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Techum: Difference between revisions
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#Yet, even according to Chazon Ish's view there are three other arguments that possibly could allow for crossing these bridges. 1) Chazon Ish suggests that cities join together if even just a small part of their squaring off overlap. Rav Elyashiv disagrees.<ref>See [[#Joining_Cities]] above.</ref> If one were to be lenient on this question, then even according to the first method of squaring off Manhattan it joins with Fort Lee and Brooklyn. 2) Tunnels with buildings on top potentially join cities. 3) The Williamsburg bridge had a booth for guards to watch the bridge. Some poskim hold that this makes the entire bridge like a dwelling place and then it would join Manhattan and Brooklyn together. In practice, some rabbis allow walking over the Williamsburg bridges and others do not.<ref>Rav Yitzchak Shpitzer and Rav Yechezkel Shraga Weiss (Poalim Ltorah v. 17 pp. 113-131). [https://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/728838/rabbi-hershel-schachter/eruvin-shiur-118/ Rav Hershel Schachter (Eruvin 118, min 50-53)] also notes that whether Manhattan and Brooklyn join together for one techum depends on whether two overlapping techumin are considered one city.</ref> | #Yet, even according to Chazon Ish's view there are three other arguments that possibly could allow for crossing these bridges. 1) Chazon Ish suggests that cities join together if even just a small part of their squaring off overlap. Rav Elyashiv disagrees.<ref>See [[#Joining_Cities]] above.</ref> If one were to be lenient on this question, then even according to the first method of squaring off Manhattan it joins with Fort Lee and Brooklyn. 2) Tunnels with buildings on top potentially join cities. 3) The Williamsburg bridge had a booth for guards to watch the bridge. Some poskim hold that this makes the entire bridge like a dwelling place and then it would join Manhattan and Brooklyn together. In practice, some rabbis allow walking over the Williamsburg bridges and others do not.<ref>Rav Yitzchak Shpitzer and Rav Yechezkel Shraga Weiss (Poalim Ltorah v. 17 pp. 113-131). [https://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/728838/rabbi-hershel-schachter/eruvin-shiur-118/ Rav Hershel Schachter (Eruvin 118, min 50-53)] also notes that whether Manhattan and Brooklyn join together for one techum depends on whether two overlapping techumin are considered one city.</ref> | ||
===Techum of Bronx=== | ===Techum of Bronx=== | ||
#There are two methods of how to draw the techum of Bronx. Note, the main area of Bronx has contiguous settlement without breaks of 141.3 amot for most of Bronx, Yonkers, New Rochelle, Scarsdale, and White Plains. The map below demonstrates where highways like Bronx River Parkway, I-95, and 287 break up the settlement. Additionally, parks and rivers break up the settlement. Either way, the settlement does not spill over into Connecticut by measuring contiguous settlement. | #There are two methods of how to draw the techum of Bronx. Note, the main area of Bronx has contiguous settlement without breaks of 141.3 amot<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 398:7 writes that two cities join together if they're within 141.3 amot. This is based on Rav Huna in Eruvin 57a and accepted by the poskim.</ref> for most of Bronx, Yonkers, New Rochelle, Scarsdale, and White Plains. The map below demonstrates where highways like Bronx River Parkway, I-95, and I-287 break up the settlement.<ref>Mdarkei Hatechum p. 10 quotes a debate among the rabbis of Chicago whether a highway breaks up a city for purposes of techum if the settlement on either side is further than 141.3 amot apart. Some rabbis including Rav Moshe Heinemann hold certainly a highway does not break up the city since it is meant to be part of the city and others disagree. Mdarkei Hatechum concludes that it does break up the city. Techum Shabbat Umedidato p. 34 holds that highways do not break up a city for purposes of techum.</ref> Additionally, parks and rivers break up the settlement.<Ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 398:9 writes that a valley that is usually dry joins onto the city if it is used by the inhabitants of the city. Mishna Brurah 398:46 concludes that other types of areas do not join onto the city just because they are used by the townspeople. Therefore, it is clear from Mishna Brurah that a river that is always flowing does not join onto a city. This is also the assumption of many poskim who discussed cities with rivers splitting them up including: Meishiv Dvar (4:58 s.v. ach, cited by Dirshu 398:63), Mechzeh Eliyahu 1:74, and Minchas Yitzchak 8:33.</ref> Either way, the settlement does not spill over into Connecticut by measuring contiguous settlement. | ||
##Method 1: Perhaps Chazon Ish would draw the techum of Bronx as a rectangle beginning with the eastern side which is roughly straight and draw a rectangle from there. | ##Method 1: Perhaps Chazon Ish<ref>110:23</ref> would draw the techum of Bronx as a rectangle beginning with the eastern side which is roughly straight and draw a rectangle from there. | ||
