When Does Shabbat End?: Difference between revisions
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*Those who were more stringent held that Shabbat should end 45-50 minutes after sunset in Israel.<ref>Dinim V'Hanhagot 8:7 in the name of the Chazon Ish. Rav Aharon M'Belz instructed that one should wait 50 minutes after sunset in Israel. Bayit Neeman 1:28 deals with how the oral reports that the Chazon Ish for only 45 minutes after sunset fits with the letter of the Chazon Ish (Igrot 2:41) that seems to advocate following Rabbenu Tam.</ref> | *Those who were more stringent held that Shabbat should end 45-50 minutes after sunset in Israel.<ref>Dinim V'Hanhagot 8:7 in the name of the Chazon Ish. Rav Aharon M'Belz instructed that one should wait 50 minutes after sunset in Israel. Bayit Neeman 1:28 deals with how the oral reports that the Chazon Ish for only 45 minutes after sunset fits with the letter of the Chazon Ish (Igrot 2:41) that seems to advocate following Rabbenu Tam.</ref> | ||
'''America''' | '''America''' | ||
*Many shuls have the custom to wait 40-42 minutes after sunset to end Shabbat.<ref>This | *Many shuls have the custom to wait 40-42 minutes after sunset to end Shabbat.<ref>This seems to be an American replication of the custom in Israel to wait 30 minutes, per the minhag of the Gr"a. A few minutes are added for Tosefet at the end of Shabbat. | ||
[https://www.yutorah.org/sidebar/lecture.cfm/955957/rabbi-eli-belizon/zmanei-hayom-rabbeinu-tam-vs-the-geonim-scp-fairlawn-2-/ Rabbi Eli Belizyon ("Zmanei Hayom: Rabbeinu Tam vs The Geonim")]</ref> | [https://www.yutorah.org/sidebar/lecture.cfm/955957/rabbi-eli-belizon/zmanei-hayom-rabbeinu-tam-vs-the-geonim-scp-fairlawn-2-/ Rabbi Eli Belizyon ("Zmanei Hayom: Rabbeinu Tam vs The Geonim")]. </ref> | ||
*Rav Moshe Feinstein held that Shabbat ends at a maximum of 50 minutes after sunset as by then, the stars that will usually appear in the night sky are out by then.<ref>Shu"t Igrot Moshe, Orach Chaim 4:62. Rav Moshe held that Binei Torah should be follow the opinion of Rabbeinu Tam. With that said, even Rabbeinu Tam would agree that in America, 50 minutes would suffice since all the stars are out by then. People should strive for 72 minutes as that was Rabbeinu Tam's opinion back in Europe, but 50 minutes is sufficient. [https://www.torahmusings.com/2018/09/when-is-shabbat-over/ Rabbi Yaakov Hoffman] mustered evidence that in fact the minhag was always to keep Shabbat until 3 stars appeared and in practice were following the Geonim and even Rabbenu Tam never intended to institute a novel interpretation of Tzet Hakochavim.</ref> | *Rav Moshe Feinstein held that Shabbat ends at a maximum of 50 minutes after sunset as by then, the stars that will usually appear in the night sky are out by then.<ref>Shu"t Igrot Moshe, Orach Chaim 4:62. Rav Moshe held that Binei Torah should be follow the opinion of Rabbeinu Tam. With that said, even Rabbeinu Tam would agree that in America, 50 minutes would suffice since all the stars are out by then. People should strive for 72 minutes as that was Rabbeinu Tam's opinion back in Europe, but 50 minutes is sufficient. Rav Moshe has a phenomenal approach in which he says that in New York we recalculate the 4 mil of Rabbenu Tam to equal 50 minutes and then work backwards to calculate the ben hashemashot of the geonim to be 9.375 minutes for certain cases of doubt. [https://www.torahmusings.com/2018/09/when-is-shabbat-over/ Rabbi Yaakov Hoffman] mustered evidence that in fact the minhag was always to keep Shabbat until 3 stars appeared and in practice were following the Geonim and even Rabbenu Tam never intended to institute a novel interpretation of Tzet Hakochavim.</ref> | ||
*Rav Yosef Dov HaLevi Soloveitchik (1903-1993) held that Shabbat ends 30 minutes after sunset for New York and Boston, though he privately would wait longer. <ref>As stated by his son in-law, Rav Aharon Lichtenstein ([https://www.etzion.org.il/en/conclusion-shabbat-and-havdala etzion.org]). Privately, Rav Soloveitchik followed the opinion of Rabbeinu Tam. </ref> | *Rav Yosef Dov HaLevi Soloveitchik (1903-1993) held that Shabbat ends 30 minutes after sunset for New York and Boston, though he privately would wait longer. <ref>As stated by his son in-law, Rav Aharon Lichtenstein ([https://www.etzion.org.il/en/conclusion-shabbat-and-havdala etzion.org]). Privately, Rav Soloveitchik followed the opinion of Rabbeinu Tam. </ref> | ||
