Tisha BeAv: Difference between revisions
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#Turnus Rufus plowed the area of the heichal. <ref>Mishna Taanit 26b, Rambam Hilchot Taaniyot 5:3, Chayei Adam 133:5, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 121:5, Mishna Brurah 549:2 </ref> | #Turnus Rufus plowed the area of the heichal. <ref>Mishna Taanit 26b, Rambam Hilchot Taaniyot 5:3, Chayei Adam 133:5, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 121:5, Mishna Brurah 549:2 </ref> | ||
This article is specifically about the fast of the ninth of Av. To learn about any of the other fast days [[Fast Days|click here]]. | This article is specifically about the fast of the ninth of Av. To learn about any of the other fast days [[Fast Days|click here]]. After Tisha B'av a days of consolation and celebration include Shabbat Nachamu and [[Tu Be'Av]]. | ||
==Erev Tisha B'av== | ==Erev Tisha B'av== | ||
===Learning Torah=== | ===Learning Torah=== | ||
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===Seuda Hamafseket=== | ===Seuda Hamafseket=== | ||
====Small Meal in Advance==== | ====Small Meal in Advance==== | ||
# | #It is the custom to eat a large meal before [[Mincha]] and then to begin the Seuda Ha'mafseket after Mincha<ref>Rama 552:9</ref>; however, one must ensure not to overeat during the meal he eats before Mincha so that the seuda mafseket is merely stuffing oneself and only a very minimal meal, which is improper.<ref>Rama 552:9, Mishna Brurah 552:22. The Rama writes that the minhag was to have a large meal before mincha and then seuda mafseket after mincha. However, the Mishna Brurah 552:22 quotes many achronim who disapprove of this minhag and advise having only one cooked dish before mincha. The Eliya Rabba concludes that one can follow the minhag as long as one's intent is for heaven to be able to fast properly. Nonetheless he should make sure that the first meal isn't too elaborate so that the seuda mafseket is merely stuffing oneself and a snack and not a meal. Or Letzion 3:28:1 agrees. Kaf Hachaim O.C. 552:49:1 writes that the minhag of most people is to follow the Rama's minhag.</ref> | ||
# Even someone is following the minhag should make sure to separate the first meal from the seuda mafseket significantly. It is improper to have a large meal recite birkat hamazon and then immediately afterwards have a proper seuda mafseket. The reason is that when one has a large meal before so that he is stuffed by the time he is eating the seuda mafseket, the seuda mafseket is merely ceremonial and the main seuda mafseket was the large meal beforehand. Also, it is a problem of [[bracha sheino tzaricha]]. Rather one should eat the large meal before Chatzot or much earlier in the day such as immediately after mincha gedola.<ref>Mishna Brurah 522:22. Or Letzion 3:28:1 writes that one can follow the minhag, nonetheless, he should have it a few hours before the seuda mafseket so that the seuda mafseket isn't stuffing oneself and it isn't a concern of [[bracha sheino tzaricha]] to have them too close to one another. The Kaf Hachaim O.C. 552:31:1 cites both of these reasons not to have other foods, say [[birkat hamazon]] and then have the seuda mafseket. In Kaf Hachaim O.C. 552:47:1 he says that it is permitted to have an elaborate meal after [[mincha gedola]] and then the seuda mafseket right before sunset and that is considered sufficiently separated. [http://halachayomit.co.il/en/Default.aspx?HalachaID=2091&PageIndex=18 halachayomit.co.il] writes that it is a completely improper minhag to have the large meal, recite birkat hamazon, and then have the seuda mafseket.</ref> | |||
# Someone who knows that he will be able to fast easily and is strict not to minimize with the first meal, prior to the seuda mafseket, or not have it will be praised as being holy.<Ref>Rama 552:9</ref> | # Someone who knows that he will be able to fast easily and is strict not to minimize with the first meal, prior to the seuda mafseket, or not have it will be praised as being holy.<Ref>Rama 552:9</ref> | ||
====Cooked Dishes==== | ====Cooked Dishes==== | ||
