Which Melachot Are Forbidden on Yom Tov?: Difference between revisions

# [[Carrying]] and lighting a fire is permitted on [[Yom Tov]]. <Ref>Shulchan Aruch OC 495:1 </ref> [[Carrying]] is only permitted if there’s some need for [[Yom Tov]], however, it’s forbidden to carry for no reason. <Ref>Rama 518:1, Beiur Halacha 518:1 s.v. Mitoch </ref>

# One may not light a fire from scratch. <Ref>Shulchan Aruch OC 502:1 </ref>

* The Rif (Betizah 12a) however, explains that cooking the meat on the coals is permitted because it doesn't cause the coals to be extinguished. The Ramban (Milchamot 12a s.v. Amar HaKotev Zeh) and Ran (12a s.v. Iybaya) explain the Rif as saying that putting the meat on the coals isn't considered extinguishing because it is temporary and will reignite. Accordingly, the Rif holds that in general one may not extinguish for the purposes of Ochel Nefesh.  

==Preparing Food on Yom Tov==

* Rama 495:1 writes that if a food would taste just as good if it was cooked before Yom Tov then one shouldn’t cook it on Yom Tov itself. After the fact if one didn’t cook it before Yom Tov one may do so with a shinuy. Shulchan Aruch 495:1 implies that any ochel nefesh activity is permitted even if it was possible to do from yesterday.

* The Biur Halacha s.v. mihu explains that there are 3 opinions: The Ran who allows ochel nefesh even if it is possible to do yesterday, the Smag (Lavin 75) who says initially it is forbidden but after the fact it can be done with a shinuy, and the Or Zaruah (Pesach n. 248) who says it is forbidden altogether. The Shulchan Aruch follows the Ran and the Rama the Smag.  

* Many rishonim hold that ochel nefesh is forbidden if it was possible from yesterday. These include: Tosfot (Megillah 7a s.v. kaan), Kol Bo (no. 58, cited by Bet Yosef 504:1), Or Zaruah (no. 248), Maharach Or Zaruah (no. 33), [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=40609&st=&pgnum=250 Michtam (Beitzah 28b)] in understanding the Rambam, Rivash (responsa 184), and Maharil (Hilchot Yom Tov, cited by Darkei Moshe 495:2). See Chazon Ovadia p. 8 who is concerned for this opinion initially. The Achronim who agree with this approach include: Maharshal (Beitzah 3:1), Pri Chadash 495:1, Shiurei Knesset Hagedola (Bet Yosef 495:5), Birkei Yosef 495:2, and Kaf Hachaim 495:10.

* The Mordechai (Beitzah no. 657) writes that it is forbidden to make sour dough in order to make dough rise since it can be made before Yom Tov. Shulchan Aruch 506:8 holds like the Mordechai. Seemingly this is a contradiction to Shulchan Aruch 495:1. Biur Halacha 495 s.v. vechen answers that preparing sour dough is worse since it is usually prepared a long time in advance. </ref> if one forgot and there’s a need for the [[Yom Tov]] one may do it on [[Yom Tov]] with a shinui. <Ref>Rama 495:1, Mishna Brurah 495:8 </ref> If one was unable to make this type of food before [[yom Tov]] because of Ones (unforeseeable circumstances). <Ref>Mishna Brurah 495:10 </ref>

## For example, it is proper to bake cake before Yom Tov which could be prepared before Yom Tov without a loss of taste.<ref>Chazon Ovadia Yom Tov p. 9</ref>

# The Melachot of [[Kesirah]] ([[Harvesting]]), [[Techinah]] ([[Grinding]]), Besirah (picking grapes), [[Sechitah]] ([[Squeezing]] liquids out of a solid), and [[Tzedah]] ([[Trapping]]), are forbidden on [[Yom Tov]] even if they are needed for Ochel Nefesh. <ref> Shulchan Aruch 495:2 </ref>

## Just like on [[Shabbat]] it's permitted to squeeze a food into another food, it's also permitted on [[Yom Tov]]. For example, it'd be permitted to squeeze a lemon onto sugar and then pour water on top of it. <ref> [http://www.dailyhalacha.com/Display.asp?ClipID=546 Rabbi Eli Mansour on dailyhalacha.com]</ref>

