbat]], while others forbid in any event. Therefore, one should avoid putting any flowers in water on [[Shabbat]]. | # A bouquet of flower isn’t usually [[Muktzeh]]. Some authorities permit putting fully bloomed flowers in water on [[Shabbat]], while others forbid in any event. Therefore, one should avoid putting any flowers in water on [[Shabbat]]. | ||
# It is permissible to remove flowers from water on [[Shabbat]] <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 276-7) quoting Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 26:29</ref>and if a fully bloomed flower was removed and it was in water from before [[Shabbat]] it is permissible to reinsert it. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 276-7). See | # It is permissible to remove flowers from water on [[Shabbat]] <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 276-7) quoting Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 26:29</ref>and if a fully bloomed flower was removed and it was in water from before [[Shabbat]] it is permissible to reinsert it. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 276-7). See Shulchan Aruch 336:11. </ref> | ||
# One may not put tree branches in a vase with water on [[Shabbat]]; however, one may return them to water unless there are flowers on the branches. On [[Shabbat]] one may not add water to a vase with flowers or branches; however, on [[Yom Tov]] one may add water. <Ref> | # One may not put tree branches in a vase with water on [[Shabbat]]; however, one may return them to water unless there are flowers on the branches. On [[Shabbat]] one may not add water to a vase with flowers or branches; however, on [[Yom Tov]] one may add water. <Ref>Shulchan Aruch 654:1, Mishna Brurah 336:54, Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 26:26 </ref> | ||
# On [[Sukkot]], it is permitted to put a [[Lulav]] back in water if it was in water before [[Yom Tov]]. Also, one may return the [[Lulav]] to a damp towel but one may not prepare this towel on [[Yom Tov]]. However, on [[Shabbat]] the [[Lulav]] is [[Muktzeh]]. <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 277) </ref> | # On [[Sukkot]], it is permitted to put a [[Lulav]] back in water if it was in water before [[Yom Tov]]. Also, one may return the [[Lulav]] to a damp towel but one may not prepare this towel on [[Yom Tov]]. However, on [[Shabbat]] the [[Lulav]] is [[Muktzeh]]. <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 277) </ref> | ||
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# Watering bean sprouts on [[Shabbat]] is forbidden. Similarly, it is forbidden to remove bean sprouts from the moist environment of the jar. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 279) </ref> | # Watering bean sprouts on [[Shabbat]] is forbidden. Similarly, it is forbidden to remove bean sprouts from the moist environment of the jar. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 279) </ref> | ||
# If the bean sprouts were removed before [[Shabbat]] one may cut and add vinegar or salad dressing and eat them.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 279) </ref> | # If the bean sprouts were removed before [[Shabbat]] one may cut and add vinegar or salad dressing and eat them.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 279) </ref> | ||
==Description of the Melacha== | |||
'''Where was it in the Mishkan: '''Zoreia is one of the first 11 melachos, which are as ''sidura d’pas''<ref name="ftn27"> Shabbos 73a</ref>, which are subject to a machlokes as to whether they were done in the mishkan for the production of dyes, or to bake bread to be used in the mishkan.<ref name="ftn28"> This is a machlokes between Rashi and Rav Hai Gaon, where Rashi maintains that they were done for the production of dyes, whereas Rav Hai Gaon maintains they were done for the production of the ''lechem hapanim''. This machlokes can be understood as dependent on a deeper debate, whether the melachos of the mishkan are learned out from actions done in the daily avodah of the mishkan (Rav Hai Gaon), or only from prerequisite actions done in constructing the mishkan itself (Rashi).</ref> | |||
'''Avos and Toldos: '''In addition to the av melacha of planting, which we might loosely define as causing a seed to grow, the Gemara<ref name="ftn29"> Shabbos 73b</ref> lists 4 other melachos, which, together with zoreia, are considered one melacha. The four are: Zomeir—pruning, Noteia—planting a tree, Mavrich—replanting a sapling in the ground, and Markiv—grafting. There’s a machlokes Rishonim as to which of these five are considered avos and which are considered toldos. The Rambam<ref name="ftn30"> Hilchos Shabbos 7:2,3</ref> is on one side of the spectrum, saying that all five actions are avos melacha. Rashi<ref name="ftn31"> Shabbos 73b</ref> says they are all avos except for zomeir (pruning), which is the one instance where one is solely removing growth. The Ritva<ref name="ftn32"> ibid</ref> says only zoreia and noteia (planting a tree) are avos, which are the two instances where one is causing growth from the initial stage that of planting seeds. The Kesef Mishna<ref name="ftn33"> Hilchos Shabbos 7:2</ref> is on the other side of the spectrum, saying that only zoreia is an av and the rest are toldos. | |||
An additional machlokes regarding zoreia is as to when one becomes culpable. The Rashash<ref name="ftn34"> Shabbos 73b</ref> says one is only culpable once the seed takes root, meaning that the melacha is result-oriented. Therefore, if one mistakenly planted or dropped a seed he should immediately pick it up. The Minchas Chinuch<ref name="ftn35"> Mosech HaShabbos Melechet Zoreia n. 2</ref> disagrees and says one is culpable the moment he planted it, thereby making the melacha action-oriented. A practical case is when one accidentally drops some seeds on dirt outside; since this is done without any thought ([[mitasek]]), we can rely on the Mekor Chaim, who says that one who is mitasek isn’t in violation of any prohibition, to say it is permitted.<ref name="ftn36"> Rabbi Sobolofsky</ref> | |||
==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
[[Category:Shabbat]] | [[Category:Shabbat]] | ||