##Method 2: Bronx isn't a rectangle and so its techum is drawn according to the cardinal directions. Each border is drawn from the furthest point in that direction.<ref>[https://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/728838/rabbi-hershel-schachter/eruvin-shiur-118/ Rav Hershel Schachter (Eruvin 118, min 53-56)] assumes Bronx is squared off by the cardinal directions.</ref> | ##Method 2: Bronx isn't a rectangle and so its techum is drawn according to the cardinal directions. Each border is drawn from the furthest point in that direction.<ref>[https://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/728838/rabbi-hershel-schachter/eruvin-shiur-118/ Rav Hershel Schachter (Eruvin 118, min 53-56)] assumes Bronx is squared off by the cardinal directions.</ref> | ||
<center><gallery> | <center><gallery> | ||
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Ribu'a of Bronx (Ruchot Haolam).png|Method 2: according to the cardinal directions on [https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/edit?mid=1uOaGMZ15akbgsoFYcisTlIciia1QzSY&usp=sharing google maps] | Ribu'a of Bronx (Ruchot Haolam).png|Method 2: according to the cardinal directions on [https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/edit?mid=1uOaGMZ15akbgsoFYcisTlIciia1QzSY&usp=sharing google maps] | ||
</gallery></center> | </gallery></center> | ||
The above maps should not be used for halachic purposes without consulting one's local Orthodox rabbi. | |||
#Whether it is permitted to walk from Riverdale (Bronx) to Washington Heights (Manhattan) on Shabbat depends on how the techum of Bronx is squared. If Bronx is squared according to the cardinal directions then the 2000 amot techum around that square includes Washington Heights. Accordingly, it is permitted to walk from Riverdale to Washington Heights. However, Manhattan's squaring off (by either method) does not reach most of Riverdale. Accordingly it is forbidden to walk from Washington Heights to Riverdale on Shabbat.<ref>[https://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/728838/rabbi-hershel-schachter/eruvin-shiur-118/ Rav Hershel Schachter (Eruvin 118, min 53-56)]</ref> | #Whether it is permitted to walk from Riverdale (Bronx) to Washington Heights (Manhattan) on Shabbat depends on how the techum of Bronx is squared. If Bronx is squared according to the cardinal directions then the 2000 amot techum around that square includes Washington Heights. Accordingly, it is permitted to walk from Riverdale to Washington Heights. However, Manhattan's squaring off (by either method) does not reach most of Riverdale. Accordingly it is forbidden to walk from Washington Heights to Riverdale on Shabbat.<ref>[https://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/728838/rabbi-hershel-schachter/eruvin-shiur-118/ Rav Hershel Schachter (Eruvin 118, min 53-56)]</ref> | ||
##Yet, other reasons to permit walking from Washington Heights to Riverdale include: 1) If two overlapping squares is considered one city, then Bronx and Manhattan are considered one city.<ref>[https://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/728838/rabbi-hershel-schachter/eruvin-shiur-118/ Rav Hershel Schachter (Eruvin 118, min 50-56)]</ref> 2) If the tunnels between Bronx and Manhattan are considered as joining them, then they are considered one city.<ref>See Rav Yitzchak Shpitzer and Rav Yechezkel Shraga Weiss (Poalim Ltorah v. 17 pp. 113-131) and Tikkun Eruvin (fnt. 89).</ref> 3) If someone started Shabbat in a very small sliver of the west side of Washington Heights at the beginning of Shabbat, it is considered as though he was in the square of Bronx. If so, he can walk to Riverdale.<ref>See [[#Joining_Cities]] above.</ref> | ##Yet, other reasons to permit walking from Washington Heights to Riverdale include: 1) If two overlapping squares is considered one city, then Bronx and Manhattan are considered one city.<ref>[https://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/728838/rabbi-hershel-schachter/eruvin-shiur-118/ Rav Hershel Schachter (Eruvin 118, min 50-56)]</ref> 2) If the tunnels between Bronx and Manhattan are considered as joining them, then they are considered one city.<ref>See Rav Yitzchak Shpitzer and Rav Yechezkel Shraga Weiss (Poalim Ltorah v. 17 pp. 113-131) and Tikkun Eruvin (fnt. 89).</ref> 3) If someone started Shabbat in a very small sliver of the west side of Washington Heights at the beginning of Shabbat, it is considered as though he was in the square of Bronx. If so, he can walk to Riverdale.<ref>See [[#Joining_Cities]] above.</ref> | ||
===Techum of Brooklyn=== | |||
# Many poskim hold that Manhattan and Brooklyn are considered one city for purposes of techum.<ref>Minchat Yitzchak 7:24 quotes the Satmer Rebbe held that Manhattan and Brooklyn were one city for purposes of techum.</ref> This could be based on several approaches: 1)Chazon Ish suggested that cities join as long as their squared off boxes overlap. This occurs between Manhattan and Brooklyn. However, many poskim including Rav Elyashiv and Rav Dovid Feinstein do not accept this leniency.<ref>See [[#Joining_Cities]] above.</ref> 2) Minchat Yitzchak<Ref>7:24</ref> writes that the bridges which are built with guard booths join onto the city and connect the cities. Shevet Halevi<Ref>4:40</ref> disagrees with this logic. 3) There are tunnels between Manhattan and Brooklyn and some poskim consider that to join onto the city and connect the cities.<ref>Rav Yitzchak Shpitzer and Rav Yechezkel Shraga Weiss (Poalim Ltorah v. 17 pp. 113-131) and Tikkun Eruvin (fnt. 89)</ref> | |||
# According to those who hold that Manhattan and Brooklyn are one city for purposes of techum, it is permitted to walk across the Williamsburg bridge on Shabbat. | |||
==Moving Packages Received on Shabbat== | ==Moving Packages Received on Shabbat== | ||
