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Techum: Difference between revisions
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A person may not leave | A person may not leave the domain where he started Shabbat. This boundary of where he cannot leave is called the ''techum'' (heb. תחום; lit. border). Every person has a unique techum depending on where he was at the beginning of Shabbat. It is forbidden to walk beyond one's techum on Shabbat, Yom Tov, or Yom Kippur.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 396:1, 495:1, 611:1. [https://ph.yhb.org.il/12-06-04/ Peninei Halacha] discusses why the allowance for ochel nefesh doesn't permit going beyond the techum on Yom Tov.</ref> In general, the techum boundary is 2000 [[amot]] beyond the immediate 4 [[amot]] area around a person.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 397:1, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 95:1. Mishna Brurah 397:1 writes that some hold that walking beyond 12 [[mil]] on shabbat is a biblical prohibition, while others consider it a rabbinic prohibition. Magen Avraham 404:1 quotes a dispute between the Maharalbach 28 and Maharam Elshaker 41 whether 12 mil is deoritta for kelim. Ramban Eruvin 43a clearly hold it is deoritta even for kelim. Biur Halacha 404:1 is lenient to rely on Maharalbach since either way many rishonim hold that 12 mil is not deoritta.</ref> | ||
==Determining the | ==Determining the Techum== | ||
===Outside of a City=== | ===Outside of a City=== | ||
# If a person is alone in the desert, the techum extends 2000 [[amot]] beyond the 4 [[amot]] around him. If a person is in a house at the beginning of Shabbat, the techum is 2000 [[amot]] from outside the house.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1386-7)</ref> | # If a person is alone in the desert, the techum extends 2000 [[amot]] beyond the 4 [[amot]] around him. If a person is in a house at the beginning of Shabbat, the techum is 2000 [[amot]] from outside the house.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1386-7)</ref> | ||
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===Techum of a City=== | ===Techum of a City=== | ||
# If one is in a village, town, or city, one may have 2000 [[amot]] from the outer bounds of the city, depending on the density of the houses.<ref>Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 95:2</ref> If there are 6 homes each within 70.66 [[amot]] of another home, they are considered a city and the techum would begin from 2000 [[amot]] outside the group of houses. Any home that is within 70.66 [[amot]] of the established city is included in the city. However, a house which is more than 70.66 [[amot]] from the other houses is not included in the city. The techum for residents of that house is 2000 [[amot]] from the edge of that house. Therefore, a suburban area with houses separated more than 70.66 [[amot]] are not considered part of a city and residents of a house only have 2000 [[amot]] from that house.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1387-9). Rabbi Ribiat quotes the Minchat Shabbat who explicitly writes that we do have the halachic category of chatzerot nowadays in order to form a city. We still require that there's 2 houses to create a chetzer but if there's 6 houses we have a city. Torat Shlomo Eruvin 19:19 p. 144 explicitly writes that even though we don't use the chatzerot today like rooms you can create a city without chatzerot. See Chazon Ish OC 110:20 who supports this. However, Rav Hershel Schachter ([https://www.yutorah.org/sidebar/lecture.cfm/814168/rabbi-hershel-schachter/shiur-99-shabbos-dechiya/ Shabbat Shiur 99 (very end)] and [https://www.yutorah.org/sidebar/lecture.cfm/814233/rabbi-hershel-schachter/shiur-100-shabbos-chazer-vs-mavui/ Shabbat Shiur 100 (beginning)]) holds that nowadays we don't have a city for techum since we don't use our chatzerot today like a room of the house. Therefore, since we need 3 chatzerot to form a city ( | # If one is in a village, town, or city, one may have 2000 [[amot]] from the outer bounds of the city, depending on the density of the houses.<ref>Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 95:2</ref> If there are 6 homes each within 70.66 [[amot]] of another home, they are considered a city and the techum would begin from 2000 [[amot]] outside the group of houses. Any home that is within 70.66 [[amot]] of the established city is included in the city. However, a house which is more than 70.66 [[amot]] from the other houses is not included in the city. The techum for residents of that house is 2000 [[amot]] from the edge of that house. Therefore, a suburban area with houses separated more than 70.66 [[amot]] are not considered part of a city and residents of a house only have 2000 [[amot]] from that house.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1387-9). Rabbi Ribiat quotes the Minchat Shabbat who explicitly writes that we do have the halachic category of chatzerot nowadays in order to form a city. We still require that there's 2 houses to create a chetzer but if there's 6 houses we have a city. Torat Shlomo Eruvin 19:19 p. 144 explicitly writes that even though we don't use the chatzerot today like rooms you can create a city without chatzerot. See Chazon Ish OC 110:20 who supports this. However, Rav Hershel Schachter ([https://www.yutorah.org/sidebar/lecture.cfm/814168/rabbi-hershel-schachter/shiur-99-shabbos-dechiya/ Shabbat Shiur 99 (very end)] and [https://www.yutorah.org/sidebar/lecture.cfm/814233/rabbi-hershel-schachter/shiur-100-shabbos-chazer-vs-mavui/ Shabbat Shiur 100 (beginning)]) holds that nowadays we don't have a city for techum since we don't use our chatzerot today like a room of the house. Therefore, since we need 3 chatzerot to form a city (Shulchan Aruch 398:10) we can't have a city today. This is based on the Rama, Chazon Ish OC 65:52, and is discussed by Imrei Baruch Eruvin 40-41.</ref> | ||
# Many cities have 2000 amot from the edges of the city. Generaly, the techum is drawn as a rectangle around the outermost extremities of the city along the directions of a compass; that is, the techum of the city is 2000 amot from the edge of the northern most house, eastern most house, southern most house, and western most house. However, if the city is already rectangle, L-shaped, or arc shaped may not have this extension of squaring off the city.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1391-2)</ref> See [[#Squaring Off a City]] for details. | # Many cities have 2000 amot from the edges of the city. Generaly, the techum is drawn as a rectangle around the outermost extremities of the city along the directions of a compass; that is, the techum of the city is 2000 amot from the edge of the northern most house, eastern most house, southern most house, and western most house. However, if the city is already rectangle, L-shaped, or arc shaped may not have this extension of squaring off the city.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1391-2)</ref> See [[#Squaring Off a City]] for details. | ||
# Because the laws of establishing a techum and extending the techum with a Eruv techumin are complicated one should consult a local Orthodox Rabbi. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1393)</ref> | # Because the laws of establishing a techum and extending the techum with a Eruv techumin are complicated one should consult a local Orthodox Rabbi. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1393)</ref> | ||