#During the meal preceding the fast that one eats before sunset after midday one should ensure not to eat more than one cooked food.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 552:1</ref> When determining what qualifies as a "cooked food," for this purpose we do not differentiate between whether the food is roasted or cooked.<ref>Rama 552:3</ref> | #During the meal preceding the fast that one eats before sunset after midday one should ensure not to eat more than one cooked food.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 552:1</ref> When determining what qualifies as a "cooked food," for this purpose we do not differentiate between whether the food is roasted or cooked.<ref>Rama 552:3</ref> | ||
#Dairy products which are pasteurized are considered a cooked dish.<ref>Or Letzion 3:28:2</ref> | |||
#A vegetable soup if considered one cooked dish even though it contains multiple vegetables in it.<ref>Or Letzion 3:28:1</ref> Some say that it is only considered one dish if it is normally made all year that way.<Ref>Chazon Ovadia (Arba Taniyot p. 258)</ref> | |||
# Having eggs that were cooked in multiple ways is considered separate cooked dishes. Therefore, one can't eat scrambled eggs and hard boiled eggs at the seuda mafseket.<ref>Chazon Ovadia (Arba Taniyot p. 256), Or Letzion 3:28:1</ref> | |||
# Even though raw vegetables aren't considered a cooked dish, nonetheless, one shouldn't eat a salad at the seuda mafseket.<ref>Or Letzion 3:28:1 citing Machzik Bracha 552:2 and Ben Ish Chai Devarim n. 19</ref> | |||
# Baked goods don't count as a cooked dish. Therefore, one can have several types of cakes or the like, however, one should only eat them to fill oneself and not for pleasure.<ref>Or Letzion 3:28:3</ref> | |||
#One shouldn't drink soda or other drinks for pleasure at the seuda mafseket.<ref>Or Letzion 3:28:3</ref> | |||
====Meat, Wine, Fish==== | ====Meat, Wine, Fish==== | ||
#In addition to the practice many have not to eat meat or drink wine during the 9 days, during this meal one should also avoid eating fish.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 552:2, the Mishna Brurah 552:6 explains that this prohibition is due to the fact that there are some places where fish is referred to as "meat" which is what the Talmud forbids one to eat during this meal. Additionally, the Mishna Brurah explains, fish is a type of food that would be served at a royal meal (see Y.D. 217:8) and it provides joy to the person who eats it.</ref> It is permitted to eat canned tuna or sardines since they are not considered foods fitting a royal table.<ref>[https://itorah.com/daily-halacha/lecture/tisha-b-av-the-foods-fish-at-seudat-hamafseket-and-the-seudah-if-one-is-not-fasting-on-tisha-b-av-/3321/7-28-2020 Rabbi Mansour]</ref> | #In addition to the practice many have not to eat meat or drink wine during the 9 days, during this meal one should also avoid eating fish.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 552:2, the Mishna Brurah 552:6 explains that this prohibition is due to the fact that there are some places where fish is referred to as "meat" which is what the Talmud forbids one to eat during this meal. Additionally, the Mishna Brurah explains, fish is a type of food that would be served at a royal meal (see Y.D. 217:8) and it provides joy to the person who eats it.</ref> It is permitted to eat canned tuna or sardines since they are not considered foods fitting a royal table.<ref>[https://itorah.com/daily-halacha/lecture/tisha-b-av-the-foods-fish-at-seudat-hamafseket-and-the-seudah-if-one-is-not-fasting-on-tisha-b-av-/3321/7-28-2020 Rabbi Mansour]</ref> | ||
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====Sitting on the Floor==== | ====Sitting on the Floor==== | ||
#It is customary to sit on the floor while eating the meal, although one need not remove his shoes as the fast has not yet begin.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 552:7 and Rama</ref> | #It is customary to sit on the floor while eating the meal, although one need not remove his shoes as the fast has not yet begin.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 552:7 and Rama, Or Letzion 3:28:1</ref> | ||
====Eating after Seuda Mafseket==== | ====Eating after Seuda Mafseket==== | ||
