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Rosh Hashana: Difference between revisions
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==Customs of Erev Rosh Hashana== | ==Customs of Erev Rosh Hashana== | ||
# There are five main customs observed on [[Erev Rosh Hashana]]: 1) | # There are five main customs observed on [[Erev Rosh Hashana]]: 1) Laundering one's clothing for Rosh Hashana. 2) Cutting one's hair. 3) Dipping in the mikveh. 4) Visiting the cemetery. 5) Giving [[tzedaka]].<ref>Shulchan Aruch and Rama OC 581:4</ref> | ||
' | #The reason that the custom is to put on freshly laundered clothing and get a haircut on Erev Rosh Hashana is to show our confidence in Hashem's mercy in our judgement.<ref>The custom of wearing freshly laundered clothing on Rosh Hashana and taking a haircut on Erev Rosh Hashana is based on the Yerushalmi Rosh Hashana 1:3. The Yerushalmi explains that unlike a typical person who is getting ready for judgment, the Jewish people wear fancy, white clothing and get haircuts because we have confidence in God's kindness and the outcome of the decision. </ref> | ||
===Tachanun=== | ===Tachanun=== | ||
# [[Tachanun]] is not recited on [[Erev Rosh Hashana]] for [[Shacharit]] or [[Mincha]], even though during [[Selichot]] which are said by night or at least before [[Netz]] Hachama we do recite the yud gimmel [[middot]] and the nefilat apayim.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 581:3, Kaf HaChaim on Shulchan Arukh, OC 581:73, Chazon Ovadia (Yamim Noraim page 46). <br> | # [[Tachanun]] is not recited on [[Erev Rosh Hashana]] for [[Shacharit]] or [[Mincha]], even though during [[Selichot]] which are said by night or at least before [[Netz]] Hachama we do recite the yud gimmel [[middot]] and the nefilat apayim.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 581:3, Kaf HaChaim on Shulchan Arukh, OC 581:73, Chazon Ovadia (Yamim Noraim page 46). <br> | ||
Mishna Brura 581:23 adds based on the Magen Avraham that even if the Selichot continue past Alot Hashachar, since they are typically said before that you would recite the Tachanun during Selichot. Kaf Hachaim 581:73 agrees. </ref> | Mishna Brura 581:23 adds based on the Magen Avraham that even if the Selichot continue past Alot Hashachar, since they are typically said before that you would recite the Tachanun during Selichot. Kaf Hachaim 581:73 agrees. </ref> | ||
# On the day before [[Erev Rosh Hashana]], [[tachanun]] is recited at [[mincha]]. <ref>Yalkut Yosef (Moadim page 21), Kaf Hachayim 581:74, Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim pg. 46 </ref> | # On the day before [[Erev Rosh Hashana]], [[tachanun]] is recited at [[mincha]].<ref>Yalkut Yosef (Moadim page 21), Kaf Hachayim 581:74, Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim pg. 46 </ref> | ||
# We do not blow the [[shofar]] on Erev Rosh Hashana and if one needs to practice blowing for the holiday, he should do so in a private room. <ref>Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 21 </ref> | # We do not blow the [[shofar]] on Erev Rosh Hashana and if one needs to practice blowing for the holiday, he should do so in a private room.<ref>Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 21 </ref> | ||
===Lashes=== | ===Lashes=== | ||
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===Dipping in the Mikveh=== | ===Dipping in the Mikveh=== | ||
# The custom is to dip in a mikveh on Erev Rosh Hashana in honor of Rosh Hashana. <ref> Rama 581:4 </ref>However this isn't required according to the law and therefore a beracha isn't recited and the laws aren't as strict. <ref>Chacham Ovadia Yosef (Chazon Ovadia pg. 57 and Halichot Olam 2: page 225), Moed Likol Chai 12:11 based on the Rosh (Yoma 8:24) who quotes Rav Saadya Gaon who says to recite a beracha on going to the mikveh on Erev Yom Kippur and argues strongly. <br> | # The custom is to dip in a mikveh on Erev Rosh Hashana in honor of Rosh Hashana.<ref> Rama 581:4 </ref> However this isn't required according to the law and therefore a beracha isn't recited and the laws aren't as strict.<ref>Chacham Ovadia Yosef (Chazon Ovadia pg. 57 and Halichot Olam 2: page 225), Moed Likol Chai 12:11 based on the Rosh (Yoma 8:24) who quotes Rav Saadya Gaon who says to recite a beracha on going to the mikveh on Erev Yom Kippur and argues strongly. | ||
<br> See Chazon Ovadia pg. 59 in the note where he writes that if it is difficult for someone on Erev Rosh Hashana, can be lenient since the Shulchan Aruch only mentions the custom to go on Erev Yom Kippur</ref> If one cannot make it to a mikveh, he should try to spill 9 kav (approximately 12 liters) of water over himself, even if in the shower.<ref>Yalkut Yosef (Moadim page 22), Chazon Ovadia (Yamim Noraim page 51, 57). </ref> | |||
