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Shnayim Mikra V'Echad Targum: Difference between revisions
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==Who is obligated?== | ==Who is obligated?== | ||
# All men have an obligation to read the parsha that the Tzibbur is currently reading (Parsha HaShavua) twice with the targum once. This mitzvah is called Shenayim Mikrah VeEchad Targum. <ref> Rav Huna Bar Yehuda in Gemara Brachot 8a says that a person should read the Parsha twice and Targum once. This is codified by the Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 13:25), Tur, | # All men have an obligation to read the parsha that the Tzibbur is currently reading (Parsha HaShavua) twice with the targum once. This mitzvah is called Shenayim Mikrah VeEchad Targum. <ref> Rav Huna Bar Yehuda in Gemara Brachot 8a says that a person should read the Parsha twice and Targum once. This is codified by the Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 13:25), Tur, S"A 285:1, and Kitzur S"A 72:11. Mechilta Parshat Bo quoted by Bet Yosef 285:5 records that Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi commanded his sons to fulfill this obligation before [[Shabbat]] lunch. Aruch Hashulchan 285:2 writes that this obligation is an institution since the times of Moshe Rabbeinu. Sh”t Maharsham (1:213 "ulam" writes that this has become a real obligation. Baal Haturim Shemot 1:1, Levush 285:1, Pri Megadim MZ 285:1 bring a hint to this obligation from the first pasuk in sefer shemot from the first letter of each word in the pasuk. see there for the small variations in the hint. </ref> | ||
# Even someone who will hear the Torah reading in Shul must read Shenayim Mikra. <Ref> The Hagahot Maimoniot (Tefillah 3:24) quotes the Raavan who says that Shenayim Mikra is only an obligation for those who live in villages that don’t have Torah reading on [[Shabbat]], however, the Hagahot Maimon argues on the Raavan. The Rambam 13:25, Tur, and S”A 285:1 write explicitly that there’s an obligation of Shenayim Mikra even for someone who heard Torah reading in shul. </ref> | # Even someone who will hear the Torah reading in Shul must read Shenayim Mikra. <Ref> The Hagahot Maimoniot (Tefillah 3:24) quotes the Raavan who says that Shenayim Mikra is only an obligation for those who live in villages that don’t have Torah reading on [[Shabbat]], however, the Hagahot Maimon argues on the Raavan. The Rambam 13:25, Tur, and S”A 285:1 write explicitly that there’s an obligation of Shenayim Mikra even for someone who heard Torah reading in shul. </ref> | ||
# Even someone who is learned and wants to learn Talmud is obligated to read Shnayim Mikrah. <Ref> Teshuvot HaGeonim 7 in name of Rabbenu Matatya says that even a talmid chacham must complete Shenyaim Mikra VeEchad Targum. Sh”t Rashba 1:206 agrees. This is brought as Halacha in Chazon Ovadya ([[Shabbat]] 1 pg 300), Sh”t Igrot Moshe 5:17, Shulchan Lechem HaPanim (Siman 285), and Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 42:57. Kuntres Hilchot Shnayim Mikra VeChad Targum (Rabbi Sender, pg 10) writes that he saw Rav Elyashiv reading Shnayim Mikra even though he never wastes any time from learning Torah. Bikkurei Chaim (pg 39) writes that those who think that it’s Bitul Torah since they are capable of learning more in-depth should know that by spending more time on Shnayim Mikra they will be rewarded with long life (Brachot 8a). </ref> | # Even someone who is learned and wants to learn Talmud is obligated to read Shnayim Mikrah. <Ref> Teshuvot HaGeonim 7 in name of Rabbenu Matatya says that even a talmid chacham must complete Shenyaim Mikra VeEchad Targum. Sh”t Rashba 1:206 agrees. This is brought as Halacha in Chazon Ovadya ([[Shabbat]] 1 pg 300), Sh”t Igrot Moshe 5:17, Shulchan Lechem HaPanim (Siman 285), and Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 42:57. Kuntres Hilchot Shnayim Mikra VeChad Targum (Rabbi Sender, pg 10) writes that he saw Rav Elyashiv reading Shnayim Mikra even though he never wastes any time from learning Torah. Bikkurei Chaim (pg 39) writes that those who think that it’s Bitul Torah since they are capable of learning more in-depth should know that by spending more time on Shnayim Mikra they will be rewarded with long life (Brachot 8a). </ref> | ||
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# The pasuk Shema Yisrael can be said twice and then it’s Targum.