#If one said explicitly that he will not be eating after the seuda hamefseket, he cannot continue eating even if it is before sunset. However, if he only had that in mind but didn't say it, he may continue eating. <ref>Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 577, Shulchan Aruch O.C. 553:1. </ref> Since some poskim disagree, some suggest that one say explicitly that he will continue eating. <ref>Mishna Brura 553:2 writes that the Bach and Gra hold that a mental acceptance is enough and he therefore recommends stating explicitly that one intends to eat or drink until sunset. </ref> | #If one said explicitly that he will not be eating after the seuda hamefseket, he cannot continue eating even if it is before sunset. However, if he only had that in mind but didn't say it, he may continue eating. <ref>Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 577, Shulchan Aruch O.C. 553:1. </ref> Since some poskim disagree, some suggest that one say explicitly that he will continue eating. <ref>Mishna Brura 553:2 writes that the Bach and Gra hold that a mental acceptance is enough and he therefore recommends stating explicitly that one intends to eat or drink until sunset. </ref> | ||
====Zimmun==== | ====Zimmun==== | ||
#Three men should not eat together in order to avoid being obligated in a [[zimun]]. <ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 552:8, Haghot Maimaniyot Hilchot Taaniyot 5:7:30 </ref> If they do sit together they should still not recite the zimmun. <ref>Mishna Brura 552:19 | #Three men should not eat together in order to avoid being obligated in a [[zimun]]. <ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 552:8, Haghot Maimaniyot Hilchot Taaniyot 5:7:30 </ref> If they do sit together they should still not recite the zimmun. <ref>Mishna Brura 552:19, Or Letzion 3:28:1 </ref> | ||
====Tisha B'av Falls Out on Shabbat or Sunday==== | ====Tisha B'av Falls Out on Shabbat or Sunday==== | ||
#In a year in which the 9th of Av falls out on either [[Shabbat]] (in which case the fast is observed beginning at sunset on Shabbat) or on Sunday this meal is not eaten. In such a case, one may enjoy a large sumptuous meal so as to properly celebrate Shabbat, only one must ensure to stop eating before sunset (see "When Tisha Beav Falls Out on Shabbat or Sunday" below).<ref>Shulchan Aruch and Rama O.C. 552:10</ref> | #In a year in which the 9th of Av falls out on either [[Shabbat]] (in which case the fast is observed beginning at sunset on Shabbat) or on Sunday this meal is not eaten. In such a case, one may enjoy a large sumptuous meal so as to properly celebrate Shabbat, only one must ensure to stop eating before sunset (see "When Tisha Beav Falls Out on Shabbat or Sunday" below).<ref>Shulchan Aruch and Rama O.C. 552:10</ref> | ||
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===Washing Dishes=== | ===Washing Dishes=== | ||
#It is permissible to wash dishes that are necessary for that day such as for children. Otherwise one shouldn't wash dishes until after Chatzot. It is preferable to wash the dishes while wearing gloves.<ref>Or Letzion 3:29:14</ref> | #It is permissible to wash dishes that are necessary for that day such as for children. Otherwise one shouldn't wash dishes until after Chatzot. It is preferable to wash the dishes while wearing gloves.<ref>Or Letzion 3:29:14</ref> | ||
===Wipes=== | |||
# If a wet wipe isn't so wet that if one touched it and then that moisture on one's hand wouldn't wet something else on contact then one can use that wipe to wipe one's face or hands on Tisha B'av. However, if it is wetter than that one may not use such a wipe. <reF>Or Letzion 3:29:13</ref> | |||
#If one changed a baby and afterwards one's hands are dirty it is permitted to wash them with soap.<reF>Or Letzion 3:29:13</ref> | |||
==Anointing== | ==Anointing== | ||
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==Working on Tisha B'Av== | ==Working on Tisha B'Av== | ||
#The minhag is not to engage in any work which takes time to do during the night of Tisha B'av or the morning until midday so as not to divert one's attention from the mourning. This includes housework like sweeping.<ref>Halachos of the Three Weeks p. 25</ref> | #The minhag is not to engage in any work which takes time to do during the night of Tisha B'av or the morning until midday so as not to divert one's attention from the mourning. This includes housework like sweeping.<ref>Halachos of the Three Weeks p. 25, [https://thehalacha.com/wp-content/uploads/Vol11Issue7.pdf Halachically Speaking v. 11 Issue 7]</ref> | ||
#It is permitted to have a non-Jew work for you on Tisha B'av as long as it isn't something public like building or painting a house.<ref>Halachos of the Three Weeks p. 25</ref> | #It is permitted to have a non-Jew work for you on Tisha B'av as long as it isn't something public like building or painting a house.<ref>Halachos of the Three Weeks p. 25</ref> | ||
