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#Some say that a person shouldn’t dip in the mikveh twice, one is sufficient and doing it twice will make a person more likely not to take each one seriously. Others defend the practice of dipping twice.<ref>The Tosefta Mikvaot 5:10 establishes that a person shouldn’t dip twice. The Rosh Hilchot Mikvaot n. 25 and Tur 201:62 explain that we’re discussing a mikveh which is exactly 40 seah. If so there’s a concern that during the first dipping the person won’t be careful to be completely submerged and then by the time he dips a second time perhaps some of the water splashed out and the mikveh is invalid. However, the Rivash 293 explains that the Rambam Mikvaot 8:12 understood the Tosefta to mean that in general a person should dip twice because there’s a concern that those watching will assume that he’s going to cool off and not to purify himself and it could lead to a mistake with trumah if he touches it and they assume that you don’t need kavana to purify oneself for trumah. The Darkei Moshe 201:27 writes that we’re not concerned for that opinion today when we don’t have trumah. Shaarei Mikvaot 201:262 writes that the minhag is to teach woman to be tovel multiple times like the Rosh unlike the Rambam.</ref> | #Some say that a person shouldn’t dip in the mikveh twice, one is sufficient and doing it twice will make a person more likely not to take each one seriously. Others defend the practice of dipping twice.<ref>The Tosefta Mikvaot 5:10 establishes that a person shouldn’t dip twice. The Rosh Hilchot Mikvaot n. 25 and Tur 201:62 explain that we’re discussing a mikveh which is exactly 40 seah. If so there’s a concern that during the first dipping the person won’t be careful to be completely submerged and then by the time he dips a second time perhaps some of the water splashed out and the mikveh is invalid. However, the Rivash 293 explains that the Rambam Mikvaot 8:12 understood the Tosefta to mean that in general a person should dip twice because there’s a concern that those watching will assume that he’s going to cool off and not to purify himself and it could lead to a mistake with trumah if he touches it and they assume that you don’t need kavana to purify oneself for trumah. The Darkei Moshe 201:27 writes that we’re not concerned for that opinion today when we don’t have trumah. Shaarei Mikvaot 201:262 writes that the minhag is to teach woman to be tovel multiple times like the Rosh unlike the Rambam.</ref> | ||
==Going to a Hot Mikveh== | ==Going to a Hot Mikveh== | ||
#Theoretically, Sephardim hold that a mikveh should be cold and if hot water is added it is invalid. However, Ashkenazim are lenient to permit a hot mikveh.<ref>The Mordechai Mikvaot n. 750 quotes the Rash who wrote that a hot water mikveh is invalid because of a rabbinic concern that they become confused with a bathhouse which is completely invalid. He also cites Rabbenu Tam as agreeing with the Rash. However, the Hagahot Mordechai 9a is lenient. Shulchan Aruch 201:75 is strict not to use a warm mikveh, but the Rama is lenient. He adds that one should really be strict unless there's a minhag to be lenient.</ref> Today the minhag of all communities is to be lenient.<ref>Radvaz 4:95 is lenient to allow having a warm mikveh based on Rabbenu Chananel. Shaarei Mikvaot 201:304 writes that the minhag of Sephardim is also to go to warm mikvaot (Rav Poalim YD 4:15) because (1) we're weaker than we were before and if it was cold some women wouldn't go to mikveh (Chatom Sofer YD 214), (2) everyone knows that a warm mikveh isn't a bathhouse and there's no concern people will get them confused and even though generally a gezerah doesn't expire whent he reason expires some say that is only for a takana of chazal and not a gezerah (Maharsham 3:140 based on Magen Avraham 9).