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Kiddush: Difference between revisions
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#For [[Yom Tov]] kiddush, many have the custom to sit,<ref>Sh"t Igrot Moshe 5:16 writes that the only reason to stand the entire [[Kiddish|kiddush]] on [[Shabbat]] is because once one is standing for Vayichulu one can continue standing for the rest of the [[Kiddish|kiddush]]. However, since there's no Vayichulu on [[Yom Tov]], it follows that one should sit according to all opinions. </ref> but some have the practice to stand.<ref>Aruch HaShulchan 271:24, Nitei Gavriel ([[Yom Tov]] vol 2, 29:18)</ref> | #For [[Yom Tov]] kiddush, many have the custom to sit,<ref>Sh"t Igrot Moshe 5:16 writes that the only reason to stand the entire [[Kiddish|kiddush]] on [[Shabbat]] is because once one is standing for Vayichulu one can continue standing for the rest of the [[Kiddish|kiddush]]. However, since there's no Vayichulu on [[Yom Tov]], it follows that one should sit according to all opinions. </ref> but some have the practice to stand.<ref>Aruch HaShulchan 271:24, Nitei Gavriel ([[Yom Tov]] vol 2, 29:18)</ref> | ||
==What to | ==What to Use for Kiddush== | ||
#One should use a full cup<ref>Gemara Brachot 51a, Shulchan Aruch 271:10. [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/799059/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Hilchos_Shabbos_4_-_Inyonei_Kiddush_and_Havdalah Rav Schachter ("Hilchos Shabbos 4", min 33-5)] based on Rabbenu Yonah holds that if the cup is two thirds full it is considered full.</ref> of wine for | #One should use a full cup<ref>Gemara Brachot 51a, Shulchan Aruch 271:10. [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/799059/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Hilchos_Shabbos_4_-_Inyonei_Kiddush_and_Havdalah Rav Schachter ("Hilchos Shabbos 4", min 33-5)] based on Rabbenu Yonah holds that if the cup is two thirds full it is considered full.</ref> of wine for kiddush. | ||
#It is better to use red wine for | #Grape Juice | ||
#One may only make kiddush on wine that is proper for nisuch on the mizbeach | ##Some say that grape juice is considered equally suitable as wine<ref>Bava batra 97b cites the amora Rava as saying that one can squeeze a cluster of grapes into a cup and make kiddush on it. Shulchan Aruch 272:2 paskens this. It would thus seem like a closed case that one may make kiddush on grape juice. However, it isn't that simple. Perhaps the gemara only permitted wine from freshly squeezed grapes because it can potentially become wine if given time. However, modern grape juice has been processed in a way that it will never be able to become wine, and so perhaps might be unfit for kiddush. See Dirshu Mishna Brurah (272 footnote 11) citing the positions of contemporary poskim on this question. Shevet Halevi and Minchat Yitzchak permit grape juice even lechatchila, whereas Rav Elyashiv holds that one may not make kiddush on modern grape juice since it doesn't have the ability to become wine. | ||
#Mevushal wine may be used for kiddush.<ref>Chazon Ovadia, Hilchot Shabbat, Chelek 2, Page 115 </ref> | |||
Yachave Daat 2:35 writes that one can use grape juice for kiddush, and Hacham Ovadia's opinion is also found in Chazon Ovadia, Hilchot Shabbat, Chelek 2, Page 81. Or Letzion 2:20:18, Yesodei Yeshurun 3:214-215 and Mishneh Halachot 13:38 agree. [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/799059/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Hilchos_Shabbos_4_-_Inyonei_Kiddush_and_Havdalah Rav Schachter ("Hilchos Shabbos 4", min 90-2)] quotes Rav Moshe as allowing grape juice for Kiddush but saying it is best to avoid the dispute. An [http://www.torahlab.org/doitright/using_grape_juice_for_kiddush/ article on TorahLab.org] writes that the majority of poskim hold grape juice is fit for Kiddush.</ref>, while others disagree.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchata 53:2 citing Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach concludes that preferably one shouldn't use grape juice for kiddush. Laws of Brachos p. 316 writes that one shouldn't use grape juice for kiddush.</ref> | |||
##Regarding grape juice from concentrate see [[Grape_Juice_and_Wine#Beracha]]. | |||
#Red vs white | |||
##It is better to use red wine for kiddush.<ref>The discussion here revolves around how to understand two gemaras in bava batra. Towards the top of 97b the gemara says that wine which is "borak" is fit bdieved for the mizbeach, and thus fit lechatchila for kiddush. Rashbam there says that this refers to white wine. However, the gemara at the end of the daf asks whether wine which is "chavaryan" is fit for kiddush, and answers with the verse "אל תרא יין כי יתאדם" (lit: do not look at wine when it is red). The context of this verse from sefer mishlei is that Shlomo Hamelech is speaking of the ills of drinking, but the verse implies that red wine is considered better and more respectable. Thus, by answering with this pasuk, the gemara seems to be saying that one should not use white wine for kiddush. How do we resolve these two gemaras? The various approaches in the rishonim will help clarify our question of whether one may use white wine for kiddush. | |||
