The Meals of Shabbat: Difference between revisions

# For the Shabbat meals one should have Lechem Mishna meaning that one needs to make Hamotzei over two loaves of bread on Shabbat and [[Yom Tov]] in commemoration of the double portion of Man that fell before Shabbat and [[Yom Tov]]. <ref> S”A 274:1, Mishna Brurah 274:1. The poskim have a debate of whether this obligation is from the torah or the rabbis. The Taz OC 678:2, Chatam Sofer OC no. 46, and Aruch Hashulchan 274:1 all say it is from the torah while the Magen Avraham 254:23 says that it is only rabbinic.  </ref>

# Women are also obligated in Lechem Mishneh. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 274:1 using the reasoning that they too enjoyed from the miracle of the manna, and Biur Halacha 291 "nashim", Chazon Ovadyah (Shabbat vol 2, pg 172). Aruch Hashulchan 274:4. Shemirat Shabbat kihilchita 55:3 says that although this is the accepted opinion, Rav Shlomo Kluger in Haelef licha shlomo 114 writes that women don't have the custom to eat lechem mishne because it is a mitzva on the sanctity of shabbat which is a mitzvat aseh shehazman grama, and is not included in the source for their obligation in kiddush. </ref>Some say that the women should hear the Bracha from the one making HaMotzei on the two loaves, while others defend the minhag of those who don’t hear the HaMotzei and make HaMotzei on the piece given to them. <Ref> Sh”t Kinyan Torah 1:88 and Eshel Avraham (siman 274) defend the minhag, while Sh”t Bear Moshe quotes the חתם סופר who was insistent on having the women hear the Bracha of HaMotzei from the one making it over two loaves. Chazon Ovadyah (Shabbat vol 2, pg 172) writes that the one making Hamotzei should wait for everyone to sit in order to fulfill Lechem Mishna.</ref>

# Preferably both loaves should be fresh but if one is frozen after the fact they may be used for making the Bracha of HaMotzei. <Ref>Sh”t Yabea Omer 7:32, Or Letzion (vol 2, chapter 21:2). Tshuvot V’hanhagot 2:170 and Shmirat Shabbat K'hilchata 55:12 say that since the bread will soon become edible it is still evident that you have two loaves. Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach quoted in note 39 in SSK chapter 55 says that it might only be permissible if the bread will defrost by the end of the meal.</ref>

#The challahs should not be in a bag or wrapped up during the beracha. <ref> MB 167:23, Shemirat Shabbat Kihilchita volume 2,55:11:38, and Rav Scheinberg quoted in The Radiance of Shabbos page 79 footnote 18. </ref>

# If two pieces of bread stuck together in the oven and then were separated gently each one is considered whole for the mitzvah of Lechem Mishna. <ref>Chazon Ovadyah (Shabbat, vol 2, pg 176). </ref>

#The challahs used should preferably be larger than a [[Kezayit]]. <ref> Shemirat Shabbat Kihilchita vol. 2, 55:5, Rav Scheinberg quoted in The Radiance of Shabbos page 79 footnote 15. </ref>

# If one only has one loaf of bread one may use [[Pas habah BeKisnin]] for the second loaf to fulfill Lechem Mishna. <ref>Chazon Ovadyah (Shabbat, vol 2, pg 185), Shemirat Shabbat Kihilchita volume 2, 55:16 and Rav Moshe Feinstein quoted in The Radiance of Shabbos page 78 footnote 13. </ref>

# One shouldn’t give the Challah directly into the hands of someone else but rather one should place it down on a plate or the table to pass it to someone else. <Ref>Yalkut Yosef (Shabbat vol 1 pg 312), Piskei Teshuvot (Siman 274 note 7) </ref>

# For the Friday night meal and Shabbat day meal one needs to have a KeBaytzah of bread and if that’s difficult one may have a Kezayit of bread (and in such a case one should wash without a Bracha). <Ref>Yalkut Yosef (Shabbat vol 1 pg 313) </ref>

# On Friday night, one should cut the lower of the two loaves. On Shabbat morning and [[Yom Tov]] night and morning one should cut the upper of the two loaves. <Ref>S”A and Rama 274:1 </ref>

# On Shabbat one should add Retzeh in the middle of the third Bracha of Birkat HaMazon. <Ref>S”A 188:4,5 </ref>

# If the meal extended until after sunset on Shabbat, [[Yom Tov]], etc. and one has to insert the special Bracha between the third and fourth Bracha this special Bracha should be said without Shem UMalchut meaning one should just say ברוך שנתן…<ref>Halachos of Brachos (pg 511) based on Biur Halacha 188:10 D”H mazkir, Kesot HaShulchan 47:3 </ref>

# One should set one's table nicely, make Kiddish, wash, make HaMotzei, and have a nice meal for Shabbat day. <Ref>S"A 289:1 </ref>

# The text of Kiddish during the day is just Borei Pri Hagefen. <ref> Pesachim 106a writes that the primary Kiddish is at night but there's also a Kiddish of the day. Even though it seems to be Deorittah as the gemara learns it from a pasuk, the Rishonim agree that the pasuk is only an asmachta (Ravad and Magid Mishna (Hilchot Shabbat 29:10), quoted by Bear Heitiv 289:2) and the obligation of Kiddish during the day is only Rabbinic. The gemara concludes that the text of such a Kiddish is just Borei Pri HaGefen. Rambam (Hilchot Shabbat 29:10) and S"A 289:1 rule this as halacha. </ref> However, many have the minhag to say Pesukim before saying the Bracha. Some say two paragraphs "Veshamaroo" and "Zachor". Some skip to the last sentence of "Zachor" starting with "Al cen berach" before saying the bracha on the wine, however, some authorities discourage this practice. <ref>Mishna Brurah 289:2 </ref>

# It's forbidden to taste anything before Kiddish. <ref> Rambam (Hilchot Shabbat 29:10) and S"A 289:1 rule that since there's an obligation to make Kiddish it's forbidden to eat anything before Kiddish just like the Kiddish of Friday night. </ref> This law also applies to women. <ref>Mishna Brurah 289:6 </ref>

# It's permissible to drink water before Shacharit on Shabbat day since the obligation of Kiddish doesn't apply until one prayed. <ref> Tur writes in the name of his father, the Rosh, and S"A 289:1 </ref>

==Shabbat Zemirot==