</ref> It is permitted to have a radiator in the walls of the mikveh heat up the water since it is clear how it is being heated.<ref>Minchat Yitzchak 7:85 cited by Shaarei Mikvaot 201:305</ref> | #Theoretically, Sephardim hold that a mikveh should be cold and if hot water is added it is invalid. However, Ashkenazim are lenient to permit a hot mikveh.<ref>The Mordechai Mikvaot n. 750 quotes the Rash who wrote that a hot water mikveh is invalid because of a rabbinic concern that they become confused with a bathhouse which is completely invalid. He also cites Rabbenu Tam as agreeing with the Rash. However, the Hagahot Mordechai 9a is lenient. Shulchan Aruch 201:75 is strict not to use a warm mikveh, but the Rama is lenient. He adds that one should really be strict unless there's a minhag to be lenient.</ref> Today the minhag of all communities is to be lenient.<ref>Radvaz 4:95 is lenient to allow having a warm mikveh based on Rabbenu Chananel. Shaarei Mikvaot 201:304 writes that the minhag of Sephardim is also to go to warm mikvaot (Rav Poalim YD 4:15) because (1) we're weaker than we were before and if it was cold some women wouldn't go to mikveh (Chatom Sofer YD 214), (2) everyone knows that a warm mikveh isn't a bathhouse and there's no concern people will get them confused and even though generally a gezerah doesn't expire whent he reason expires some say that is only for a takana of chazal and not a gezerah (Maharsham 3:140 based on Magen Avraham 9). Taharat Habayit v. 2 p. 525 quotes many Sephardi achronim who justify the minhag to be lenient with hot mikvaot.</ref> It is permitted to have a radiator in the walls of the mikveh heat up the water since it is clear how it is being heated.<ref>Minchat Yitzchak 7:85 cited by Shaarei Mikvaot 201:305</ref> | ||
#There is no issue of going to mikveh in the hot springs of Tevariya even though they are hot.<ref>Mordechai Mikvaot n. 750 citing the Ravyah, Rama 201:75</ref> | #There is no issue of going to mikveh in the hot springs of Tevariya even though they are hot.<ref>Mordechai Mikvaot n. 750 citing the Ravyah, Rama 201:75</ref> | ||
#Going to a warm mikveh Friday night, Sephardim advise going ben hashemashot,<ref>Chacham Tzvi 11, Taharat Habayit, Shaarei Mikvaot 201:306</ref> while Ashkenazim advise going at night itself.<ref>Igrot Moshe OC 1:126:6 follows the Korban Netanel who says that there's no gezerah baalanim in a mikveh. Shaarei Mikvaot 201:306 points out that the Ashkenazi poskim didn't allow going to mikveh during ben hashemashot.</ref> | #Going to a warm mikveh Friday night, Sephardim advise going ben hashemashot,<ref>Chacham Tzvi 11, Taharat Habayit, Shaarei Mikvaot 201:306</ref> while Ashkenazim advise going at night itself.<ref>Igrot Moshe OC 1:126:6 follows the Korban Netanel who says that there's no gezerah baalanim in a mikveh. Shaarei Mikvaot 201:306 points out that the Ashkenazi poskim didn't allow going to mikveh during ben hashemashot.</ref> | ||
== Showering after Going to the Mikveh == | == Showering after Going to the Mikveh == | ||
#Ashkenazim hold that the women shouldn't bathe or shower immediately after going to the mikveh.<ref>The Mordechai Mikvaot n. 750 cites the Ravyah who says that the minhag is not to bathe or shower after going to the mikveh because of the gezerah that showering in drawn water makes a person tameh (Shabbat 14a). The Mordechai completely rejects this stringency considering that the gezerah was stated only for taharot and not niddah and it was only a tumah going forward but didn't invalidate going to the mikveh. He adds that the Maharam was lenient. The Rama 201:50 cites the minhag to be strict.</ref> Sephardim are lenient.<ref>Shaarei Mikvaot 201:307 writes that since Shulchan Aruch holds mikveh for niddah doesn't need a kavana since it is chullin he wouldn't hold of the stringent minhag not to bathing or showering afterwards.