Shabbat Davenings: Difference between revisions
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==Kabbalat Shabbat== | ==Kabbalat Shabbat== | ||
# Many sepharadim have the minhag to read the megilla of Shir Hashirim every Friday night. <ref> [http://www.dailyhalacha.com/m/halacha.aspx?id=2504 Rabbi Eli Mansour] see there for potential reasons and importance </ref> | ===Shir Hashirim=== | ||
# The minhag is to say Bemeh Madlikin before [[Arvit]] on Friday night. <ref>Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 76:9</ref> | # Many sepharadim have the minhag to read the megilla of Shir Hashirim every Friday night.<ref> [http://www.dailyhalacha.com/m/halacha.aspx?id=2504 Rabbi Eli Mansour] see there for potential reasons and importance of reciting shir hashirim on Friday night.</ref> | ||
# Bemeh Madlikin isn't said if [[Yom Tov]] falls on Friday or [[Shabbat]] or on [[Shabbat]] [[Chol HaMoed]].<ref>Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 76:9</ref>Sephardim don't say Bemeh Madlikin on [[Shabbat]] [[Chanuka]], and if [[Yom Kippur]] falls out on [[Shabbat]]. <ref>Rav Mordechai Eliyahu (comments to Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 76:11</ref> | ===Bameh Madlikin=== | ||
# The minhag is to say Bemeh Madlikin before [[Arvit]] on Friday night.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C .270:1, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 76:9</ref> | |||
# Bemeh Madlikin isn't said if [[Yom Tov]] falls on Friday or [[Shabbat]] or on [[Shabbat]] [[Chol HaMoed]].<ref>Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 76:9</ref>Sephardim don't say Bemeh Madlikin on [[Shabbat]] [[Chanuka]], and if [[Yom Kippur]] falls out on [[Shabbat]]. <ref> Rav Mordechai Eliyahu (comments to Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 76:11)</ref> | |||
===Mizmor Shir Lyom Hashabbat=== | |||
# The minhag is to say Mizmor Shir Lyom Hashabbat and Hashem Melech at the end of Kabbalat Shabbat.<Ref>Rivevot Efraim 1:188 writes that saying Mizmor Shir Lyom Hashabbat and Hashem Melech isn't found in the sources that describe kabbalat shabbat including Rav Moshe Kardevero, Yosef Ometz, and the Aruch Hashulchan. However, it is in the Siddur Yavetz. Sh"t Rambam (Blau n. 168) records a minhag to recite Mizmor Shir Lyom Hashabbat Friday night and it sounds like it is said before [[Maariv]].</ref> | |||
# If a congregation said kaddish after Mizmor Shir Lyom Hashabbat before Hashem Melech they don't need to say it again after finishing Hashem Melech.<ref>Rivevot Efraim 1:188 explains that once you said kaddish once there is no more establishment to add another one.</ref> | |||
===Lecha Dodi=== | |||
# If the entrance isn't to the west one should still turn to the west when one is saying Boyi Kallah, however, if the congregation turns to the door it can make sense since they're doing so for the sake of Shabbat. <ref>Igrot Moshe 3:45</ref> | |||
==Friday night== | ==Friday night== | ||
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===Vayichulu=== | ===Vayichulu=== | ||
The principal sanctification of [[Shabbat]] is consummated with the recitation of the "Vayechulu" passage. Based on mystical considerations, the Vayechulu passage is to be recited no less than three times<ref>Kaf Hachaim 268:33</ref> on Friday night. It is recited twice within the course of the [[Maariv]] [[prayer]] and the again at home as part of the [[Kiddush]].<ref>[[Shabbat]] 119b, Rambam [[Shabbat]] 29:7</ref> We are taught that one who says Vayechulu on Friday night is considered to be a partner with God in creation.<ref>[[Shabbat]] 119b, See Likutei Maharan II:8</ref> So too, it is in merit of the recitation of Vayechulu that one is provided with the two escorting angels<ref>[[Shabbat]] 119b</ref> and additionally all of one's sins are forgiven.<ref>[[Shabbat]] 119b. The Abudraham suggests that the word ‘asher’ which appears three times in the Vayechulu also appears three times in the portion of the red heifer thereby connecting the two, with the | The principal sanctification of [[Shabbat]] is consummated with the recitation of the "Vayechulu" passage. Based on mystical considerations, the Vayechulu passage is to be recited no less than three times<ref>Kaf Hachaim 268:33</ref> on Friday night. It is recited twice within the course of the [[Maariv]] [[prayer]] and the again at home as part of the [[Kiddush]].