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Shnayim Mikra V'Echad Targum: Difference between revisions
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==Who is obligated?== | ==Who is obligated?== | ||
# All men have an obligation to read the parsha that the Tzibbur is currently reading (Parsha HaShavua) twice with the targum once. This mitzvah is called [[Shenayim Mikrah]] VeEchad Targum. <ref> Rav Huna Bar Yehuda in Gemara [[Brachot]] 8a says that a person should read the Parsha twice and Targum once. This is codified by the Rambam ([[ | # All men have an obligation to read the parsha that the Tzibbur is currently reading (Parsha HaShavua) twice with the targum once. This mitzvah is called [[Shenayim Mikrah]] VeEchad Targum. <ref> Rav Huna Bar Yehuda in Gemara [[Brachot]] 8a says that a person should read the Parsha twice and Targum once. This is codified by the Rambam ([[Tefillah]] 13:25), Tur, Shulchan Aruch 285:1, and Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 72:11. Mechilta Parshat Bo quoted by Bet Yosef 285:5 records that Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi commanded his sons to fulfill this obligation before [[Shabbat]] lunch. Aruch Hashulchan 285:2 writes that this obligation is an institution since the times of Moshe Rabbeinu. Sh”t Maharsham (1:213 "ulam" writes that this has become a real obligation. Baal Haturim Shemot 1:1, Levush 285:1, Pri Megadim MZ 285:1 bring a hint to this obligation from the first pasuk in sefer shemot from the first letter of each word in the pasuk. see there for the small variations in the hint. </ref> | ||
# Even someone who will hear the Torah reading in Shul must read [[Shenayim Mikra]]. <Ref> The Hagahot Maimoniot ([[Tefillah]] 3:24) quotes the Raavan who says that [[Shenayim Mikra]] is only an obligation for those who live in villages that don’t have Torah reading on [[Shabbat]], however, the Hagahot Maimon argues on the Raavan. The Rambam 13:25, Tur, and S”A 285:1 write explicitly that there’s an obligation of [[Shenayim Mikra]] even for someone who heard Torah reading in shul. </ref> | # Even someone who will hear the Torah reading in Shul must read [[Shenayim Mikra]]. <Ref> The Hagahot Maimoniot ([[Tefillah]] 3:24) quotes the Raavan who says that [[Shenayim Mikra]] is only an obligation for those who live in villages that don’t have Torah reading on [[Shabbat]], however, the Hagahot Maimon argues on the Raavan. The Rambam 13:25, Tur, and S”A 285:1 write explicitly that there’s an obligation of [[Shenayim Mikra]] even for someone who heard Torah reading in shul. </ref> | ||
# Even someone who is learned and wants to learn Talmud is obligated to read Shnayim Mikrah. <Ref> Teshuvot HaGeonim 7 in name of Rabbenu Matatya says that even a talmid chacham must complete Shenyaim Mikra VeEchad Targum. Sh”t Rashba 1:206 agrees. This is brought as Halacha in Chazon Ovadya ([[Shabbat]] 1 pg 300), Sh”t Igrot Moshe 5:17, Shulchan Lechem HaPanim (Siman 285), and Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 42:57. Kuntres Hilchot Shnayim Mikra VeChad Targum (Rabbi Sender, pg 10) writes that he saw Rav Elyashiv reading Shnayim Mikra even though he never wastes any time from [[learning Torah]]. Bikkurei Chaim (pg 39) writes that those who think that it’s [[Bitul Torah]] since they are capable of learning more in-depth should know that by spending more time on Shnayim Mikra they will be rewarded with long life ([[Brachot]] 8a). </ref> | # Even someone who is learned and wants to learn Talmud is obligated to read Shnayim Mikrah. <Ref> Teshuvot HaGeonim 