(1) Rashbam understands that really the latter gemara (regarding חמר חווריין) is asking only with respect to bringing it as a libation on the mizbeach. Thus there is no contradiction at all! The first gemara says that white wine is fit for kiddush, and the second gemara is simply saying that it is preferably not brought as nesachim (which the first gemara agrees to). Thus, white wine would be perfectly acceptable for kiddush. | |||
(2) Tosfot | |||
Mishna Brurah 272:10; Chazon Ovadia, Hilchot Shabbat, Chelek 2, Page 82</ref> | |||
##If only white wine is available then one may make kiddush on it.<ref>Chazon Ovadia, Hilchot Shabbat, Chelek 2, Page 82 </ref> | |||
##If one does not have enough red wine, it is preferable to use the white wine for Shabbat day as opposed to Friday night.<ref>[http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/798611/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Hilchos_Shabbos_3_-_Choleh_BeShabbos_&_Kiddush Rav Schachter ("Hilchos Shabbos 3" min 73)] quoting Rabbi Akiva Eiger</ref> | |||
#Fit for Mizbeach | |||
##One may only make kiddush on wine that is proper for nisuch on the mizbeach.<ref>Bava batra 97a. Tur siman 272. </ref> | |||
##Therefore, malodorous wine may not be used. | |||
###However, malodorous wine can be fixed by adding other wine to it.<ref>Chazon Ovadia, Hilchot Shabbat, Chelek 2, Page 78 </ref> | |||
##Wine that has been sweetened with honey may still be used for kiddush (even though honey is an issue for nisuch on the mizbeach). The same ruling applies for all sweet wines.<ref>Chazon Ovadia, Hilchot Shabbat, Chelek 2, Page 119 </ref> | |||
#Mevushal<ref>The Tur (272) cites from Rabbenu Shmaya b'shem Rashi that the bracha on cooked wine is shehakol (since cooking it changes it for the worse), and therefore one would not be able to make kiddush on it. However, the Tur then cites that Rabbenu Tam and the Ri and the Rosh all disagree and say that the bracha is still hagafen, and thus one could make kiddush on it. See Tosfot (bava batra 97a s.v. ileimah) who explicitly cites Rashi and rejects him based on the yerushalmi (found both in shkalim and arvei psachim) that one may use cooked wine for the four cups on the seder night, the first of which being kiddush. The debate between all the aforementioned rishonim seems to be whether cooking the wine turns the bracha into shehakol (so can't use it for kiddush), or not (so you could use it for kiddush). The Rambam (hilchot shabbat 29:14), however, has an interesting position. He holds that the bracha on cooked wine is hagafen (see Maggid Mishnah there who makes this point), but still one may not use it for kiddush since it is unfit to be brought as a libation on the mizbeach. </ref> | |||
##Most hold that mevushal wine may be used for kiddush.<ref>Shulchan Aruch 272:8 cites the lenient position as a stam, and then cites the strict position as a yesh omrim. Generally speaking, when the mechaber has a stam v'achar kach yesh omrim, the halacha follows the stam. Chazon Ovadia, Hilchot Shabbat, Chelek 2, Page 115. </ref> | |||
##However, some say that it may not be used.<ref>As mentioned, the Shulchan Aruch 272:8 cites this shita as a yesh omrim. The Rama says that the minhag is to make kiddush on cooked wine, even if one has uncooked wine available, but only if the cooked wine is better. The Mishna Brurah 272:23 explains that if there is no difference in quality between the two wines, then one should use the uncooked wine. The Shar Hatziyon s.k. 31 points one to the Elyah Rabah citing the Agudah, who suggests (as explained by dirshu footnote 21) that even if the cooked wine is superior to the uncooked wine, one should still make kiddush on the uncooked wine provided that it is still good (just not as good as the cooked one). </ref> | |||
#If wine tastes like wine but smells like vinegar then it is permissible for making kiddush, but if wine tastes like vinegar but smells like wine then it is prohibited for making kiddush.<ref>Chazon Ovadia, Hilchot Shabbat, Chelek 2, Page 82, based on Rambam, Hilchot Shabbat, Perek 29, Halachot 15 and 17, and Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chaim, 272:3 </ref> | #If wine tastes like wine but smells like vinegar then it is permissible for making kiddush, but if wine tastes like vinegar but smells like wine then it is prohibited for making kiddush.<ref>Chazon Ovadia, Hilchot Shabbat, Chelek 2, Page 82, based on Rambam, Hilchot Shabbat, Perek 29, Halachot 15 and 17, and Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chaim, 272:3 </ref> | ||
#Ideally, one should not make kiddush on wine that has been left open overnight, nevertheless, bediavad one has fulfilled the obligation if he/she made kiddush on it.<ref>Chazon Ovadia, Hilchot Shabbat, Chelek 2, Page 78 </ref> | #Exposed | ||
#It is permissible to use wine that was left open as long as it was stored in a closet or refrigerator.<ref>Chazon Ovadia, Hilchot Shabbat, Chelek 2, Page 78 </ref> | ##Ideally, one should not make kiddush on wine that has been left open overnight, nevertheless, bediavad one has fulfilled the obligation if he/she made kiddush on it.<ref>Chazon Ovadia, Hilchot Shabbat, Chelek 2, Page 78 </ref> | ||
##It is permissible to use wine that was left open as long as it was stored in a closet or refrigerator.<ref>Chazon Ovadia, Hilchot Shabbat, Chelek 2, Page 78 </ref> | |||
===If there is no wine or grape juice=== | ===If there is no wine or grape juice=== | ||