#If the nature of the work is that not doing it on Tisha B'av will cause one a financial loss he may do it on Tisha B'av. When possible he should have a non-Jew do it or at least postponed until midday.<ref>Halachos of the Three Weeks p. 25</ref> | #If the nature of the work is that not doing it on Tisha B'av will cause one a financial loss he may do it on Tisha B'av. When possible he should have a non-Jew do it or at least postponed until midday.<ref>Halachos of the Three Weeks p. 25</ref> | ||
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#Everyone says Nachem even someone who isn't fasting.<ref>Nitai Gavriel Ben Hametzarim v. 2 85:17, http://din.org.il/2013/07/15/%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%9D-%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%94-%D7%91%D7%90%D7%91/</ref> | #Everyone says Nachem even someone who isn't fasting.<ref>Nitai Gavriel Ben Hametzarim v. 2 85:17, http://din.org.il/2013/07/15/%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%9D-%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%94-%D7%91%D7%90%D7%91/</ref> | ||
===Tefillin=== | ===Tallit and Tefillin=== | ||
{{Tefillin_on_Tisha_BeAv}} | {{Tefillin_on_Tisha_BeAv}} | ||
==Sitting on the Floor== | ==Sitting on the Floor== | ||
#During the evening of Tisha B'Av and the morning until chatzot (midday) sitting on a bench or chair is prohibited if it is three tefachim or higher.<ref>Rav Shimon Eider (Halachos of The Three Weeks) pg. 24.</ref> One may sit on a cushion or a low bench or chair.<ref>Mishna Brurah 559:11 </ref> | |||
#During the evening of Tisha B'Av and the morning until chatzot (midday) sitting on a bench or chair is prohibited if it is three tefachim or higher. <ref>Rav Shimon Eider (Halachos of The Three Weeks) pg. 24.</ref> One may sit on a cushion or a low bench or chair. <ref> | |||
#After midday, one should not sit on the floor unless he is reciting kinnot in which case he would still be permitted to sit on the floor.<ref>Nitei Gavriel pg. 393 </ref> | #After midday, one should not sit on the floor unless he is reciting kinnot in which case he would still be permitted to sit on the floor.<ref>Nitei Gavriel pg. 393 </ref> | ||
===Elderly or Pregnant=== | |||
#The elderly and pregnant women who have a difficult time sitting on the ground may sit on a regular chair. Since sitting on the chair for these people is not due to pleasure but rather avoiding pain. <ref>Nitei Gavriel pg. 391</ref> | #The elderly and pregnant women who have a difficult time sitting on the ground may sit on a regular chair. Since sitting on the chair for these people is not due to pleasure but rather avoiding pain. <ref>Nitei Gavriel pg. 391</ref> | ||
===[[Standing for a Talmid Chacham]]=== | |||
#Although we sit on the floor like mourners, one must nevertheless stand for his parents or for a talmid chacham. <ref>[http://www.dailyhalacha.com/displayRead.asp?readID=2910 Rabbi Eli Mansour], Yabea Omer YD 3:27:3 </ref> | #Although we sit on the floor like mourners, one must nevertheless stand for his parents or for a talmid chacham. <ref>[http://www.dailyhalacha.com/displayRead.asp?readID=2910 Rabbi Eli Mansour], Yabea Omer YD 3:27:3 </ref> | ||
#When Tisha B'Av begins on Motzaei Shabbat, the prohibition of sitting on chairs begins after nightfall, not sunset. If one is praying with a minyan and they are starting a few minutes after nightfall, one may still sit on the chairs until Arvit. <ref>Nitei Gavriel pg. 534 and Nechamat Yisrael pg. 126</ref> | ===When Tisha B'av Falls on Motzei Shabbat=== | ||
#When Tisha B'Av begins on Motzaei Shabbat, the prohibition of sitting on chairs begins after nightfall, not sunset. If one is praying with a [[minyan]] and they are starting a few minutes after nightfall, one may still sit on the chairs until Arvit. <ref>Nitei Gavriel pg. 534 and Nechamat Yisrael pg. 126</ref> | |||
===Cars and Trains=== | |||
# It is permitted to sit on a chair when travelling in a car or train. If possible he should try to stand on the train.<ref>[https://thehalacha.com/wp-content/uploads/Vol11Issue7.pdf Halachically Speaking v. 11 issue 7]. Regarding cars, he cites Moadei Yeshurun 1:141, Ohalecha Bamisecha 36:22, Chut Shani Shabbat 2:327, Rivevot Efraim 1:382, and Orchot Rabbenu 2:138:12. Mikraei Kodesh by Rabbi Moshe Harari 7:48 is also lenient to sit normally when driving. Regarding trains he cites Rivevot Efraim 1:382, Ohelecha Bamisecha 36:23, Chut Shani Shabbat 2:327, and Mikadesh Yisrael Ben Hametzarim 269.</ref> | |||
===Sleeping on a Bed=== | |||
