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When Is the Earliest and Latest Time to Pray?: Difference between revisions
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When Is the Earliest and Latest Time to Pray? (view source)
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==Times for Shacharit== | ==Times for Shacharit== | ||
===Earliest time=== | ===Earliest time=== | ||
# The ideal Mitzvah is to start praying [[ | # The ideal Mitzvah is to start praying [[Shmoneh Esrei]] of [[Shacharit]] at [[HaNetz HaChama]] (sunrise). <ref> Gemara [[Brachot]] 26a writes the ideal time to pray [[Shacharit]] is at [[HaNetz HaChama]] and that was the practice of the [[Vatikin]] (those who fulfill the מצות early and in the proper time). This is codified by the Rambam ([[Tefillah]] 3:1), Rosh ([[Brachot]] 4:1), Tur and S”A 89:1 </ref> | ||
# After the fact, if one did pray after [[Olot HaShachar]] (dawn, about 72 minutes before sunrise) one has fulfilled one’s obligation. <ref> The Rosh ([[Brachot]] 4:1) writes that even though ideally one should pray at [[HaNetz]] (sunrise) if one prayed after [[Olot HaShachar]] one would have fulfilled one’s obligation. This is also the opinion of many Rishonim including Tosfot 30a (D”H Avuha), Rambam ([[Tefillah]] 3:7, Sh”t Rambam 27), Rabbenu Yerucham (according to Bet Yosef 89:1) and the Tur 89:1. This is codified in S”A 89:1. </ref> | # After the fact, if one did pray after [[Olot HaShachar]] (dawn, about 72 minutes before sunrise) one has fulfilled one’s obligation. <ref> The Rosh ([[Brachot]] 4:1) writes that even though ideally one should pray at [[HaNetz]] (sunrise) if one prayed after [[Olot HaShachar]] one would have fulfilled one’s obligation. This is also the opinion of many Rishonim including Tosfot 30a (D”H Avuha), Rambam ([[Tefillah]] 3:7, Sh”t Rambam 27), Rabbenu Yerucham (according to Bet Yosef 89:1) and the Tur 89:1. This is codified in S”A 89:1. </ref> | ||
# If one needs to travel or in a case of extreme difficulty one may pray [[Shacharit]] after [[Olot HaShachar]] before [[HaNetz]], but nonetheless one may not make the Bracha on [[Tallit]] and [[Tefillin]] or say [[Kriyat Shema]] until [[Mesheyakir]]. <Ref> | # If one needs to travel or in a case of extreme difficulty one may pray [[Shacharit]] after [[Olot HaShachar]] before [[HaNetz]], but nonetheless one may not make the Bracha on [[Tallit]] and [[Tefillin]] or say [[Kriyat Shema]] until [[Mesheyakir]]. <Ref> | ||
* The Rosh ([[Brachot]] 4:1) writes that even though ideally one should pray at [[HaNetz]] (sunrise) if one prayed after [[Olot HaShachar]] one would have fulfilled one’s obligation. This is also the opinion of many Rishonim including Tosfot 30a (D”H Avuha), Rambam ([[Tefillah]] 3:7, Sh”t Rambam 27), Rabbenu Yerucham (according to Bet Yosef 89:1) and the Tur 89:1. This is codified in S”A 89:1. | * The Rosh ([[Brachot]] 4:1) writes that even though ideally one should pray at [[HaNetz]] (sunrise) if one prayed after [[Olot HaShachar]] one would have fulfilled one’s obligation. This is also the opinion of many Rishonim including Tosfot 30a (D”H Avuha), Rambam ([[Tefillah]] 3:7, Sh”t Rambam 27), Rabbenu Yerucham (according to Bet Yosef 89:1) and the Tur 89:1. This is codified in S”A 89:1. | ||
* There is a minority of Rishonim who hold that in extenuating circumstances one is permitted to pray [[Shacharit]] before [[Olot HaShachar]]. The basis of this approach is Rashi ([[Brachot]] 30a s.v. VeLayaved), Sh”t Raavan (176), and Raavad (quoted by the Sefer Hashlamah). | * There is a minority of Rishonim who hold that in extenuating circumstances one is permitted to pray [[Shacharit]] before [[Olot HaShachar]]. The basis of this approach is Rashi ([[Brachot]] 30a s.v. VeLayaved), Sh”t Raavan (176), and Raavad (quoted by the Sefer Hashlamah). | ||
* Shulchan Aruch 89:8 rules that in cases of extenuating circumstances such as where one has to travel early one may pray [[Shacharit]] [[ | * Shulchan Aruch 89:8 rules that in cases of extenuating circumstances such as where one has to travel early one may pray [[Shacharit]] [[Shmoneh Esrei]] immediately after [[Olot HaShachar]] and then say Shema while traveling if one is able to have kavana (proper intent) while traveling. This is also mentioned in Mishna Brurah 89:1. </ref> | ||
