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Reading the Megillah: Difference between revisions
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One of the essential mitzvot of Purim is to hear the Megillah being read at night and during the day. <ref>Rambam (Megillah 1:1) writes that the mitzvah to read the Megillah is an establishment of the prophets, Midivrei Kabbalah. Tosfot (Megillah 4a s.v. Chayav) writes that the primary reading is during the day when the rest of the mitzvot of Purim should be fulfilled. Nodeh BeYehuda (O.C. 41) writes that the nighttime reading is only derabbanan but not Midivrei Kabbalah.</ref> The details of the Megillah reading are outlined below: | One of the essential mitzvot of Purim is to read the Megillah or hear the Megillah being read at night and during the day. <ref>The Rambam (Megillah 1:1) writes that the mitzvah to read the Megillah is an establishment of the prophets, Midivrei Kabbalah. Tosfot (Megillah 4a s.v. Chayav) writes that the primary reading is during the day when the rest of the mitzvot of Purim should be fulfilled. Nodeh BeYehuda (O.C. 41) writes that the nighttime reading is only derabbanan but not Midivrei Kabbalah. </ref> The details of the Megillah reading are outlined below: | ||
==Procedure of the Megillah reading== | |||
# One can fulfill one's obligation either by reading the Megillah or by listening to the Megillah being read by someone who's obligated to read the Megillah. <ref> The Rambam (Megillah 1:2) writes that both the one reading the Megillah and the one listening to the Megillah being read by someone who's obligated to read the Megillah fulfill their obligation. S"A 689:2 codifies this as halacha. </ref> | |||
==Who's obligated?== | ==Who's obligated?== | ||
# Both men and women are obligated to read the Megillah during the night and during the day of Purim. <ref>In Gemara Megillah 4a, Rabbi Yehoshua Ben Levi says that women are obligated in reading the Megillah because they were included in the miracle of Purim. Rashi (ibid. s.v. Af) explains that the decree of Haman applied to men and women equally. Tosfot (s.v. Af) quotes the Rashbam who explains that the gemara means that women are obligated because Ester was instrumental in the miracle of Purim. The Rambam (Megillah 1:1) writes that both men and women are obligated in reading the megillah. Tur and S"A 689:1 codify this as halacha.</ref> | # Both men and women are obligated to read the Megillah during the night and during the day of Purim. <ref>In Gemara Megillah 4a, Rabbi Yehoshua Ben Levi says that women are obligated in reading the Megillah because they were included in the miracle of Purim. Rashi (ibid. s.v. Af) explains that the decree of Haman applied to men and women equally. Tosfot (s.v. Af) quotes the Rashbam who explains that the gemara means that women are obligated because Ester was instrumental in the miracle of Purim. The Rambam (Megillah 1:1) writes that both men and women are obligated in reading the megillah. Tur and S"A 689:1 codify this as halacha.</ref> | ||
# There is a mitzvah of Chinuch to teach children (under Bar Mitzvah) to read the Megillah. <ref>Rambam (Megillah 1:1)</ref> | # There is a mitzvah of Chinuch to teach children (under Bar Mitzvah) to read the Megillah. <ref>Rambam (Megillah 1:1)</ref> | ||
==The | |||
==The Brachot== | |||
# The chazan who reads the megilla at night recites three berachot before reading the Megillah and one beracha after completing the reading of the megilla. <ref> Shulchan Aruch 692:1 </ref> During the day some poskim say to skip shehecheyanu while some say to repeat it during the day also and therefore say three berachot again. <ref> S"A 692:1 says that shehecheyanu is not repeated. However, the Rama there disagrees and says that it is recited during the days as well.</ref> One should have in mind to cover the other mitzvot of Purim with this shehecheyanu. <ref> Mishna Berura 692:1, Baer Heitev 692:1, Magen Avraham 692:1 </ref> | # The chazan who reads the megilla at night recites three berachot before reading the Megillah and one beracha after completing the reading of the megilla. <ref> Shulchan Aruch 692:1 </ref> During the day some poskim say to skip shehecheyanu while some say to repeat it during the day also and therefore say three berachot again. <ref> S"A 692:1 says that shehecheyanu is not repeated. However, the Rama there disagrees and says that it is recited during the days as well.