</ref> | #Ashkenazim hold that the women shouldn't bathe or shower immediately after going to the mikveh.<ref>The Mordechai Mikvaot n. 750 cites the Ravyah who says that the minhag is not to bathe or shower after going to the mikveh because of the gezerah that showering in drawn water makes a person tameh (Shabbat 14a). The Mordechai completely rejects this stringency considering that the gezerah was stated only for taharot and not niddah and it was only a tumah going forward but didn't invalidate going to the mikveh. He adds that the Maharam was lenient. The Rama 201:50 cites the minhag to be strict.</ref> Sephardim are lenient.<ref>Shaarei Mikvaot 201:307 writes that since Shulchan Aruch holds mikveh for niddah doesn't need a kavana since it is chullin he wouldn't hold of the stringent minhag not to bathing or showering afterwards.</ref> | ||
#How long does the prohibition apply according to Ashkenazim? Some say it is for an entire day until the next night.<ref>Igrot Moshe YD 2:96. Rav Schachter</ref> Some are lenient once she came home and touched her husband.<ref>Shevet Halevi 5:125 writes that even though the Or Zaruah sounds like she can't bathe for the entire day | #How long does the prohibition apply according to Ashkenazim? Some say it is for an entire day until the next night.<ref>Igrot Moshe YD 2:96. Rav Schachter</ref> Some are lenient once she came home and touched her husband.<ref>Shevet Halevi 5:125 writes that even though the Or Zaruah 755 sounds like she can't bathe for the entire day since the others don't mention that it is enough to be strict immediately after tevilah. Once she went home and touched her husband her tevilah was effective and it is impossible for a later bath to undo the tevilah. Similarly, Rav Elyashiv (Ashrei Haish 34:43) permits a woman to shower after she went to mikveh once the couple was together.</ref> Some allow once he gets home even if they didn't touch.<ref>Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Mareh Kohen p. 108) and Tzitz Eliezer 11:64:13-14. Tzitz Eliezer adds that she shouldn't shower her entire body at once.</ref> | ||
#The minhag of not bathing or showering after going to mikveh doesn't apply to a man going to mikveh for keri.<ref>Shaarei Mikvaot 201:307 citing Yabia Omer YD 8:19:2</ref> A baal keri can go in a mikveh of 40 seah of drawn water.<ref>Tzitz Eliezer 11:64:15, Shaarei Mikvaot 201:307</ref> | ##Some distinguish between a shower and a bath and allow a shower but not a bath.<ref>Tzitz Eliezer 11:64:13 quotes the Lechem Vsimla 201:122 who permits a shower but not a bath. He also quotes Meishiv Devarim who agrees. Tzitz Eliezer seems to accept this. Chelkat Binyamin 201:972 quotes this but also quotes who don't make such a distinction. Rav Elyashiv (Ashrei Haish 34:43) is lenient to take a shower if there's a need. Teshuvot Vehanhagot 2:428 writes that it isn't necessary to protest those who take a shower or bath after the mikveh. However, Or Zaruah 755:3 writes the opposite that a bath is allowed but not a shower. See also Igrot Moshe YD 2:96 who raises such a distinction. </ref> | ||
##If a woman is not feeling well for some reason and needs to take a shower or bath after the tevilah she may do so. If possible she should try to wash her head and then the rest of her body separately.<ref>Tzitz Eliezer 11:64:14, Chelkat Binyamin 201:972. Similarly, Igrot Moshe 2:96 writes that a woman who is an istanis (fastidious) can bathe after tevilah if necessary.</ref> | |||
#The minhag of not bathing or showering after going to mikveh doesn't apply to a man going to mikveh for keri.<ref>Tzitz Eliezer 11:64:15, Shaarei Mikvaot 201:307 citing Yabia Omer YD 8:19:2</ref> A baal keri can go in a mikveh of 40 seah of drawn water.<ref>Tzitz Eliezer 11:64:15, Shaarei Mikvaot 201:307</ref> | |||
== Tevilat Kelim == | == Tevilat Kelim == | ||