# A woman within her seven clean days of[[niddah]] and single women shouldn't go to the mikveh on Erev Rosh Hashana or Erev Yom Kippur. <ref>Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim page 59, although the Magen Avraham O.C. 606:8 does mention a practice of single women to go to the mikveh on Erev Yom Kippur for teshuva. </ref> | # A woman within her seven clean days of [[niddah]] and single women shouldn't go to the mikveh on Erev Rosh Hashana or Erev Yom Kippur.<ref>Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim page 59, although the Magen Avraham O.C. 606:8 does mention a practice of single women to go to the mikveh on Erev Yom Kippur for teshuva. </ref> | ||
#A person should try to do to the mikveh an hour before chatzot (midday) or after on Erev Rosh Hashana.<Ref>Mishna Brurah 581:26</ref> | |||
#If a person was together with his wife Rosh Hashana night he should go again to the mikveh on Rosh Hashana morning.<ref>Mishna Brurah 581:26</ref> | |||
===Hatarat Nedarim=== | ===Hatarat Nedarim=== | ||
See [[Hatarat_Nedarim#Yamim_Noraim|Hatarat Nedarim - Yamim Noraim]] | |||
==Candle Lighting== | ==Candle Lighting== | ||
See [[Hadlakat_Nerot_of_Yom_Tov|Hadlakat Nerot of Yom Tov]] | |||
# The | # The bracha on candle lighting for Rosh Hashana is "''Baruch Attah... LeHadlik Ner Shel Yom Tov''", without mention of "''Yom Hazikaron''."<ref>Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim pg. 62. see there where he writes that it wouldn't be a problem of a [[hefsek]] between the beracha and the candle lighting to mention yom hazikaron, but lechatchila one shouldn't do say it. </ref> | ||
# When Rosh Hashana falls out on a Friday night, the beracha for candle lighting is Lehadlik Ner shel Shabbat ViYom Tov.<ref> Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim pg. 62 </ref> | # When Rosh Hashana falls out on a Friday night, the beracha for candle lighting is Lehadlik Ner shel Shabbat ViYom Tov.<ref> Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim pg. 62 </ref> | ||
# Sephardic women do not recite Shehecheyanu when lighting candles. Instead, they should have in mind to fulfill their obligation when they listen to Shehecheyanu during Kiddush.<ref> Chacham Ovadia Yosef (Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim pg. 62 and Shu"t Yechave Daat 3:34), Chesed La'alafim 263:5 </ref> Most ashkenaz women do recite shehecheyanu with candle lighting.<ref> see [https://www.torahmusings.com/2014/10/yom-tov-candles-women-shehecheyanu/ Rabbi Ari Enkin] </ref> | # Sephardic women do not recite Shehecheyanu when lighting candles. Instead, they should have in mind to fulfill their obligation when they listen to Shehecheyanu during Kiddush.<ref> Chacham Ovadia Yosef (Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim pg. 62 and Shu"t Yechave Daat 3:34), Chesed La'alafim 263:5 </ref> Most ashkenaz women do recite shehecheyanu with candle lighting.<ref> see [https://www.torahmusings.com/2014/10/yom-tov-candles-women-shehecheyanu/ Rabbi Ari Enkin] </ref> | ||
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===Beginning Shacharit=== | ===Beginning Shacharit=== | ||
#There is a well known minhag that the [[Shaliach Tzibur]] for Shacharit, standing at his seat, begins his tefillah by singing out the ה in the word HaMelech in a melody. Once he completes the word, he approaches the amud and continues the rest of the sentence. <ref>Aruch HaShulchan, Orach Chaim 584:1, Shu"t Menachem Meishiv Siman 91 on reciting the word HaMelech before approaching the amud. | #There is a well known minhag that the [[Shaliach Tzibur]] for Shacharit, standing at his seat, begins his tefillah by singing out the ה in the word HaMelech in a melody. Once he completes the word, he approaches the amud and continues the rest of the sentence.<ref>Aruch HaShulchan, Orach Chaim 584:1, Shu"t Menachem Meishiv Siman 91 on reciting the word HaMelech before approaching the amud. | ||