</ref> One should have in mind to cover the other mitzvot of Purim with this shehecheyanu. <ref> Mishna Berura 692:1, Baer Heitev 692:1, Magen Avraham 692:1 </ref> | ||
# The minhag is that women do make a bracha if they are reading the Megillah or the one reading it for women does make a bracha. <ref> Sh"t Yabea Omer O"C 1:40, Sh"t Minchat Yitzchak 3:54 </ref> | # The minhag is that women do make a bracha if they are reading the Megillah or the one reading it for women does make a bracha. <ref> Sh"t Yabea Omer O"C 1:40, Sh"t Minchat Yitzchak 3:54 </ref> | ||
# The minhag is to roll up the Megillah back into a scroll before reciting the bracha of "Harav Et Riveinu...." <ref> Shulchan Aruch 690:17. Mishna Berura 690:57 explains that this is because it is disrespectful to leave the megilla open. </ref> Some are lenient for a private reading <ref> Yalkut Yoseph volume 7 page 296 </ref> | # The minhag is to roll up the Megillah back into a scroll before reciting the bracha of "Harav Et Riveinu...." <ref> Shulchan Aruch 690:17. Mishna Berura 690:57 explains that this is because it is disrespectful to leave the megilla open. </ref> Some are lenient for a private reading <ref> Yalkut Yoseph volume 7 page 296 </ref> | ||
==Sitting or Standing== | ==Sitting or Standing== | ||
# The reader of the megilla for the congregation should stand during the reading of the Megilla <ref> S | # The reader of the megilla for the congregation should stand during the reading of the Megilla <ref> S"A 690:1, Beit Yosef 690 in the name of the Ran</ref> and the congregants may sit during the reading. <ref> S"A 690:1, Ben Ish Chai (Year 1 Parashat Titzaveh 4) </ref> However, the congregation should stand for the berachot before and after the Megillah. <ref> Mishna Berura 690:1, Machatzit Hashekel 690:1, Ben Ish Chai (Parashat Titzaveh 4), Kaf Hachaim 690:2. See Shevet Hakehati 1:212. </ref> | ||
==Time of the readings== | ==Time of the readings== | ||
# There’s a mitzvah to read the Megillah once at night and once during the day. <Ref>Megillah 4a, Rambam (Megillah 1:3), S”A 687:1 </ref> | # There’s a mitzvah to read the Megillah once at night and once during the day. <Ref>Megillah 4a, Rambam (Megillah 1:3), S”A 687:1 </ref> | ||
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# The time for reading the megillah during the day is from [[Netz HaChama]] until [[Shekiah]]. However if one read it from [[Olot HaShachar]] one has fulfilled the mitzvah. If one didn’t read it until [[Shekiah]], one should read it until [[Tzet HaKochavim]] without a Bracha. <Ref>S”A 687:1 writes that the reading of the day applies all day from Netz but after the fact one fulfilled the mitzvah if one read it after [[Olot HaShachar]]. Mishna Brurah 687:4,5 explains that the ending time is [[Shekiah]] and after the fact one should read it without a Bracha until [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. </ref> | # The time for reading the megillah during the day is from [[Netz HaChama]] until [[Shekiah]]. However if one read it from [[Olot HaShachar]] one has fulfilled the mitzvah. If one didn’t read it until [[Shekiah]], one should read it until [[Tzet HaKochavim]] without a Bracha. <Ref>S”A 687:1 writes that the reading of the day applies all day from Netz but after the fact one fulfilled the mitzvah if one read it after [[Olot HaShachar]]. Mishna Brurah 687:4,5 explains that the ending time is [[Shekiah]] and after the fact one should read it without a Bracha until [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. </ref> | ||
# If one missed reading it at night there’s no make-up the next day. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 687:3, Chazon Ovadyah (pg 48) </ref> | # If one missed reading it at night there’s no make-up the next day. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 687:3, Chazon Ovadyah (pg 48) </ref> | ||
==Hearing it in a congregation== | ==Hearing it in a congregation== | ||