<Ref> Maamar Mordechai 61:5 says since it’s recognizable that one is repeating every pasuk it’s not like he is acknowledging two deities (the issue with saying Shema twice usually see S”A 61:9). So holds Sh”t Yam hagadol 3, Badei Shulchan 72:10, Sh”t Avnei Tzedek O”C 9, Divrei Menachem 61:2</ref> | # The pasuk Shema Yisrael can be said twice and then it’s Targum.<Ref> Maamar Mordechai 61:5 says since it’s recognizable that one is repeating every pasuk it’s not like he is acknowledging two deities (the issue with saying Shema twice usually see S”A 61:9). So holds Sh”t Yam hagadol 3, Badei Shulchan 72:10, Sh”t Avnei Tzedek O”C 9, Divrei Menachem 61:2</ref> | ||
# One doesn’t need to do it on the [[Yom Tov]] reading, Rosh Chodesh, or the four parshiot or any reading that’s not in the weekly parsha.<Ref> S”A 285:7, Mishna Brurah 285:18 and Kaf Hachaim 285: 35 explain that it’s because one is already completing the Torah by doing the weekly parsha. Kaf Hachaim 285:35, Sh”t Igrot Moshe O”C 3:40 extend this any time that’s not the regular weekly parsha. </ref> | # One doesn’t need to do it on the [[Yom Tov]] reading, Rosh Chodesh, or the four parshiot or any reading that’s not in the weekly parsha.<Ref> S”A 285:7, Mishna Brurah 285:18 and Kaf Hachaim 285: 35 explain that it’s because one is already completing the Torah by doing the weekly parsha. Kaf Hachaim 285:35, Sh”t Igrot Moshe O”C 3:40 extend this any time that’s not the regular weekly parsha. </ref> | ||
# One should read the Haftorah of the weekly parsha even if the Haftorah read in shul is a special one for [[Rosh Chodesh]] or Zachor.<Ref> | # One should read the Haftorah of the weekly parsha even if the Haftorah read in shul is a special one for [[Rosh Chodesh]] or Zachor.<Ref>Kitzur S"A 72:11 writes that the minhag is to read the haftorah as well as the parsha. The Chida in Moreh Etzbah 4:131-2 writes that one should read the weekly Haftorah even if a special one is being read in shul. Kaf Hachaim 285:36 and Ben Ish Chai Lech Lecha 11 agree.</ref> | ||
# Some poskim say that one could be yotze the targum with an English translation of Rashi's commentary. <ref> The Taz 285:2 quoted by Mishna berurah 285:5 says that if you do not understand targum unkelos or Rashi you can read the tzena u'rena in german. Based on this Rav Moshe Feinstein quoted in Yagel Yaakov page 208 as well as Rav Moshe Shternbuch in his Teshuvot Vihanhagot 1:261: "vhiskamti" allow using an English translation of rashi if that is the best way for one to study and understand the parasha. </ref> | # Some poskim say that one could be yotze the targum with an English translation of Rashi's commentary. <ref> The Taz 285:2 quoted by Mishna berurah 285:5 says that if you do not understand targum unkelos or Rashi you can read the tzena u'rena in german. Based on this Rav Moshe Feinstein quoted in Yagel Yaakov page 208 as well as Rav Moshe Shternbuch in his Teshuvot Vihanhagot 1:261: "vhiskamti" allow using an English translation of rashi if that is the best way for one to study and understand the parasha. </ref> | ||
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==Earliest and latest time== | ==Earliest and latest time== | ||
