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===Techum of Brooklyn=== | ===Techum of Brooklyn=== | ||
#The techum of Brooklyn and Queens is squared off according to the cardinal directions.<ref>Kovetz Chaburot Halacha v. 3 p. 36 writes that since Brooklyn and Queens have contiguous settlement they are one city. He documents how to cross Prospect Parkway, Ocean Blvd, etc. On this basis he writes that Brooklyn and Queens' shape is not rectangular and has no straight side. Therefore, even Chazon Ish agrees that the techum of Brooklyn should be according to the cardinal directions.</ref> The only question is whether the techum should be a rectangle or follow the curvature of the island near Red Hook, Brooklyn since it is an L shape with a stretch of more than 4000 amot. Either way, the techum of Brooklyn includes most of North Manhattan. | #The techum of Brooklyn and Queens is squared off according to the cardinal directions.<ref>Kovetz Chaburot Halacha v. 3 p. 36 writes that since Brooklyn and Queens have contiguous settlement they are one city. He documents how to cross Prospect Parkway, Ocean Blvd, etc. On this basis he writes that Brooklyn and Queens' shape is not rectangular and has no straight side. Therefore, even Chazon Ish agrees that the techum of Brooklyn should be according to the cardinal directions.</ref> The only question is whether the techum should be a rectangle or follow the curvature of the island near Red Hook, Brooklyn since it is an L shape with a stretch of more than 4000 amot. Either way, the techum of Brooklyn includes most of North Manhattan. | ||
##Method 1: The city as a whole is measured by cardinal directions and goes as far as Union City, NJ and includes the southern part of Manhattan. | ##Method 1: The city as a whole is measured by cardinal directions and goes as far as Union City, NJ and includes the southern part of Manhattan.<Ref>Gvul Binyamin p. 302. Kovetz Chabuot Halacha v. 3 pp. 32-33 discusses this as well. See next note.</ref> | ||
##Method 2: Only go north from the Queens Midtown Tunnel area because | ##Method 2: Only go north from the Queens Midtown Tunnel area because to the southeast there are two inlets in the shape of an L which have a gap of more than 4000 amot.<ref>Kovetz Chabuot Halacha v. 3 pp. 32-33. The reason to follow the cardinal directions for Brooklyn is based on Mechzeh Eliyahu 1:82's understanding of Chazon Ish 110:26 that a L shaped area which has an angle smaller than 90 is not judged like an L. Instead, it is judged by the cardinal directions. However, Zecher Tzvi (Techum Shabbat Umedidato p. 11) argues that Chazon Ish meant it isn't judged like an L and is squared off as long as the gap isn't greater than 4000 amot. According to this approach, the techum of Brooklyn does not start with the furthest point to the west. Rather, it only starts at about the Queens Midtown Tunnel since from there going northeast the east side of the island is pretty straight. Rav Moshe in Igrot Moshe OC 4:88 implies that the squaring off of Brooklyn begins from the southern part of Brooklyn and includes the Lower East Side of Manhattan. This implication isn't clear; see Gvul Binyamin p. 302 for lengthy discussion of that point.</ref> | ||
<center><gallery> | |||
Ikar_Ha'ir_of_Brooklyn.png|Outline of contiguous settlement of no breaks of 141 amot [https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/1/edit?mid=1wfOMpI1VOBTg5gAd9Qr8DIskFN5ENtc&usp=sharing google maps] | |||
Ribu'a_Haolam of Brooklyn.png|Method 1: according to the cardinal directions on [https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/1/edit?mid=1wfOMpI1VOBTg5gAd9Qr8DIskFN5ENtc&usp=sharing google maps] | |||
Zecher_Tzvi of Brooklyn.png|Method 2: part of the eastern side doesn't have a ribu'a on [https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/1/edit?mid=1wfOMpI1VOBTg5gAd9Qr8DIskFN5ENtc&usp=sharing google maps] | |||
</gallery></center> | |||
# Many poskim hold that Manhattan and Brooklyn are considered one city for purposes of techum.<ref>Minchat Yitzchak 7:24 quotes the Satmer Rebbe held that Manhattan and Brooklyn were one city for purposes of techum. Rav Yechezkel Roth (Emek Hahalacha 3:25), and Otzrot Halacha (v. 6 p. 427) agree. See Mishna Halachot 8:178. However, Gvul Binyamin (p. 298) quotes Rav Yishayhu Shimonovitz in the name of his father and Rav Yaakov Kamenetsky that in fact it is forbidden to cross the Williamsburg bridge on Shabbat. Gvul Binyamin argues that the minhag to walk over the Williamsburg bridge is not because of joining cities with overlapping squares but because the squaring off of Brooklyn includes most of Manhattan and the squaring off of Manhattan includes Williamsburg. Walking to the end of the squaring off the city one started Shabbat in is certainly permitted.</ref> This could be based on several approaches: 1)Chazon Ish suggested that cities join as long as their squared off boxes overlap. This occurs between Manhattan and Brooklyn. However, many poskim including Rav Elyashiv and Rav Dovid Feinstein do not accept this leniency.<ref>See [[#Joining_Cities]] above.</ref> 2) Minchat Yitzchak<Ref>7:24</ref> writes that the bridges which are built with guard booths join onto the city and connect the cities. Shevet Halevi<Ref>4:40</ref> disagrees with this logic. 3) There are tunnels between Manhattan and Brooklyn and some poskim consider that to join onto the city and connect the cities.<ref>Rav Yitzchak Shpitzer and Rav Yechezkel Shraga Weiss (Poalim Ltorah v. 17 pp. 113-131) and Tikkun Eruvin (fnt. 89)</ref> | # Many poskim hold that Manhattan and Brooklyn are considered one city for purposes of techum.<ref>Minchat Yitzchak 7:24 quotes the Satmer Rebbe held that Manhattan and Brooklyn were one city for purposes of techum. Rav Yechezkel Roth (Emek Hahalacha 3:25), and Otzrot Halacha (v. 6 p. 427) agree. See Mishna Halachot 8:178. However, Gvul Binyamin (p. 298) quotes Rav Yishayhu Shimonovitz in the name of his father and Rav Yaakov Kamenetsky that in fact it is forbidden to cross the Williamsburg bridge on Shabbat. Gvul Binyamin argues that the minhag to walk over the Williamsburg bridge is not because of joining cities with overlapping squares but because the squaring off of Brooklyn includes most of Manhattan and the squaring off of Manhattan includes Williamsburg. Walking to the end of the squaring off the city one started Shabbat in is certainly permitted.</ref> This could be based on several approaches: 1)Chazon Ish suggested that cities join as long as their squared off boxes overlap. This occurs between Manhattan and Brooklyn. However, many poskim including Rav Elyashiv and Rav Dovid Feinstein do not accept this leniency.<ref>See [[#Joining_Cities]] above.</ref> 2) Minchat Yitzchak<Ref>7:24</ref> writes that the bridges which are built with guard booths join onto the city and connect the cities. Shevet Halevi<Ref>4:40</ref> disagrees with this logic. 3) There are tunnels between Manhattan and Brooklyn and some poskim consider that to join onto the city and connect the cities.<ref>Rav Yitzchak Shpitzer and Rav Yechezkel Shraga Weiss (Poalim Ltorah v. 17 pp. 113-131) and Tikkun Eruvin (fnt. 89)</ref> | ||
# According to those who hold that Manhattan and Brooklyn are one city for purposes of techum, it is permitted to walk across the Williamsburg bridge on Shabbat. | # According to those who hold that Manhattan and Brooklyn are one city for purposes of techum, it is permitted to walk across the Williamsburg bridge on Shabbat. | ||