<ref>[[Shabbat]] 119b, Rambam [[Shabbat]] 29:7, Shulchan Aruch OC 268:1</ref> We are taught that one who says Vayechulu on Friday night is considered to be a partner with God in creation.<ref>[[Shabbat]] 119b, See Likutei Maharan II:8</ref> So too, it is in merit of the recitation of Vayechulu that one is provided with the two escorting angels<ref>[[Shabbat]] 119b</ref> and additionally all of one's sins are forgiven.<ref>[[Shabbat]] 119b. The Abudraham suggests that the word ‘asher’ which appears three times in the Vayechulu also appears three times in the portion of the red heifer thereby connecting the two, with the red heifer being the ultimate source of purity and forgiveness from sin. </ref> | ||
So important is this passage, that according to most authorizes, once one has recited Vayechulu one has discharged one's true obligation of reciting [[Kiddush]]. The common custom of reciting the [[Kiddush]] at home over a cup of wine is essentially a rabbinical enactment and not necessarily a pre-requisite for fulfilling the Torah's mitzva of [[Kiddush]].<ref>Rambam [[Shabbat]] 29:6, Magen Avraham 271:1, but see Rabbi Akiva Eiger ad loc.</ref> Some authorities however do not consider [[Kiddush]] properly discharged until it is recited over a cup of wine.<ref>Rashi;[[Berachot]] 25b, Rabbi Akiva Eiger, ad loc.</ref> The recitation of [[Kiddush]] at home, in addition to repetition of Vayechulu, also recalls the exodus from Egypt. There are several authorities who argue that one has not truly fulfilled the mitzva of [[Kiddush]] unless one has made reference to the Exodus in the [[Kiddush]].<ref>Pesachim 117b</ref> | So important is this passage, that according to most authorizes, once one has recited Vayechulu one has discharged one's true obligation of reciting [[Kiddush]]. The common custom of reciting the [[Kiddush]] at home over a cup of wine is essentially a rabbinical enactment and not necessarily a pre-requisite for fulfilling the Torah's mitzva of [[Kiddush]].<ref>Rambam [[Shabbat]] 29:6, Magen Avraham 271:1, but see Rabbi Akiva Eiger ad loc.</ref> Some authorities however do not consider [[Kiddush]] properly discharged until it is recited over a cup of wine.<ref>Rashi;[[Berachot]] 25b, Rabbi Akiva Eiger, ad loc.</ref> The recitation of [[Kiddush]] at home, in addition to repetition of Vayechulu, also recalls the exodus from Egypt. There are several authorities who argue that one has not truly fulfilled the mitzva of [[Kiddush]] unless one has made reference to the Exodus in the [[Kiddush]].<ref>Pesachim 117b</ref> | ||
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It is noted that reciting Vayechulu three times on Friday night contains within it deep kabbalistic secrets.<ref>Kaf Hachaim 268:33,35</ref> If one is in the midst of reciting the silent Amida when the congregation about to recite Vayechulu together, one should aim to recite the Vayechulu of one's Amida along with the congregation, if possible.<ref>Halichot Shlomo I 14:5, Tzitz Eliezer 14:24</ref> Talking during the public recitation of Vayechulu is strictly forbidden.<ref>O.C. 268:12, Mishna Brurah 56:1</ref> | It is noted that reciting Vayechulu three times on Friday night contains within it deep kabbalistic secrets.<ref>Kaf Hachaim 268:33,35</ref> If one is in the midst of reciting the silent Amida when the congregation about to recite Vayechulu together, one should aim to recite the Vayechulu of one's Amida along with the congregation, if possible.<ref>Halichot Shlomo I 14:5, Tzitz Eliezer 14:24</ref> Talking during the public recitation of Vayechulu is strictly forbidden.<ref>O.C. 268:12, Mishna Brurah 56:1</ref> | ||
==Me'ayn Sheva== | |||
# The blessing of Magen Avot/me'ayn sheva, recited after the amidah on Friday night, is only said in an established | ===Me'ayn Sheva=== | ||
# The blessing of Magen Avot/me'ayn sheva, recited after the amidah on Friday night, is only said in an established shul. An ad hoc minyan in a home does not recite Magen Avot since it was only established to wait for latecomers and in an ad hoc minyan this isn't a concern.