# If someone is able to they should place a mattress one the floor to sleep. If a person can't, they should use one less pillow than they usually do unless they can't fall asleep that way.<ref>Or Letzion 3:29:19</ref> | |||
==Saying Hello== | ==Saying Hello== | ||
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==Mourning Practices on the Tenth of Av== | ==Mourning Practices on the Tenth of Av== | ||
#Some of the [[mourning]] for the beit hamikdash extends beyond tisha b'av until the tenth of av because although the fires started burning on tisha b'av, most of the burning actually took place on the tenth <ref>Gemara Taanit 29a, Shulchan Aruch Orach Chaim 558:1 </ref> | |||
#According to Ashkenazim one may not eat meat, launder clothing, bathe, take haircuts, or listen to music<ref>Halachos of the Three Weeks p. 32</ref> until mid-day of the tenth of Av. <ref>Rama 558:1, Mishna Brurah 558:3 based on Shu"t Maharshal 92. Under extenuating circumstances, Shemirat Shabbat Kihilchata 42:16 and Piskei Teshuvot 558:2 allow one to do laundry immediately after the first. Additionally, Sh"t Teshuvot Vihanhagot 2:260 allows one to shower if necessary right after tisha b'av </ref> According to Sephardim one may not eat meat or drink wine until sunset of the tenth of Av.<ref>Shulchan Aruch 558:1, Kaf HaChaim 558:10, Shaare Teshuva 558:2. </ref> It is permitted for Sephardim to shower, do laundry, or take haircuts immediately after Tisha B'av.<ref>Halachot and History of The [[Three Weeks]], The Akkad Edition, Congregation Shaare Rahamim Halachot Series page 66, Sh"t Yechave Daat 5:41, Chazon Ovadia Arba Taniyot p. 415. However, it is important to note that the Kaf HaChaim 558:6 quotes the stringent opinion without arguing. This opinion is cited by HaRav Mordechai Eliyahu in Hilchot Chagim 29:3. See also [http://ph.yhb.org.il/05-10-19/ Peninei Halakha] especially footnote 1 who makes the same observation that even among Sephardic poskim there are many different opinions. </ref> | |||
# It is permitted to recite [[Shehechiyanu]] immediately after Tisha B'av is over.<ref>Chazon Ovadia Arba Taniyot p. 415 citing Maharashdam 4:148, Yafa Lelev 6:558, Hitorerut Teshuva 362, and Shevet Halevi 6:70:10.</ref> | |||
===Tisha B'av that Falls Out on Thursday=== | |||
# When Tisha B'av falls out on Thursday, it is permitted to launder clothing,shave, take hair cuts, bath, and shower before Chatzot on Friday in honor of Shabbat.<ref>Mishna Brurah 558:3</ref> | |||
#In theory it is even permitted Thursday night in honor of Shabbat, however, one can only shower or bathe in honor of Shabbat Thursday night if he isn't going to again shower or bathe before Shabbat.<Ref>Piskei Teshuvot 558:4. See Chazon Ovadia Arba Taniyot p. 417-8 who quotes many who are lenient even for Ashkenazim to shower or shave Friday morning or even immediately after Tisha B'av when it falls out on Thursday in honor of Shabbat. He cites Shelat Yavetz 1:96 who permits Thursday night and Eliya Rabba 559:31 and Kitzur Shulchan Aruch who permit Friday morning. See further in Mechezeh Eliyahu 86, Lhorot Natan 2:38, and Moria 5729 Av p. 69.</ref> | |||
# One shouldn't do laundry on Friday except for clothing that is needed for Shabbat.<Ref>Piskei Teshuvot 558:4</ref> | |||
# One should not have meat or wine on Friday when it is the tenth of Av except for tasting the Shabbat food to check if it is prepared properly.<ref>Chazon Ovadia Arba Taniyot p. 419</ref> | |||
===Tisha B'av that Falls Out on Shabbat=== | |||
#If Tisha B'av falls out on [[shabbat]] and is pushed to Sunday everything is permitted right after the fast except for eating meat and drinking wine. <ref>Rama OC 558:1. Mishna Brurah 558:3 and Kaf Hachaim OC 558:7 add that some refrain from marital relations on that night unless it is the night of tevila. It is permitted to listen to music right after the fast on Motzei Tisha B’av (Shaar Hatziyun (558:4), Piskei Teshuvot 558:3). </ref> | #If Tisha B'av falls out on [[shabbat]] and is pushed to Sunday everything is permitted right after the fast except for eating meat and drinking wine. <ref>Rama OC 558:1. Mishna Brurah 558:3 and Kaf Hachaim OC 558:7 add that some refrain from marital relations on that night unless it is the night of tevila. It is permitted to listen to music right after the fast on Motzei Tisha B’av (Shaar Hatziyun (558:4), Piskei Teshuvot 558:3). </ref> | ||