# One can begin to read the weekly Parsha once the congregation (Tzibbur) read the Parsha at Shabbat Mincha. <Ref> Rama (Darchei Moshe 285:1) quotes a dispute between the Mordechai who says one can begin to read Shenayim Mikra from mincha of Shabbat when the congregation begins to read that parsha and the Kol Bo who argues that one can not read it then because earlier that day the congregation read the previous parsha. S”A 285:3 writes that one can start on Sunday. S"A Harav 285:5 and Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 72:11 agree. The Mishna Brurah 285:7 explains that the language of Shulchan Aruch is imprecise and really one is permitted to start once the Tzibbur began reading the Parsha at [[Shabbat]] Mincha. Shaar HaTzion 285:12 notes that the opinion of the Kol Bo is a minority opinion. Kaf HaChaim 285:24 seems to agree. See Sh”t Yaskil Avdi O”C 5:39 and Sh”t Asse Lecha Rav 7:16. </ref> | # One can begin to read the weekly Parsha once the congregation (Tzibbur) read the Parsha at Shabbat Mincha. <Ref> Rama (Darchei Moshe 285:1) quotes a dispute between the Mordechai who says one can begin to read Shenayim Mikra from mincha of Shabbat when the congregation begins to read that parsha and the Kol Bo who argues that one can not read it then because earlier that day the congregation read the previous parsha. S”A 285:3 writes that one can start on Sunday. S"A Harav 285:5 and Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 72:11 agree. The Mishna Brurah 285:7 explains that the language of Shulchan Aruch is imprecise and really one is permitted to start once the Tzibbur began reading the Parsha at [[Shabbat]] Mincha. Shaar HaTzion 285:12 notes that the opinion of the Kol Bo is a minority opinion. Kaf HaChaim 285:24 seems to agree. See Sh”t Yaskil Avdi O”C 5:39 and Sh”t Asse Lecha Rav 7:16. </ref> | ||
# Some have the practice to do the Shenayim Mikrah on Friday afternoon. <Ref> Kitzur S”A 72:11. Orchot Rabbenu (pg 123) writes the minhag of the Stiepler was to read it once on Friday afternoon and once with the Bal Koreh. </ref> | # Some have the practice to do the Shenayim Mikrah on Friday afternoon. <Ref> Kitzur S”A 72:11 writes that ideally one should read Shenayim Mikra on Friday afternoon. Orchot Rabbenu (pg 123) writes the minhag of the Stiepler was to read it once on Friday afternoon and once with the Bal Koreh. </ref> | ||
# One should finish Shenayim Mikra VeEchad Targum by [[Shabbat]] lunch. <ref> Chayei Adam Shabbos 7:9, S"A HaRav 285:5, Aruch Hashulchan 285:8, Mishna Berura 285:9 and Biur Halacha "yashlim." The Shla quoted by the Magen Avraham 285:5-6 and the Arizal quoted by the Shaare Teshuva 285:1 say that one should finish by friday. </ref> If one didn’t complete it by lunch time one shouldn't delay lunch for Shnayim Mikrah rather one should finish it by Mincha of [[Shabbat]]. If one didn’t complete it by then one can fulfill it until Tuesday night. Some hold one can even complete it by that year’s Shemini Esret. <Ref> S”A 285:4, Mishna Brurah 285:9. See Kaf Chaim Palagi 27:4, Ben Ish Chai Lech Lecha 14. There are many opinions as to what is meant by until mincha. | # One should finish Shenayim Mikra VeEchad Targum by [[Shabbat]] lunch. <ref> Chayei Adam Shabbos 7:9, S"A HaRav 285:5, Aruch Hashulchan 285:8, Mishna Berura 285:9 and Biur Halacha "yashlim." The Shla quoted by the Magen Avraham 285:5-6 and the Arizal quoted by the Shaare Teshuva 285:1 say that one should finish by friday. </ref> If one didn’t complete it by lunch time one shouldn't delay lunch for Shnayim Mikrah rather one should finish it by Mincha of [[Shabbat]]. If one didn’t complete it by then one can fulfill it until Tuesday night. Some hold one can even complete it by that year’s Shemini Esret. <Ref> S”A 285:4, Mishna Brurah 285:9. See Kaf Chaim Palagi 27:4, Ben Ish Chai Lech Lecha 14. There are many opinions as to what is meant by until mincha. | ||
*Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Halichot Shlomo, Tefilla 12:35) and Rav Chaim Kanievsky (quoted in Halichot Chaim v. 1, p. 95) say that one can recite it until he prays mincha. | *Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Halichot Shlomo, Tefilla 12:35) and Rav Chaim Kanievsky (quoted in Halichot Chaim v. 1, p. 95) say that one can recite it until he prays mincha. | ||