The sefer Minhag Yisrael Torah explains the minhag to sing the ה in a melody comes from the Gemara in Mesechet Menachot (daf 29) that Olam HaZeh (this world) was created with the letter ה as it is a letter with a large gap on the bottom and a smaller gap towards the top. Those who wish to descend down a wayward path can do so with ease, while those who wish to repent and elevate themselves will be exalted amongst their peers. Similarly, the Shaliach Tzibur should request in his tefillot that Hashem should create an opening to receive our Teshuva.</ref> | The sefer Minhag Yisrael Torah explains the minhag to sing the ה in a melody comes from the Gemara in Mesechet Menachot (daf 29) that Olam HaZeh (this world) was created with the letter ה as it is a letter with a large gap on the bottom and a smaller gap towards the top. Those who wish to descend down a wayward path can do so with ease, while those who wish to repent and elevate themselves will be exalted amongst their peers. Similarly, the Shaliach Tzibur should request in his tefillot that Hashem should create an opening to receive our Teshuva.</ref> | ||
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===HaMelech HaKadosh=== | ===HaMelech HaKadosh=== | ||
#If one forgot to switch from Atta Kadosh to HaMelech HaKadosh the first night of Rosh Hashana one doesn't have to repeat [[Shmoneh Esrei]] as long as one said the [[Yom Tov]] [[Shmoneh Esrei]], however, if one said the weekday [[Shmoneh Esrei]] or on the day of Rosh Hashana or the second night of Rosh Hashana one should repeat [[Shmoneh Esrei]]. <ref>Chaye Adam 24:10, Sh"t Igrot Moshe 1:170 | #If one forgot to switch from Atta Kadosh to HaMelech HaKadosh the first night of Rosh Hashana one doesn't have to repeat [[Shmoneh Esrei]] as long as one said the [[Yom Tov]] [[Shmoneh Esrei]], however, if one said the weekday [[Shmoneh Esrei]] or on the day of Rosh Hashana or the second night of Rosh Hashana one should repeat [[Shmoneh Esrei]].<ref>Chaye Adam 24:10, Sh"t Igrot Moshe 1:170. [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/764351/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/Inyanei_Rosh_Hashanah Rabbi Hershel Schachter in a shuir (min 43-45:30)] explains the dispute. In Batei Yosef (p. 20), Rav Schachter is quoted as saying safek brachot lhakel and one should not repeat shemona esrei.</ref> Some disagree and hold that one needs to repeat Shemona Esrei.<ref>Mishna Brurah (Shaar Hatziyun 582:4). Rav Chaim Pinchas Sheinberg in Moriah Elul 5759 22:10-12 p. 100 writes that one doesn't fulfill one's obligation since the theme of Malchut is a main theme of Shemona Esrei.</ref> | ||
===Yaaleh Veyavo=== | ===Yaaleh Veyavo=== | ||
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===Text of the Bracha=== | ===Text of the Bracha=== | ||
#The proper beracha is lishmoa kol [[shofar]]. However, if one recited litkoa [[shofar]] or al tekiat [[shofar]], he fulfills his obligation. <ref>Yalkut Yosef Moadim pg. 36 </ref> | #The proper beracha is lishmoa kol [[shofar]]. However, if one recited litkoa [[shofar]] or al tekiat [[shofar]], he fulfills his obligation.<ref>Yalkut Yosef Moadim pg. 36 </ref> | ||
===Shehechiyanu=== | ===Shehechiyanu=== | ||
#The | #The Sephardic custom is that on the first day of Rosh Hashana, the beracha of [[shehecheyanu]] is recited after lishmoa kol [[shofar]].<ref>Yalkut Yosef Moadim pg. 36, Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noraim pg. 116 </ref> If the first day is [[Shabbat]] and therefore we do not blow the [[shofar]], [[shehecheyanu]] is recited on the second day after lishmoa kol [[shofar]].<ref>Yalkut Yosef Moadim pg. 36,48, Chazon Ovadia Yamim Noriam pg. 112, 116 </ref> If a Sephardic person is blowing [[shofar]] for an Ashkenazic congregation on the 2nd day of Rosh Hashana, then one of the Ashkenazi congregants should recite the [[shehecheyanu]]. If the Sephardic [[shofar]] blower recites [[shehecheyanu]] anyway, the congregation has nevertheless fulfilled their obligation of reciting it.<ref>Yalkut Yosef pg. 36, Sh"t Yabia Omer 1:29:11 </ref> | ||
===Standing for Shofar Blowing=== | ===Standing for Shofar Blowing=== | ||
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#If one didn't get a chance to do it on the first day, one should do it on the second day after [[mussaf]]<ref>Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 35, Sh"t Torah Lishma 145, Ben Ish Chai Netsavim 12</ref>, while others say to do it after [[Mincha]].<ref>Nitai Gavriel (Rosh Hashana 69:14) </ref> | #If one didn't get a chance to do it on the first day, one should do it on the second day after [[mussaf]]<ref>Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 35, Sh"t Torah Lishma 145, Ben Ish Chai Netsavim 12</ref>, while others say to do it after [[Mincha]].<ref>Nitai Gavriel (Rosh Hashana 69:14) </ref> | ||