7 in name of Rabbenu Matatya says that even a talmid chacham must complete Shenyaim Mikra VeEchad Targum. Sh”t Rashba 1:206 agrees. This is brought as Halacha in Chazon Ovadya ([[Shabbat]] 1 pg 300), Sh”t Igrot Moshe 5:17, Shulchan Lechem HaPanim (Siman 285), and Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 42:57. Kuntres Hilchot Shnayim Mikra VeChad Targum (Rabbi Sender, pg 10) writes that he saw Rav Elyashiv reading Shnayim Mikra even though he never wastes any time from [[learning Torah]]. Bikkurei Chaim (pg 39) writes that those who think that it’s [[Bitul Torah]] since they are capable of learning more in-depth should know that by spending more time on Shnayim Mikra they will be rewarded with long life ([[Brachot]] 8a). </ref> | ||
# Even someone who doesn’t understand Targum very well should still read Shnayim Mikra VeChad Targum.<Ref> Sh”t Yechave Daat 2:37, Yalkut Yosef (vol 1, pg 358), Kuntres Hilchot Shnayim Mikra VeChad Targum (Rabbi Sender, pg 12) quoting Rav Elyashiv, Shemirat [[Shabbat]] Kehilchata (chap 42, note 215)</ref> | # Even someone who doesn’t understand Targum very well should still read Shnayim Mikra VeChad Targum.<Ref> Sh”t Yechave Daat 2:37, Yalkut Yosef (vol 1, pg 358), Kuntres Hilchot Shnayim Mikra VeChad Targum (Rabbi Sender, pg 12) quoting Rav Elyashiv, Shemirat [[Shabbat]] Kehilchata (chap 42, note 215)</ref> Others hold that if one doesn't understand Targum one doesn't fulfill his obligation with reading Targum and instead should read Rashi.<ref>Chafetz Chaim in Likutei Maamarim Umichtavim n. 18</ref> | ||
# Women are exempt from Shnayim Mikrah. <Ref> Sh”t Mishna Halachot 6:60 writes that women are exempt from Shnayim Mikrah because many hold Shnayim Mikrah is included in the mitzvah of [[learning Torah]] from which woman are generally exempt. Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 42:60 and Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]] vol 1 pg 361) agree. See Mishna Brurah 282:12 who writes that even though woman aren't obligated in Talmud Torah they should listen to the [[Kriyat HaTorah]] but the minhag isn't be strict about this. Regarding women listening to kriyat hatorah see Aruch Hashulchan 282:11.</ref> A woman who wants to read Shnayim Mikrah may do so. <ref>Chazon Ovadyah ([[Shabbat]] vol 1, pg 328) </ref> | # Women are exempt from Shnayim Mikrah. <Ref> Sh”t Mishna Halachot 6:60 writes that women are exempt from Shnayim Mikrah because many hold Shnayim Mikrah is included in the mitzvah of [[learning Torah]] from which woman are generally exempt. Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 42:60 and Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]] vol 1 pg 361) agree. See Mishna Brurah 282:12 who writes that even though woman aren't obligated in Talmud Torah they should listen to the [[Kriyat HaTorah]] but the minhag isn't be strict about this. Regarding women listening to kriyat hatorah see Aruch Hashulchan 282:11.</ref> A woman who wants to read Shnayim Mikrah may do so. <ref>Chazon Ovadyah ([[Shabbat]] vol 1, pg 328) </ref> | ||
# A parent should teach his son to read [[Shnayim mikra]]. <ref> Sh”t [[Shevet Halevi]] 8:46, Sh”t Teshuvot V’Hanhagot 1:661, Halichot Shlomo [[Tefilla]] 12:36 </ref> | # A parent should teach his son to read [[Shnayim mikra]]. <ref> Sh”t [[Shevet Halevi]] 8:46, Sh”t Teshuvot V’Hanhagot 1:661, Halichot Shlomo [[Tefilla]] 12:36 </ref> | ||
# A sick, blind, or illiterate man is exempt but it’s preferable to hear it read from another person.