# The accepted practice today is not to do shechita on Yom Tov since it can be slaughtered before Yom Tov without a loss of taste.<ref>Magen Avraham 498:16 quotes the Maharshal who says that the minhag is not to do shechita on Yom Tov today unless there is a need. Chazon Ovadia Yom Tov p. 17 writes that the minhag isn't to do any shechita on Yom Tov since it can be done before Yom Tov without any loss of taste.</ref> However, it is permitted to do shechita on birds on Yom Tov.<ref>Mishna Brurah 498:49 writes that the minhag is not to do shechita of large animals but the minhag is to do shechita on birds on Yom Tov. Chazon Ovadia Yom Tov p. 20 agrees.</ref> If one is going to do shechita on a bird on Yom Tov one must prepare it in advance by specifying which bird one was going to use.<ref>Shulchan Aruch 497:10, Chazon Ovadia Yom Tov p. 21</ref> Additionally, the dirt needs to be prepared so that it isn't muktzeh<ref>Shulchan Aruch 498:14</ref> and the knife needs to be sharpened before Yom Tov.<ref>Chazon Ovadia Yom Tov p. 21</ref>

## Some say that it is permitted to kill bugs on Yom Tov that are bothering you.<ref>Melachim Emunecha (p. 279) quoting Rav Yakov Kamenetsky that it is permitted to kill bugs on Yom Tov that are bothering you since it is an application of mitoch from shechita. Rabbi Zilberstein in the footnote argues that perhaps it is forbidden since it is only removing something bothering you and not producing a positive benefit (similar to the Ran's logic by Kibbuy).  

# A person who can walk without a cane may not walk with a cane on Yom Tov in a public domain or karmelit outside of an Eruv.<ref>The Gemara Beitzah 25b establishes that it is forbidden to walk with a cane, effectively carrying it, in a public domain on Yom Tov since it appears like a weekday activity (Rashi s.v. alunki). The Rashba (Beitzah 25b s.v. ein hasuma) writes that someone who can't walk without a cane may use it on Yom Tov and it is no different than shoes which he couldn't walk without. Tosfot (Shabbat 65b s.v. hakiteya) even writes that on Shabbat it is permitted for someone who needs a cane to walk to go out with it to a public domain on Shabbat. The Shitah Mikubeset (Beitzah 25b s.v. vekatav mori) quotes the Radvaz who argues with Tosfot but concludes that he doesn't feel confident to reject the ruling of Rabbenu Tam that it is permitted. Shulchan Aruch OC 301:17 accepts the opinion of Tosfot. Regarding Yom Tov this is cited by the Mishna Brurah 522:2.</ref> However, if he can walk without a cane he may only carry the cane in a private domain.<ref>Taz 522:1, Mishna Brurah 522:2. Aruch Hashulchan 522:1 explains that the issue with carrying the cane is a desecration of Yom Tov in that it appears to be a weekday activity. However, that issue only exists in the public domain or a karmelit, but in private there's no concern of appearing like a weekday activity.</ref>

==A Non-Jew who Does Melacha for a Jew on Yom Tov==

# If a non-Jew does a melacha for a Jew on Yom Tov such as picking fruit or tapping an animal, no Jew<ref>Rashi Beitzah 25a s.v. chutz and Tosfot Beitzah 25a s.v. haba hold that if a non-Jew does a melacha for a Jew on Shabbat or Yom Tov it is forbidden for all Jews. The Baal Hameor Beitzah 13a, Raavad Beitzah 13a, and Ran Beitzah 13b argue that for every melacha if a non-Jew does melacha for a Jew it is only forbidden for that Jew and permitted for everyone else (if there’s no question of muktzeh). Ramban in Milchamot Beitzah 13b disputes the points of the Raavad and defends Rashi. Rabbenu Tam (no. 286) seems to side with the Baal Hameor. Shulchan Aruch 276:1 rules like Rashi.  

# One is not allowed to have one's animal carry a burden for them even in a courtyard. <Ref> Rambam [[Yom Tov]] 5:2 writes that one is forbidden to have one's animal carry for him on [[Yom Tov]] as it's a activity usually done on the weekday. Shulchan Aruch 495:3 rules this as halacha. Magen Avraham 495:5 explains that this law isn't dependent on Shevitat behemto but rather based on doing activity on [[Yom Tov]] like one would do on a weekday (which would only be a rabbinic prohibition). Mishna Brurah explains that according to such an explanation it's forbidden to have the animal carry a burden even in a courtyard without crossing any halachic domains. </ref>

==Mitzvot of Yom Tov==

# There’s a mitzvah to add to [[Yom Tov]] just like there’s a mitzvah of Tosefet [[Shabbat]]. <ref>Piskei Teshuvot 495:1 </ref>

==Sources==