# One should try to find a minyan of ten men to read the megillah. <ref> Shulchan Aruch 690:18, Bach 691 </ref> If this is not possible, one should read the Megillah by himself <ref> Shulchan Aruch 690:18, Mishna Berura 689:15, Shaar Hatzion 690:64 </ref> | # One should try to find a minyan of ten men to read the megillah. <ref> Shulchan Aruch 690:18, Bach 691 </ref> If this is not possible, one should read the Megillah by himself <ref> Shulchan Aruch 690:18, Mishna Berura 689:15, Shaar Hatzion 690:64 </ref> | ||
# Some have the pious practice to read from a kosher megillah along with the baal koreh. <ref>Rav Schachter (Nefesh HaRav pg 227) writes that Rav Soloveitchik's minhag was to read the megillah to himself from a kosher megillah along with the baal koreh in order to fulfill the mitzvah himself instead of through a messenger. Rav Schachter explains this concept in BeIkvei HaTzoan pg 25. </ref> | # Some have the pious practice to read from a kosher megillah along with the baal koreh. <ref>Rav Schachter (Nefesh HaRav pg 227) writes that Rav Soloveitchik's minhag was to read the megillah to himself from a kosher megillah along with the baal koreh in order to fulfill the mitzvah himself instead of through a messenger. Rav Schachter explains this concept in BeIkvei HaTzoan pg 25. </ref> | ||
# One should not hear the reading of the megilla over a microphone <ref> Daat Torah 689, Sh"t Minchat Yitzchak 1:37 and 3:54 </ref> | |||
==If Purim Falls out on Sunday== | |||
# If Purim falls out on Saturday night then one should read the megillah and then say VeYehe Noam, and then make Havdalah. <Ref>Rama 693:1, Natai Gavriel (purim 28:8) </ref> According to Sephardim one should make the Bracha of Moerei HaEsh before the megillah. <Ref>Yalkut Yosef (Kitzur S”A 693:3) </ref> | |||
# One should not bring the Megillah on [[Shabbat]] to the shul even if there's an eruv since it’s considered preparing for after [[Shabbat]]. <ref> Natai Gavriel 28:4, Yalkut Yosef (Kitzur S”A 693:1), Chayei Adam 195:10 </ref> If one needs to bring the Megillah to the shul after [[Shabbat]] one should say Baruch HaMavdil Ben Kodesh LeChol. <Ref>Natai Gavriel 28:7 </ref> | |||
# A Megillah isn’t Muktzeh even on the [[Shabbat]] when Purim falls out on Sunday. <Ref>Natai Gavriel 28:4, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata </ref> | |||
# Even if one’s meal extends into the night one doesn’t add Al HaNissim. <Ref>Natai Gavriel 28:3 </ref> | |||
# If the congregation didn’t yet say Kiddush Levana then they should say it before hearing the Megilla, however, if only individuals didn’t say it they should wait until after hearing Megilla together with the congregation. <Ref>Natai Gavriel 49:1, 3 </ref> | |||
==Doing other activities before reading the Megillah== | |||
# From nightfall until one reads the megilla he should not do any work or take a nap. <ref> Mishna Berura 692:10,15 </ref> | |||
==Traveling Between a walled city and a non-walled city== | ==Traveling Between a walled city and a non-walled city== | ||
# Someone who lives in Yerushalayim who was in a city outside Yerushalayim during daybreak of the 14th of Adar should read on the 14th. If he returns to Yerushalayim before the 15th at daybreak, one should celebrate purim again with all it’s details. <Ref>Yalkut Yosef (Kitzur S”A 688:7) </ref> | # Someone who lives in Yerushalayim who was in a city outside Yerushalayim during daybreak of the 14th of Adar should read on the 14th. If he returns to Yerushalayim before the 15th at daybreak, one should celebrate purim again with all it’s details. <Ref>Yalkut Yosef (Kitzur S”A 688:7) </ref> | ||
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# Someone who lives outside Yerushalayim who travels to Yerushalayim with intent to stay there for daybreak on the 15th should read the Megillah on the 15th even if one leaves on the 15th during the day. <Ref> Mishna Brurah 688:12 </ref> | # Someone who lives outside Yerushalayim who travels to Yerushalayim with intent to stay there for daybreak on the 15th should read the Megillah on the 15th even if one leaves on the 15th during the day. <Ref> Mishna Brurah 688:12 </ref> | ||
# Someone who lives outside Yerushalayim who travels to Yerushalayim with intent to return before daybreak of the 15th should read it on the 14th even if one is forced into staying there. <Ref> Mishna Brurah 688:12 </ref> | # Someone who lives outside Yerushalayim who travels to Yerushalayim with intent to return before daybreak of the 15th should read it on the 14th even if one is forced into staying there. <Ref> Mishna Brurah 688:12 </ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