## Therefore, a person who needs to pray early in the morning in order to get to work should pray with a [[minyan]] that prays early according to the following schedule: say up to Birchot [[Kriyat Shema]] without [[Tallit]] and [[Tefillin]] (except for Shaliach Tzibbur who should put on [[Tallit]] and [[Tefillin]] before Yishtabach), when [[MeSheYakir]] arrives put on [[Tallit]] and [[Tefillin]], then continue from there. <Ref>[http://www.ou.org/webcast_kosher Rabbi Yisrael Belsky] (OU Kosher Webcast, min 19:30-28:30). Sh"t Igrot Moshe 4:6 writes that a person who needs to make it to work is considered an extenuating circumstance in which Shulchan Aruch 89:8 writes that one may pray [[Shacharit]] after Olot Hashachar See also Iggrot Moshe OC 1:10 and Yechave Daat 2:8.</ref> | ## Therefore, a person who needs to pray early in the morning in order to get to work should pray with a [[minyan]] that prays early according to the following schedule: say up to Birchot [[Kriyat Shema]] without [[Tallit]] and [[Tefillin]] (except for Shaliach Tzibbur who should put on [[Tallit]] and [[Tefillin]] before Yishtabach), when [[MeSheYakir]] arrives put on [[Tallit]] and [[Tefillin]], then continue from there. <Ref>[http://www.ou.org/webcast_kosher Rabbi Yisrael Belsky] (OU Kosher Webcast, min 19:30-28:30). Sh"t Igrot Moshe 4:6 writes that a person who needs to make it to work is considered an extenuating circumstance in which Shulchan Aruch 89:8 writes that one may pray [[Shacharit]] after Olot Hashachar See also Iggrot Moshe OC 1:10 and Yechave Daat 2:8.</ref> | ||
## If the choice is to pray with an early [[minyan]] that follow this system or pray later privately at one’s office one should pray earlier with a [[minyan]]. <Ref>[http://www.ou.org/webcast_kosher Rabbi Yisrael Belsky] (OU Kosher Webcast, min 19:30-28:30), Peri Yitzchak 1:2, Sh"t Yaskil Avdi 5:10, Sh"t Minchat Yitzchak 9:10. Chazon Ish (Ishei Yisrael 13:note 21) rule likewise. </ref> Some disagree and say that you should pray on your own. <ref> | ## If the choice is to pray with an early [[minyan]] that follow this system or pray later privately at one’s office one should pray earlier with a [[minyan]]. <Ref>[http://www.ou.org/webcast_kosher Rabbi Yisrael Belsky] (OU Kosher Webcast, min 19:30-28:30), Peri Yitzchak 1:2, Sh"t Yaskil Avdi 5:10, Sh"t Minchat Yitzchak 9:10. Chazon Ish (Ishei Yisrael 13:note 21) rule likewise. </ref> Some disagree and say that you should pray on your own. <ref> | ||
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===Latest time=== | ===Latest time=== | ||
# The latest time to say [[ | # The latest time to say [[Shmoneh Esrei]] of [[Shacharit]] is the end of the fourth hour (in [[Shaot Zmaniot]]). <Ref>The Mishna ([[Brachot]] 26a) writes that the latest time [[Shacharit]] could be said according to Rabbi Yehuda is the fourth hour and according to the Rabbis is the sixth hour. The Gemara (27a) writes that we hold like Rabbi Yehuda because there is a Mishna in Ediyot that supports Rabbi Yehuda. This is codified by the Rif 18a, Rosh 4:1, and Rambam ([[Tefillah]] 3:1). The halacha is brought in Tur and Shulchan Aruch 89:1 </ref> | ||
# If one didn’t pray until the end of the fourth hour, one should pray [[Shacharit]] before the end of the sixth hour (midday, in [[Shaot Zmaniot]]). If one intentionally didn’t pray in the first four hours one should still pray before midday but one should stipulate that if one is exempt that one is praying a voluntary [[prayer]]. <Ref> | # If one didn’t pray until the end of the fourth hour, one should pray [[Shacharit]] before the end of the sixth hour (midday, in [[Shaot Zmaniot]]). If one intentionally didn’t pray in the first four hours one should still pray before midday but one should stipulate that if one is exempt that one is praying a voluntary [[prayer]]. <Ref> | ||
* The Rif 18a originates that even though we hold like Rabbi Yehuda that the latest time for [[Shacharit]] is the fourth hour one could still pray after the fourth hour and receive the reward for praying (albeit having lost the reward for praying it the proper time). The Rosh 4:1, Rambam (Hilchot [[Tefillah]] 3:1), and Tur 89:1 hold like the Rif. | * The Rif 18a originates that even though we hold like Rabbi Yehuda that the latest time for [[Shacharit]] is the fourth hour one could still pray after the fourth hour and receive the reward for praying (albeit having lost the reward for praying it the proper time). The Rosh 4:1, Rambam (Hilchot [[Tefillah]] 3:1), and Tur 89:1 hold like the Rif. | ||
