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Which Melachot Are Forbidden on Yom Tov?: Difference between revisions
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Which Melachot Are Forbidden on Yom Tov? (view source)
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==Difference between [[Yom Tov]] and Shabbat== | ==Difference between [[Yom Tov]] and Shabbat== | ||
# All the Melachot that are forbidden on [[Shabbat]] are also forbidden on [[Yom Tov]] except making a food for that day (Ochel Nefesh), [[carrying]], and lighting a fire. <ref> Mishna in Betzah 37 says that anything that is forbidden on [[Shabbat]] is forbidden on [[Yom Tov]] except "Ochel Nefesh" which is limited to making food that that day alone. The Gemara Betzah 12 explains that since Bet Hillel holds of the principle of "Metoch" (lit. based on) and so it's permissible to carry and lit a fire on [[Yom Tov]] becasue once the Melacha is permitted in order to do Ochel Nefesh it's permitted also not for Ochel Nefesh purposes. Shulchan Aruch 495:1 rules like Bet Hillel and permits making food for Ochel Nefesh, [[carrying]] and lighting a fire on [[Yom Tov]]. </ref> The details of these differences between [[Shabbat]] and [[Yom Tov]] are described below. | # All the Melachot that are forbidden on [[Shabbat]] are also forbidden on [[Yom Tov]] except making a food for that day (Ochel Nefesh), [[carrying]], and lighting a fire. <ref> Mishna in Betzah 37 says that anything that is forbidden on [[Shabbat]] is forbidden on [[Yom Tov]] except "Ochel Nefesh" which is limited to making food that that day alone. The Gemara Betzah 12 explains that since Bet Hillel holds of the principle of "Metoch" (lit. based on) and so it's permissible to carry and lit a fire on [[Yom Tov]] becasue once the Melacha is permitted in order to do Ochel Nefesh it's permitted also not for Ochel Nefesh purposes. Shulchan Aruch 495:1 rules like Bet Hillel and permits making food for Ochel Nefesh, [[carrying]] and lighting a fire on [[Yom Tov]]. </ref> The details of these differences between [[Shabbat]] and [[Yom Tov]] are described below. | ||
# [[Carrying]] and lighting a fire is permitted on [[Yom Tov]]. <Ref> | # [[Carrying]] and lighting a fire is permitted on [[Yom Tov]]. <Ref>Shulchan Aruch OC 495:1 </ref> [[Carrying]] is only permitted if there’s some need for [[Yom Tov]], however, it’s forbidden to carry for no reason. <Ref>Rama 518:1, Beiur Halacha 518:1 s.v. Mitoch </ref> | ||
# One may not light a fire from scratch. <Ref> | # One may not light a fire from scratch. <Ref>Shulchan Aruch OC 502:1 </ref> | ||
# Extinguishing a fire for the purpose of Ochel Nefesh is permitted. <ref>The Gemara Shabbat 134a states that it is permitted to put a piece of meat on coals in order to cook the meat even though it'll temporarily extinguish the coals. Rashi s.v. lo efshar explains that the reason one may extinguish the coals for cooking the meat is because one may do melacha on Yom Tov for Ochel Nefesh that couldn't have been done before Yom Tov. | # Extinguishing a fire for the purpose of Ochel Nefesh is permitted. <ref>The Gemara Shabbat 134a states that it is permitted to put a piece of meat on coals in order to cook the meat even though it'll temporarily extinguish the coals. Rashi s.v. lo efshar explains that the reason one may extinguish the coals for cooking the meat is because one may do melacha on Yom Tov for Ochel Nefesh that couldn't have been done before Yom Tov. | ||
* The Rif (Betizah 12a) however, explains that cooking the meat on the coals is permitted because it doesn't cause the coals to be extinguished. The Ramban (Milchamot 12a s.v. Amar HaKotev Zeh) and Ran (12a s.v. Iybaya) explain the Rif as saying that putting the meat on the coals isn't considered extinguishing because it is temporary and will reignite. Accordingly, the Rif holds that in general one may not extinguish for the purposes of Ochel Nefesh. | * The Rif (Betizah 12a) however, explains that cooking the meat on the coals is permitted because it doesn't cause the coals to be extinguished. The Ramban (Milchamot 12a s.v. Amar HaKotev Zeh) and Ran (12a s.v. Iybaya) explain the Rif as saying that putting the meat on the coals isn't considered extinguishing because it is temporary and will reignite. Accordingly, the Rif holds that in general one may not extinguish for the purposes of Ochel Nefesh. | ||