<ref>Shabbat 24b, Shulchan Aruch OC 268:10</ref> If a minyan is made in a home every Friday night there is a dispute in the poskim if this is enough to require me'ayn sheva. Some contend that the minyan must also have a Torah scroll present in order to recite Magen Avot. <ref>Shulchan Aruch OC 268:10 writes that since me'ayn sheva was only established because of latecomers, if it isn't an established minyan it isn't said. Taz 268:8 writes that a place which was established to daven there sometimes is considered established for the purposes of me'ayn sheva. Mishna Brurah 268:24 based on the Eliya Rabba writes that it is only considered an established minyan if it is established for a few days and has a sefer torah. Rivivot Ephraim 1:190 . See also [http://eretzhemdah.org/newsletterArticle.asp?lang=en&pageid=48&cat=7&newsletter=440&article=1652 Eretz Hemda]. </ref> | |||
# The minhag of the old city of Yerushalayim is to say Magen Avot/me'ayn sheva even at a non-established shul.<ref>Ben Ish Chai (Shana Sheni, Vayera 10) writes that me'ayn sheva can be said even at a temporary shul based on kabbalistic reasons. He writes that this was the minhag of Yerushalayim from the time of the Rashash and he personally extended this minhag to Baghdad. Kaf Hachaim 268:3 quotes this. However, Chazon Ovadia (Aveilut v. 3 p. 41) argues that since it is a question of a bracha levatala it should only be said in the old city of Yerushalayim which because of its holiness is completely like a shul.</ref> | |||
==Shacharit== | ==Shacharit== | ||
# The minhag is to have davening later on Shabbat but to be careful not to miss the time for kriyat shema.<ref>Rama OC 281:1, Mishna Brurah 281:1</ref> | |||
# The minhag is to extend davening on Shabbat with zemirot in davening and one shouldn't protest even because of bitul torah but they shouldn't extend so late because it is forbidden to fast past midday.<ref>Rama OC 281:1</ref> | |||
# Nishmat is a special tefillah added to pesukei dzimrah on Shabbat.<ref>Kaf Hachaim 281:8 writes about how nishmat is a very special tefillah. There is a segulah if a person is in danger to take upon himself to say Nishmat before ten people if he is saved from that danger. The gematria of the first letters of the first three words adds up to 78 which is 3 times 26. The gematria of the second and third word add up to 68 which is chayim and a combination of 3 of Hashem's names. It is kabbalistically in place of wearing tefillin on Shabbat and therefore it is important that it is said before shema.</ref> | |||
# In Nishmat, one shouldn't bow when one recites the words "ולך אנחנו מודים" since one shouldn't add to the established institutions of bowing of chazal.<ref>Shulchan Aruch 281:1</ref> | |||
# Some stand for the words of Nishmat Kol Chay since one is accepting part of their additional neshama for Shabbat then.<ref>Kaf Hachaim 51:23</ref> | |||
# If someone forgot to say Nishmat in pesukei dzimrah he doesn't need to make it up after davening.<ref>Mishna Brurah 281:3</ref> | |||
# There are seven aliyot on Shabbat. According to Sephardim it is permitted to add hosafot<ref>Shulchan Aruch 282:1. See Kaf Hachaim 282:10-11 who writes that because of the Tashbetz it is better not to add hosafot but those who do have what to rely upon. Also, adding hosafot after chamishi which just repeat pesukim is preferable and the minhag of Egypt.</ref>, however, Ashkenazim try not to add hosafot.<ref>Mishna Brurah 282:4</ref> | |||
# If there is a double parsha the gabbay should try to arrange that three and a half of the main seven aliyot are from each parsha.<ref>Mishna Brurah 282:5</ref> | |||
==Mussaf== | ==Mussaf== | ||
# If [[Rosh Chodesh]] is coming up in the next week, before [[Mussaf]] the congregation says the bracha for the new moon and announces the [[rosh chodesh]]. <ref> see next note</ref> | # If [[Rosh Chodesh]] is coming up in the next week, before [[Mussaf]] the congregation says the bracha for the new moon and announces the [[rosh chodesh]]. <ref> see next note</ref> | ||
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# Before taking out the sefer torah, the congregation says the pasuk "VaAni Tefilati". <Ref>Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 76:14</ref> | # Before taking out the sefer torah, the congregation says the pasuk "VaAni Tefilati". <Ref>Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 76:14</ref> | ||