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# If one only has the ability to pray [[Arvit]] with a [[minyan]] before [[Tzet HaKochavim]] one should pray with them (and not pray later oneself) as long as one makes sure to repeat Shema later after [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. When saying Shema with the [[minyan]] one shouldn’t have in mind to fulfill one’s obligation of Shema. <Ref> | # If one only has the ability to pray [[Arvit]] with a [[minyan]] before [[Tzet HaKochavim]] one should pray with them (and not pray later oneself) as long as one makes sure to repeat Shema later after [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. When saying Shema with the [[minyan]] one shouldn’t have in mind to fulfill one’s obligation of Shema. <Ref> | ||
* The Rif ([[Brachot]] 1b) rules that the time to say [[Kriyat Shema]] at night is from [[Tzet HaKochavim]] like the simple Mishna and Gemara [[Brachot]] 2a. The Rambam ([[Kriyat Shema]] 1:9) concurs. | * The Rif ([[Brachot]] 1b) rules that the time to say [[Kriyat Shema]] at night is from [[Tzet HaKochavim]] like the simple Mishna and Gemara [[Brachot]] 2a. The Rambam ([[Kriyat Shema]] 1:9) concurs. | ||
* Rashi ([[Brachot]] 2a s.v. Ad Sof) also holds that one doesn’t fulfill Shema until [[Tzet HaKochavim]] but defends the practice to say Shema in Shul with the [[Brachot]] explaining that the Shema is Shul is only to precede [[ | * Rashi ([[Brachot]] 2a s.v. Ad Sof) also holds that one doesn’t fulfill Shema until [[Tzet HaKochavim]] but defends the practice to say Shema in Shul with the [[Brachot]] explaining that the Shema is Shul is only to precede [[Shmoneh Esrei]] with words of Torah and the primary time one fulfills Shema is before going to sleep. | ||
* Rabbenu Tam (quoted by Tosfot [[Brachot]] 2a s.v. Meeymatai) argues that really we hold like Rabbenu Yehuda in the Mishna ([[Brachot]] 26a) who says that one may say [[Arvit]] from Plag [[Mincha]] so too we hold that one may say Shema from Plag [[Mincha]]. The Ri (also quoted in the above Tosfot) agrees that the primary Shema is the one said in Shul, however, he explains that it’s because we hold like the other opinions quoted in the Gemara 2a-b who say that the time for Shema is earlier than [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. | * Rabbenu Tam (quoted by Tosfot [[Brachot]] 2a s.v. Meeymatai) argues that really we hold like Rabbenu Yehuda in the Mishna ([[Brachot]] 26a) who says that one may say [[Arvit]] from Plag [[Mincha]] so too we hold that one may say Shema from Plag [[Mincha]]. The Ri (also quoted in the above Tosfot) agrees that the primary Shema is the one said in Shul, however, he explains that it’s because we hold like the other opinions quoted in the Gemara 2a-b who say that the time for Shema is earlier than [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. | ||
* The Rosh ([[Brachot]] 1:1) rejects the Rabbenu Tam’s comparison between the time for [[Arvit]] and Shema and rather says that with difficulty one could defend the minhag like the Ri but nonetheless preferably one should say Shema only after [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. | * The Rosh ([[Brachot]] 1:1) rejects the Rabbenu Tam’s comparison between the time for [[Arvit]] and Shema and rather says that with difficulty one could defend the minhag like the Ri but nonetheless preferably one should say Shema only after [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. | ||