* The Rosh (Beitzah 2:23) quotes the version of the Rif, but seems to side with Rashi in Beitzah 4:8. Additionally, the Rambam (Yom Tov 4:6) doesn't side clearly with the Rif or Rashi. With regards to the halacha, although the Bet Yosef 511:4 quotes the Rif and Ran, in Shulchan Aruch 507:4 it is clear he follows the opinion of Rashi. Taz 511:7, Eliyah Rabba 511:6, and Mishna Brurah 511:25 rule like Rashi that extinguishing is permitted for Ochel Nefesh. </ref> | * The Rosh (Beitzah 2:23) quotes the version of the Rif, but seems to side with Rashi in Beitzah 4:8. Additionally, the Rambam (Yom Tov 4:6) doesn't side clearly with the Rif or Rashi. With regards to the halacha, although the Bet Yosef 511:4 quotes the Rif and Ran, in Shulchan Aruch 507:4 it is clear he follows the opinion of Rashi. Taz 511:7, Eliyah Rabba 511:6, and Mishna Brurah 511:25 rule like Rashi that extinguishing is permitted for Ochel Nefesh. </ref> | ||
==Preparing | ==Preparing Food on Yom Tov== | ||
# Ashkenazim are strict to only cook for Ochel Nefesh things that couldn't have been prepared on Erev [[Yom Tov]], however, food which would have tasted the same whether it was cooked on [[Yom Tov]] or before, it must be cooked before [[Yom Tov]]. <ref> Rama 495:1 rules in name of the Or Zaruha and Maharil that one should only do Ochel Nefesh if the food couldn't have been prepared before [[Yom Tov]]. Mishna Brurah 495:8 in the name of the Achronim that such is the halacha. | # Ashkenazim are strict to only cook for Ochel Nefesh things that couldn't have been prepared on Erev [[Yom Tov]], however, food which would have tasted the same whether it was cooked on [[Yom Tov]] or before, it must be cooked before [[Yom Tov]]. <ref> Rama 495:1 rules in name of the Or Zaruha and Maharil that one should only do Ochel Nefesh if the food couldn't have been prepared before [[Yom Tov]]. Mishna Brurah 495:8 in the name of the Achronim that such is the halacha. | ||
* Rama 495:1 writes that if a food would taste just as good if it was cooked before Yom Tov then one shouldn’t cook it on Yom Tov itself. After the fact if one didn’t cook it before Yom Tov one may do so with a shinuy. Shulchan Aruch 495:1 implies that any ochel nefesh activity is permitted even if it was possible to do from yesterday. | * Rama 495:1 writes that if a food would taste just as good if it was cooked before Yom Tov then one shouldn’t cook it on Yom Tov itself. After the fact if one didn’t cook it before Yom Tov one may do so with a shinuy. Shulchan Aruch 495:1 implies that any ochel nefesh activity is permitted even if it was possible to do from yesterday. | ||
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# Regarding Lighting (Haavarah) and Extinguish a fire (Kibuy), see [[Cooking on Yom Tov]]. | # Regarding Lighting (Haavarah) and Extinguish a fire (Kibuy), see [[Cooking on Yom Tov]]. | ||
==Derabbanan | ==Derabbanan Prohibitions on Yom Tov== | ||
# It’s forbidden to ask a non-Jew on [[Yom Tov]] to do any activity which is prohibited for a Jew to perform (just like [[Amirah LeNochri]] on [[Shabbat]]). <ref>Chazon Ovadyah ([[Yom Tov]] pg 1), Mishna Brurah 495:1 </ref> | # It’s forbidden to ask a non-Jew on [[Yom Tov]] to do any activity which is prohibited for a Jew to perform (just like [[Amirah LeNochri]] on [[Shabbat]]). <ref>Chazon Ovadyah ([[Yom Tov]] pg 1), Mishna Brurah 495:1 </ref> | ||
# Mutkzah items which are permissible to be moved [[Shabbat]] are forbidden on [[Yom Tov]] as the rabbis were strict on [[Yom Tov]] regarding [[Muktzeh]]. <Ref>S”A 495:4 </ref> | # Mutkzah items which are permissible to be moved [[Shabbat]] are forbidden on [[Yom Tov]] as the rabbis were strict on [[Yom Tov]] regarding [[Muktzeh]]. <Ref>S”A 495:4 </ref> | ||
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* In terms of carrying for no purpose, Rashi 12a s.v. elah holds that it is permitted on a biblical level and only prohibited on a rabbinic level. However, Tosfot argues that it is forbidden biblically. The Rashba (Beitzah 12a s.v. umekol makom), Ran (Beitzah 5b s.v. aval avanim), and Rosh (Beitzah 1:18) agree with Tosfot. Yet, the Maggid Mishna (Yom Tov 1:4) explains that the Rif and Rambam hold a third opinion. Really carrying is permitted on Yom Tov whether it is necessary for Yom Tov or not and it is only forbidden to move muktzeh. The Magen Avraham 518 follows the opinion of the Tosfot.</ref> However, if there’s no need it is forbidden unless there is an eruv.