# After [[Shmoneh Esrei]] the minhag is to say "Tzidkatcha Tzedek". If it is a day that had it been a weekday they wouldn't have said [[Tachanun]], they don't say Tzidkatcha at [[mincha]].<ref>Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 76:15</ref> | # After [[Shmoneh Esrei]] the minhag is to say "Tzidkatcha Tzedek". If it is a day that had it been a weekday they wouldn't have said [[Tachanun]], they don't say Tzidkatcha at [[mincha]].<ref>Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 76:15</ref> | ||
# In the shemoneh esrei of Shabbat, the practice is to say וינוחו בה on friday fight, וינוחו בו on Shabbat morning, and וינוחו בם in Mincha on Shabbat afternoon.<ref> Sheyarei Knesset Hagedola 268:2, Magen Avraham 268:3, Kitzur S"A 76:3. Aruch Hashulchan 268:14 explains that in the Torah there is a feminine way of referring to evening (ליל) therefore we say "בה" then. Day (יום) is only masculine in the Torah therefore we say "בו". Mincha time which is close to the evening yet is still day we say "בם" which includes both. see also [https://books.google.com/books?id=BskCNUhALp8C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false The World of Prayer: Commentary and Translation of the Siddur, Volume 1] pg. 17</ref> Some poskim write that if you are going to recite וינוחו בם in Mincha you should say שבתות קדשך so that the plural form is consistent.<ref> Nefesh Harav pg. 165. Chacham Ovadia Yosef (Yechave Daat 5:30) writes that ideally one should use וינוחו בו but if you are going to use וינוחו בם, you must say שבתות קדשך </ref> Others write that you should simply use וינוחו בו during Mincha as well.<ref> Sh"t Yechave Daat 5:30, Yalkut Yosef Shabbat vol. 1 pg. 211 </ref> | |||
==Saying the weekday [[Shmoneh Esrei]] by mistake== | ==Saying the weekday [[Shmoneh Esrei]] by mistake== | ||
# If one made a mistake and began a weekday bracha on [[Shabbat]], one should finish that bracha and then continue from the middle bracha of the [[Shabbat]] Shemona Esrei. <Ref>Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 76:16</ref> | # If one made a mistake and began a weekday bracha on [[Shabbat]], one should finish that bracha and then continue from the middle bracha of the [[Shabbat]] Shemona Esrei. <Ref>Gemara Brachot 21a, Shulchan Aruch 268:2, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 76:16</ref> | ||
# If one made a mistake and said Atta as the first word of [[Atta Chonen]] and then remembers that it is [[Shabbat]], if it is for [[Mariv]] on Friday night or [[Mincha]] on [[Shabbat]] day then one should continue with Kidashta for [[Mariv]] and Echad for [[Mincha]] since those [[brachot]] begin with Atta. If it is [[Shacharit]] and one already said Atta, if one said Atta because one forgot that it was [[Shabbat]] one should finish [[Atta Chonen]] and continue with Yismach, however, if one remembered that it was [[Shabbat]] and by habit said Atta, one should continue with Yismach Moshe. <ref>Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 76:17</ref> | # If one made a mistake and said Atta as the first word of [[Atta Chonen]] and then remembers that it is [[Shabbat]], if it is for [[Mariv]] on Friday night or [[Mincha]] on [[Shabbat]] day then one should continue with Kidashta for [[Mariv]] and Echad for [[Mincha]] since those [[brachot]] begin with Atta. If it is [[Shacharit]] and one already said Atta, if one said Atta because one forgot that it was [[Shabbat]] one should finish [[Atta Chonen]] and continue with Yismach, however, if one remembered that it was [[Shabbat]] and by habit said Atta, one should continue with Yismach Moshe. <ref>Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 76:17</ref> | ||
# If one made a mistake and began a weekday Shemona Esrei bracha during [[Mussaf]], one should stop even in middle of the bracha and continue with Tikanta [[Shabbat]].<ref>Shulchan Aruch 268:2, Kaf HaChaim 268:9, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 76:19. See also [[Mussaf]]. </ref> | # If one made a mistake and began a weekday Shemona Esrei bracha during [[Mussaf]], one should stop even in middle of the bracha and continue with Tikanta [[Shabbat]].<ref>Shulchan Aruch 268:2, Kaf HaChaim 268:9, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 76:19. See also [[Mussaf]]. </ref> | ||
# If one made a mistake and said the entire weekday Shemona Esrei, one hasn't fulfilled his [[obligation to pray]] Shemona Esrei of [[Shabbat]], so he has to start from the beginning. <ref>Shulchan Aruch 268:4-5</ref> If | # If one made a mistake and said the entire weekday Shemona Esrei, one hasn't fulfilled his [[obligation to pray]] Shemona Esrei of [[Shabbat]], so he has to start from the beginning. <ref>Shulchan Aruch 268:4-5</ref> | ||
# If someone isn't sure if he said a weekday or Shabbat Tefillah after he finished according to Ashkenazim he should repeat Shemona Esrei since he likely didn't say the Shabbat Tefillah since he is accustomed to the weekday Tefillah.<ref>Mishna Brurah 268:9</ref> According to Sephardim he shouldn't repeat it since he might have said it considering the fact that he was aware that it was Shabbat.<ref>Kaf Hachaim 268:19</ref> | |||
==Switching the Shabbat Tefillot== | |||