<Ref> Sh”t Radvaz 3:425, Kaf HaChaim 285:9-10, Sh”t Mahari Shtif 18</ref> | # A sick, blind, or illiterate man is exempt but it’s preferable to hear it read from another person.<Ref> Sh”t Radvaz 3:425, Kaf HaChaim 285:9-10, Sh”t Mahari Shtif 18</ref> | ||
# A mourner within the first 7 days can read it but not with Rashi.<Ref> Sh”t Habit HaYehudi 3:36(15), SH”t Orchot Yosher Y”D 1:28.</ref> | # A mourner within the first 7 days can read it but not with Rashi.<Ref> Sh”t Habit HaYehudi 3:36(15), SH”t Orchot Yosher Y”D 1:28.</ref> | ||
# A teacher who teaches children the parsha and goes over the pesukim a few times he only needs to read targum to fulfill his obligation.<Ref> | # A teacher who teaches children the parsha and goes over the pesukim a few times he only needs to read targum to fulfill his obligation.<Ref> Shulchan Aruch O.C. 285:6, Mishna Brurah 285:16, Kaf Hachaim 285:32 adds that according Kabbalah it’s better to read it again all together without a break</ref> | ||
==What | ==What Pesukim and What Targum?== | ||
# The Targum Unkelos we have printed in regular Chumashim, which includes a Targum of every pasuk, can be used even for pesukim that are just names or places.<Ref>The Gemara [[Berachot]] 8a says that one should also read the pesukim of just names such as “Atarot VeDevon”. Rashi explains that the pasuk chosen by the gemara has a targum but isn’t so well know, the targum Yerushalmi. On these pesukim one should still read it twice with targum rather than reading it three times without targum. So writes the Talmedei Rabbenu Yonah, Ravyah ([[Brachot]] 22), Mordechai ([[Brachot]] 1:17), Tashbetz 184, Orchot Chaim pg 64b:3, Kol Bo 37, and Leket Yosher pg 55. Since nowadays our Targum is the Mechlalta UMalbusta which is a derivative of Targum Yerushalmi one should read the Targum for the third time. so holds the Badei Shulchan 10b:1, Rabbenu BeChay (end of Matot), and Elfasi Zuta ([[Brachot]] 8b).</ref> | # The Targum Unkelos we have printed in regular Chumashim, which includes a Targum of every pasuk, can be used even for pesukim that are just names or places.<Ref>The Gemara [[Berachot]] 8a says that one should also read the pesukim of just names such as “Atarot VeDevon”. Rashi explains that the pasuk chosen by the gemara has a targum but isn’t so well know, the targum Yerushalmi. On these pesukim one should still read it twice with targum rather than reading it three times without targum. So writes the Talmedei Rabbenu Yonah, Ravyah ([[Brachot]] 22), Mordechai ([[Brachot]] 1:17), Tashbetz 184, Orchot Chaim pg 64b:3, Kol Bo 37, and Leket Yosher pg 55. Since nowadays our Targum is the Mechlalta UMalbusta which is a derivative of Targum Yerushalmi one should read the Targum for the third time. so holds the Badei Shulchan 10b:1, Rabbenu BeChay (end of Matot), and Elfasi Zuta ([[Brachot]] 8b).</ref> | ||
# Rashi’s commentary also counts as Targum. A Yaare Shamayim should read also Targum Unkelos and Rashi <Ref> S”A 85:2, Mishna Brurah 285:6 says reading Unkelos is important since it was the targum of Torah given at har Sinai, and Rashi is also important since he includes the comments of Chazal. Sh”T Kinyan Torah 6:146 in name of Meharash that someone who learns Rashi on the Parsha every week is deserving of a portion of Olam Haba in Rashi’s Yeshiva. See Sh”t | # Rashi’s commentary also counts as Targum. A Yaare Shamayim should read also Targum Unkelos and Rashi <Ref> S”A 85:2, Mishna Brurah 285:6 says reading Unkelos is important since it was the targum of Torah given at har Sinai, and Rashi is also important since he includes the comments of Chazal. Sh”T Kinyan Torah 6:146 in name of Meharash that someone who learns Rashi on the Parsha every week is deserving of a portion of Olam Haba in Rashi’s Yeshiva. See Sh”t Shalmat Chaim 171. See also Michtavei Chafetz Chayim #18, where he says that nowadays we don't fulfill the mitzva with reading the targum and one must read rashi instead. </ref> | ||
# The pasuk Shema Yisrael can be said twice and then it’s Targum.