*In Baghdad, the practice of the Ben Ish Chai was to keep Shabbat until 27 minutes after sunset.<ref>Ben Ish Chai (Shana Sheniya, Vayetzeh n. 1). See Bayit Neeman 1:28 p. 184 s.v. vki who explains that the Ben Ish Chai was following the star observation method. He explains that most of those who wait 45 minutes like the Chazon Ish and Ben Ish Chai (for a shorter time) do so not because of Rav Tukachinsky's approach that rejects the Gra. Rather they all accept the Gra, yet they are strict to be sure that they see three small stars in the sky.</ref> | *In Baghdad, the practice of the Ben Ish Chai was to keep Shabbat until 27 minutes after sunset.<ref>Ben Ish Chai (Shana Sheniya, Vayetzeh n. 1). See Bayit Neeman 1:28 p. 184 s.v. vki who explains that the Ben Ish Chai was following the star observation method. He explains that most of those who wait 45 minutes like the Chazon Ish and Ben Ish Chai (for a shorter time) do so not because of Rav Tukachinsky's approach that rejects the Gra. Rather they all accept the Gra, yet they are strict to be sure that they see three small stars in the sky.</ref> | ||
* Rav Mordechai Willig says that certainly in America everyone should keep Shabbat until 42 minutes, if they can until 60 minutes, and 72 is praiseworthy.<ref>[https://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/799330 Rav Mordechai Willig (Zmanei Hayom, min 37-42)]. He explains that 42 minutes corresponds with Rav Tukachinsky's calculation of 27 minutes in Israel and 42 minutes is also the established end of Shabbat by the Aguda in America. 72 minutes is to be strict for Rabbenu Tam and even though scientifically it should be later there is what to rely upon to keep 72 flat.</ref> For other biblical halachot he considers tzeit to be 26 minutes after sunset and for rabbinic ones to be 18 minutes after sunset. These times are on an equinox day.<ref>Rav Mordechai Willig in Am Mordechai Shabbat siman 2. He writes that we accept Rav Tukachinsky's approach of 22 minutes in Israel for biblical halachot, the 15 minute most accurate observations of star-seeing in Israel (recorded by Dr. Leo Levy) for rabbinic halachot, and for breaking Shabbat we extend it further for [[Tosefet Shabbat]].</ref> | * Rav Mordechai Willig says that certainly in America everyone should keep Shabbat until 42 minutes, if they can until 60 minutes, and 72 is praiseworthy.<ref>[https://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/799330 Rav Mordechai Willig (Zmanei Hayom, min 37-42)]. He explains that 42 minutes corresponds with Rav Tukachinsky's calculation of 27 minutes in Israel and 42 minutes is also the established end of Shabbat by the Aguda in America. 72 minutes is to be strict for Rabbenu Tam and even though scientifically it should be later there is what to rely upon to keep 72 flat. [https://www.torahmusings.com/2018/09/when-is-shabbat-over/ Rabbi Hoffman] quoted Rabbi Emanuel Gettinger who recommended waiting 60 minutes.</ref> For other biblical halachot he considers tzeit to be 26 minutes after sunset and for rabbinic ones to be 18 minutes after sunset. These times are on an equinox day.<ref>Rav Mordechai Willig in Am Mordechai Shabbat siman 2. He writes that we accept Rav Tukachinsky's approach of 22 minutes in Israel for biblical halachot, the 15 minute most accurate observations of star-seeing in Israel (recorded by Dr. Leo Levy) for rabbinic halachot, and for breaking Shabbat we extend it further for [[Tosefet Shabbat]].</ref> | ||
* Rav Hershel Schachter holds like the Shulchan Aruch Harav's Tzeit calculated with degrees below the horizon.<ref>[[Young_Israel_of_Woodmere_Hilchos_Pesach| Rav Hershel Schachter (YIW Guide to Pesach 5781 p. 5)]] holds that tzeit is calculated by the Shulchan Aruch Harav's time according to degrees below the horizon.</ref> | * Rav Hershel Schachter holds like the Shulchan Aruch Harav's Tzeit calculated with degrees below the horizon.<ref>[[Young_Israel_of_Woodmere_Hilchos_Pesach| Rav Hershel Schachter (YIW Guide to Pesach 5781 p. 5)]] holds that tzeit is calculated by the Shulchan Aruch Harav's time according to degrees below the horizon.</ref> | ||