<ref> The Ran (Beitzah 9a s.v. tanu rabbanan) writes that it seems like from the gemara that there’s no need for an eruv chatzerot on Yom Tov. However, according to the Tosfot it seems that one should require an eruv. Either way, he concludes that certainly if it is necessary then having an eruv is sufficient. The Hagahot Mordechai Beitzah no. 659 (cited by Bet Yosef 518:1) agrees. Rama 518:1 codifies this opinion. </ref> | * In terms of carrying for no purpose, Rashi 12a s.v. elah holds that it is permitted on a biblical level and only prohibited on a rabbinic level. However, Tosfot argues that it is forbidden biblically. The Rashba (Beitzah 12a s.v. umekol makom), Ran (Beitzah 5b s.v. aval avanim), and Rosh (Beitzah 1:18) agree with Tosfot. Yet, the Maggid Mishna (Yom Tov 1:4) explains that the Rif and Rambam hold a third opinion. Really carrying is permitted on Yom Tov whether it is necessary for Yom Tov or not and it is only forbidden to move muktzeh. The Magen Avraham 518 follows the opinion of the Tosfot.</ref> However, if there’s no need it is forbidden unless there is an eruv.<ref> The Ran (Beitzah 9a s.v. tanu rabbanan) writes that it seems like from the gemara that there’s no need for an eruv chatzerot on Yom Tov. However, according to the Tosfot it seems that one should require an eruv. Either way, he concludes that certainly if it is necessary then having an eruv is sufficient. The Hagahot Mordechai Beitzah no. 659 (cited by Bet Yosef 518:1) agrees. Rama 518:1 codifies this opinion. </ref> | ||
# Outside of an eruv it is forbidden to carry a siddur back from shul after it was used unless it is going to be used back at home or one is afraid of it getting stolen if left in shul.<ref>The Rosh 1:18 writes that just like it is permitted to carry on Yom Tov for a need it is permitted to bring those items back afterwards. His logic is that chazal permitted you to complete the process otherwise you wouldn’t begin it and be prevented from simchat yom tov in the first place. The Tur 518:1 agrees. However, the Maharshal (Yom Shel Shlomo Beitzah 1:30) adds that it is only permitted if one is afraid to leave the item there and feels the need to return it. The Magen Avraham 518:3 and Mishna Brurah 518:6 accept the opinion of the Maharshal. </ref> | # Outside of an eruv it is forbidden to carry a siddur back from shul after it was used unless it is going to be used back at home or one is afraid of it getting stolen if left in shul.<ref>The Rosh 1:18 writes that just like it is permitted to carry on Yom Tov for a need it is permitted to bring those items back afterwards. His logic is that chazal permitted you to complete the process otherwise you wouldn’t begin it and be prevented from simchat yom tov in the first place. The Tur 518:1 agrees. However, the Maharshal (Yom Shel Shlomo Beitzah 1:30) adds that it is only permitted if one is afraid to leave the item there and feels the need to return it. The Magen Avraham 518:3 and Mishna Brurah 518:6 accept the opinion of the Maharshal. </ref> | ||
# A person who can walk without a cane may not walk with a cane on Yom Tov in a public domain or karmelit outside of an Eruv.<ref>The Gemara Beitzah 25b establishes that it is forbidden to walk with a cane, effectively carrying it, in a public domain on Yom Tov since it appears like a weekday activity (Rashi s.v. alunki). The Rashba (Beitzah 25b s.v. ein hasuma) writes that someone who can't walk without a cane may use it on Yom Tov and it is no different than shoes which he couldn't walk without. Tosfot (Shabbat 65b s.v. hakiteya) even writes that on Shabbat it is permitted for someone who needs a cane to walk to go out with it to a public domain on Shabbat. The Shitah Mikubeset (Beitzah 25b s.v. vekatav mori) quotes the Radvaz who argues with Tosfot but concludes that he doesn't feel confident to reject the ruling of Rabbenu Tam that it is permitted. Shulchan Aruch OC 301:17 accepts the opinion of Tosfot. Regarding Yom Tov this is cited by the Mishna Brurah 522:2.</ref> However, if he can walk without a cane he may only carry the cane in a private domain.<ref>Taz 522:1, Mishna Brurah 522:2. Aruch Hashulchan 522:1 explains that the issue with carrying the cane is a desecration of Yom Tov in that it appears to be a weekday activity. However, that issue only exists in the public domain or a karmelit, but in private there's no concern of appearing like a weekday activity.</ref> | |||
==A Non-Jew who Does Melacha for a Jew on Yom Tov== | ==A Non-Jew who Does Melacha for a Jew on Yom Tov== | ||