<Ref> Maamar Mordechai 61:5 says since it’s recognizable that one is repeating every pasuk it’s not like he is acknowledging two deities (the issue with saying Shema twice usually see S”A 61:9). This is also the opinion of Sh”t Yam hagadol 3, Badei Shulchan 72:10, Sh”t Avnei Tzedek O”C 9, Divrei Menachem 61:2</ref> | # The pasuk Shema Yisrael can be said twice and then it’s Targum.<Ref> Maamar Mordechai 61:5 says since it’s recognizable that one is repeating every pasuk it’s not like he is acknowledging two deities (the issue with saying Shema twice usually see S”A 61:9). This is also the opinion of Sh”t Yam hagadol 3, Badei Shulchan 72:10, Sh”t Avnei Tzedek O”C 9, Divrei Menachem 61:2</ref> | ||
# One doesn’t need to do it on the [[Yom Tov]] reading, [[Rosh Chodesh]], or the four parshiot or any reading that’s not in the weekly parsha.<Ref> S”A 285:7, Mishna Brurah 285:18 and Kaf Hachaim 285: 35 explain that it’s because one is already completing the Torah by doing the weekly parsha. Kaf Hachaim 285:35, Sh”t Igrot Moshe O”C 3:40 extend this any time that’s not the regular weekly parsha. </ref> | # One doesn’t need to do it on the [[Yom Tov]] reading, [[Rosh Chodesh]], or the four parshiot or any reading that’s not in the weekly parsha.<Ref> S”A 285:7, Mishna Brurah 285:18 and Kaf Hachaim 285: 35 explain that it’s because one is already completing the Torah by doing the weekly parsha. Kaf Hachaim 285:35, Sh”t Igrot Moshe O”C 3:40 extend this any time that’s not the regular weekly parsha. </ref> | ||
# One should read the Haftorah of the weekly parsha even if the Haftorah read in shul is a special one for [[Rosh Chodesh]] or Zachor.<Ref>Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 72:11 writes that the minhag is to read the haftorah as well as the parsha. The Chida in Moreh Etzbah 4:131-2 writes that one should read the weekly Haftorah even if a special one is being read in shul. Kaf Hachaim 285:36 and Ben Ish Chai Lech Lecha 11 agree.</ref> | # One should read the Haftorah of the weekly parsha even if the Haftorah read in shul is a special one for [[Rosh Chodesh]] or Zachor.<Ref>Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 72:11 writes that the minhag is to read the haftorah as well as the parsha. The Chida in Moreh Etzbah 4:131-2 writes that one should read the weekly Haftorah even if a special one is being read in shul. Kaf Hachaim 285:36 and Ben Ish Chai Lech Lecha 11 agree.</ref> | ||
# Some poskim say that one could be yotze the targum with an English translation of Rashi's commentary. <ref> The Taz 285:2 quoted by Mishna | # Some poskim say that one could be yotze the targum with an English translation of Rashi's commentary. <ref> The Taz 285:2 quoted by Mishna Berurah 285:5 says that if you do not understand targum unkelos or Rashi you can read the tzena u'rena in german. Based on this Rav Moshe Feinstein (quoted in Yagel Yaakov page 208 and in Dirshu Mishna Brura 285: note 15), as well as Rav Moshe Shternbuch in his Teshuvot Vihanhagot 1:261: "vhiskamti" allow using an English translation of rashi if that is the best way for one to study and understand the parasha. </ref> | ||
==How should one read it?== | ==How should one read it?== | ||