* The Rosh ([[Brachot]] 1:1) quotes the Rav Hai Goan who says that if one is in a situation where one could either pray with a [[minyan]] before [[Tzet HaKochavim]] or pray by oneself later one should pray with the [[minyan]] early but not say Shema with the [[Brachot]] until later. Rav Hai Goan also suggests that one could pray with the congregation as a voluntary [[prayer]] and then pray again oneself with Shema and [[ | * The Rosh ([[Brachot]] 1:1) quotes the Rav Hai Goan who says that if one is in a situation where one could either pray with a [[minyan]] before [[Tzet HaKochavim]] or pray by oneself later one should pray with the [[minyan]] early but not say Shema with the [[Brachot]] until later. Rav Hai Goan also suggests that one could pray with the congregation as a voluntary [[prayer]] and then pray again oneself with Shema and [[Shmoneh Esrei]]. This is also quoted by the Rabbenu Yonah ([[Brachot]] 1b s.v. VeRabbenu Hai), Rashba ([[Brachot]] 2a s.v. VeNishal), and Tur 235:1. | ||
* Rabbenu Yonah gives an alternative for someone in that situation; say [[Brachot]] of Shema, Shema with intent not to fulfill one’s obligation but rather just as words of Torah, and then [[ | * Rabbenu Yonah gives an alternative for someone in that situation; say [[Brachot]] of Shema, Shema with intent not to fulfill one’s obligation but rather just as words of Torah, and then [[Shmoneh Esrei]] with the [[minyan]] and after [[Tzet HaKochavim]] one should say repeat Shema. | ||
* The Bet Yosef 235:1 concludes that one should make sure to repeat Shema after [[Tzet HaKochavim]] but one may follow the above suggestions (of Rav Hai and Rabbenu Yonah). The S”A 235:1 writes like the Rabbenu Yonah that if one is praying with a congregation earlier than [[Tzet HaKochavim]] one should say Shema with the [[Brachot]] and [[ | * The Bet Yosef 235:1 concludes that one should make sure to repeat Shema after [[Tzet HaKochavim]] but one may follow the above suggestions (of Rav Hai and Rabbenu Yonah). The S”A 235:1 writes like the Rabbenu Yonah that if one is praying with a congregation earlier than [[Tzet HaKochavim]] one should say Shema with the [[Brachot]] and [[Shmoneh Esrei]] and then repeat Shema at [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. | ||
* The Mishna Brurah 235:9 writes like the Rabbenu Yonah that when saying Shema early one shouldn’t have intent to fulfill one’s obligation until [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. The Mishna Brurah 235:11 writes that it’s a dispute whether one must has to repeat the third paragraph of Shema. </ref> | * The Mishna Brurah 235:9 writes like the Rabbenu Yonah that when saying Shema early one shouldn’t have intent to fulfill one’s obligation until [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. The Mishna Brurah 235:11 writes that it’s a dispute whether one must has to repeat the third paragraph of Shema. </ref> | ||
# If one made a mistake and prayed [[Arvit]] thinking that it was nighttime but really it was earlier one must pray again at the proper time. <Ref> Gemara [[Brachot]] 27b writes that on Friday afternoon someone who made a mistake and said [[Arvit]] early thinking it was nighttime according to Abaye he would have to pray again. The Rabbenu Yonah 18b s.v. Rav) explains that since one made a mistake and didn’t intend to pray [[Arvit]] early one doesn’t fulfill one’s obligation. The Magen Avraham 263:26 and Mishna Brurah 263:55 agree that this halacha applies equally to a weeknight as to Friday night. </ref> | # If one made a mistake and prayed [[Arvit]] thinking that it was nighttime but really it was earlier one must pray again at the proper time. <Ref> Gemara [[Brachot]] 27b writes that on Friday afternoon someone who made a mistake and said [[Arvit]] early thinking it was nighttime according to Abaye he would have to pray again. The Rabbenu Yonah 18b s.v. Rav) explains that since one made a mistake and didn’t intend to pray [[Arvit]] early one doesn’t fulfill one’s obligation. The Magen Avraham 263:26 and Mishna Brurah 263:55 agree that this halacha applies equally to a weeknight as to Friday night. </ref> | ||