# If someone switched up the tefillot of Arvit, Shacharit, or Mincha with one another he fulfilled his obligation after the fact. For example, if at Shabbat Mincha he said Yismach Moshe and realized after Shemona Esrei he fulfilled his obligation.<ref>Shulchan Aruch 268:6 based on Shibolei Haleket no. 128</ref> | |||
# If during the time of Mussaf someone said another tefillah of Shabbat by accident one didn't fulfill one's obligation since Mussaf requires mentioning the Korban Mussaf which the other tefillot don't do.<ref>Shulchan Aruch 268:6 based on Shibolei Haleket no. 128. Even though the Shulchan Aruch only quotes this as a minority opinion, Mishna Brurah 268:15 quotes the Achronim who say that it is unanimously accepted. Kaf Hachaim 268:29-30 agrees unlike the Chida. </ref> Ideally he should try to hear the Shaliach Tzibur and fulfill his obligation with him.<ref>Kaf Hachaim 268:29</ref> | |||
# Additionally, if at the time of another tefillah someone accidentally said Mussaf he didn't fulfill his obligation since he mentioned the Mussaf korban it would a lie to consider it another tefillah. However, if at Shacharit he mistakenly said the Mussaf tefillah he did fulfill Mussaf so he should only say Shacharit afterwards and not Mussaf again.<ref>Mishna Brurah 268:17, Yalkut Yosef 268:9</ref> Ideally he should try to hear the Shaliach Tzibur and fulfill his obligation with him.<ref>Kaf Hachaim 268:30, Yalkut Yosef 268:9</ref> | |||
==Personal Requests== | ==Personal Requests== | ||
# One should refrain from making any personal requests in [[davening]] on [[Shabbat]] | # One should refrain from making any personal requests in [[davening]] on [[Shabbat]] because that is a violation of having Oneg Shabbat and removing all of one's anxieties on Shabbat.<ref>The Yerushalmi Shabbat 15:3 78b writes that it is forbidden to ask for requests on Shabbat. The Korban Haedah explains that it is because as part of Oneg Shabbat a person should consider that all of his needs are taken care of and making requests shows that isn't the case and it indeed furthers his anxiety. Midrash Vayikra Rabba 34:16 indicates the prohibition of not asking for needs on Shabbat is based on the halacha of Memso Chefsacha, not speaking about one's business on Shabbat. The Yerushalmi is cited by the Ran Shabbat 42b s.v. vedaber and Rosh Brachot 7:22. Shulchan Aruch 188:4 cites a ramification of the Yerushalmi as halacha.</ref> | ||
# If the request is part of the established texts such as the HaRachaman's in [[benching]] it is permitted to recite them on Shabbat. <ref>Yerushalmi Shabbat 15:3 clarifies that reciting the text of Rachem in Birkat Hamazon as one does during the week is permitted since that is the established text of the bracha. This is codified by the Rosh Brachot 7:22 and Shulchan Aruch 188:4. The Mishna Brurah 188:9 extends this to reciting the Harachaman's after Birkat Hamazon.</ref> | |||
# Some say it is permitted to ask for spiritual needs on Shabbat. <ref>Ohel Moed Shabbat 1:4 writes that even though it is forbidden to make requests on Shabbat that is only for matters of business or the like but not for spiritual needs such as Teshuva.</ref> | |||
# Some suggest that this doesn't apply to Yom Tov. <ref>Magen Avraham 128:70</ref> | |||
==If one forgot to say Mincha on Friday afternoon== | ==If one forgot to say Mincha on Friday afternoon== | ||
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See the [[Atta_Chonantanu]] page. | See the [[Atta_Chonantanu]] page. | ||
==Singing Zemirot== | ==Singing Zemirot== | ||
# | see [[The_meals_of_Shabbat#Shabbat_Zemirot|Shabbat Zemirot]] | ||
==Learning on Shabbat== | ==Learning on Shabbat== | ||
# People who work during the week should make an extra effort to learn Torah on [[Shabbat]] and [[Yom Tov]]. <ref>Kitzur S”A 77:24 </ref> | # People who work during the week should make an extra effort to learn Torah on [[Shabbat]] and [[Yom Tov]]. <ref>Kitzur S”A 77:24 </ref> | ||