#When the first day of Rosh Hashana falls out on [[Shabbat]], some poskim say to postpone Tashlich, while others say just to say Tashlich then. <ref>Ben Ish Chai (Nitzavim 12) says to say it even on [[Shabbat]]. Kaf Hachayim 583:31 says that is the custom in Yerushalayim. Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 35, Sh"t Yabia Omer 4:47, Sh"t Yechave Daat 1:53, Halichot Olam 2:pg. 231 say that you should do it on that day but if there is no eruv then you cannot carry a book with you. If there is a concern that people will carry books anyway, it should be done the next day. If there is an eruv however, one should do it. If one normally doesn't rely on the eruv to carry, in this case he can give it to a child to carry for him. Shvut Yaakov 3:42 quotes the Shnei Luchot Habrit that it should be postponed, but disagrees and says to say it on [[shabbat]], and quotes the Maharil (Teshuva 136) as saying the same. This is also the ruling of the Mateh Ephraim 598:4, Shaare Teshuva 583:6. The Elef Hamagen 598:11 says to postpone it. [http://www.dailyhalacha.com/displayRead.asp?readID=368&txtSearch=tashlich '' Rabbi Eli Mansour''] says this is the custom of the Brooklyn Syrian Community based on the psak of Chacham Baruch Ben Chaim, and Magen Avot (Orach Chaim 583:1) writes in favor of postponing, as well, especially since people will make mistakes and end up carrying even if there is an Eruv. See Yabia Omer 4:47 and Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 34 for a summary of the opinions on this matter. </ref> | #When the first day of Rosh Hashana falls out on [[Shabbat]], some poskim say to postpone Tashlich, while others say just to say Tashlich then. <ref>Ben Ish Chai (Nitzavim 12) says to say it even on [[Shabbat]]. Kaf Hachayim 583:31 says that is the custom in Yerushalayim. Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 35, Sh"t Yabia Omer 4:47, Sh"t Yechave Daat 1:53, Halichot Olam 2:pg. 231 say that you should do it on that day but if there is no eruv then you cannot carry a book with you. If there is a concern that people will carry books anyway, it should be done the next day. If there is an eruv however, one should do it. If one normally doesn't rely on the eruv to carry, in this case he can give it to a child to carry for him. Shvut Yaakov 3:42 quotes the Shnei Luchot Habrit that it should be postponed, but disagrees and says to say it on [[shabbat]], and quotes the Maharil (Teshuva 136) as saying the same. This is also the ruling of the Mateh Ephraim 598:4, Shaare Teshuva 583:6. The Elef Hamagen 598:11 says to postpone it. [http://www.dailyhalacha.com/displayRead.asp?readID=368&txtSearch=tashlich '' Rabbi Eli Mansour''] says this is the custom of the Brooklyn Syrian Community based on the psak of Chacham Baruch Ben Chaim, and Magen Avot (Orach Chaim 583:1) writes in favor of postponing, as well, especially since people will make mistakes and end up carrying even if there is an Eruv. See Yabia Omer 4:47 and Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 34 for a summary of the opinions on this matter. </ref> | ||
#If one didn't get to recite tashlich on Rosh Hashana it may be recited all of [[Aseret Yemey Teshuva]].<ref>Nitai Gavriel Rosh Hashana 69:16</ref> | #If one didn't get to recite tashlich on Rosh Hashana it may be recited all of [[Aseret Yemey Teshuva]].<ref>Nitai Gavriel Rosh Hashana 69:16</ref> Some recite tashlich during chol hamoed Sukkot before Hoshana Rabba.<ref>Seder Tashlich Vminhagav p. 26 citing the Kedushat Yisrael of Rav Yisrael Yakov of Chust</ref> | ||
#Tashlich should be recited by day and even past sunset until nightfall.<ref>Nitai Gavriel 69:9</ref> | #Tashlich should be recited by day and even past sunset until nightfall.<ref>Mateh Efraim 598:4, Nitai Gavriel 69:9. Mishna Brurah 583:8 implies that it is recited before sunset. Kovetz Halachot of Rav Shmuel Kamenetsky (Yamim Noraim p. 259) writes that it is permissible to recite at night.</ref> | ||
===What?=== | ===What?=== | ||
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===Who=== | ===Who=== | ||
#In some communities, women do not attend Tashlich.<ref>Magen Avot (Orach Chaim 583:1) notes how the Minhag in | #In some communities, women do not attend Tashlich.<ref>Magen Avot (Orach Chaim 583:1) notes how the Minhag in Morocco and Tunis was for the women not to attend Tashlich. He also quotes Erech HaShulchan as saying that women should not go, but, if they do, then the men should not go. Tashlich should not be used as an opportunity to mingle.</ref> Many women have the practice to go.<reF>Nitai Gavriel 69:8 writes that women aren't obligated to say tashlich but the minhag is that they do recite it.</ref> | ||
==Fasting on Rosh Hashana== | ==Fasting on Rosh Hashana== | ||
