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Reading the Megillah: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Megillat Ester.jpg|250px|right]] | [[Image:Megillat Ester.jpg|250px|right]] | ||
One of the most important mitzvot of the day of Purim is to read or listen to the reading of Megillat Ester. Ester tells the story of how Haman and Achashverosh tried to destroy the Jewish people and Hashem miraculously helped Mordechai and Ester save them. The mitzvah is to read the [[Megillah]] or hear the [[Megillah]] being read at night and during the day. <ref>The Rambam ([[Megillah]] 1:1) writes that the mitzvah to read the [[Megillah]] is an establishment of the prophets, Midivrei Kabbalah. Tosfot ([[Megillah]] 4a s.v. Chayav) writes that the primary reading is during the day when the rest of the mitzvot of [[Purim]] should be fulfilled. Nodeh BeYehuda (O.C. 41) writes that the nighttime reading is only derabbanan but not Midivrei Kabbalah. </ref> The details of the [[Megillah]] reading are outlined below: | One of the most important mitzvot of the day of Purim is to read or listen to the reading of Megillat Ester. Ester tells the story of how Haman and Achashverosh tried to destroy the Jewish people and Hashem miraculously helped Mordechai and Ester save them. The mitzvah is to read the [[Megillah]] or hear the [[Megillah]] being read at night and during the day.<ref>The Rambam ([[Megillah]] 1:1) writes that the mitzvah to read the [[Megillah]] is an establishment of the prophets, Midivrei Kabbalah. Tosfot ([[Megillah]] 4a s.v. Chayav) writes that the primary reading is during the day when the rest of the mitzvot of [[Purim]] should be fulfilled. Nodeh BeYehuda (O.C. 41) writes that the nighttime reading is only derabbanan but not Midivrei Kabbalah. </ref> The details of the [[Megillah]] reading are outlined below: | ||
==Who's obligated?== | ==Who's obligated?== | ||
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===The Brachot=== | ===The Brachot=== | ||
# The chazan who reads the megilla at night recites three [[berachot]] before reading the [[Megillah]] and one beracha after completing the reading of the megilla. <ref> Shulchan Aruch O.C. 692:1, Chazon Ovadia Purim pg. 65 | # The chazan who reads the megilla at night recites three [[berachot]] before reading the [[Megillah]] and one beracha after completing the reading of the megilla.<ref> Shulchan Aruch O.C. 692:1, Chazon Ovadia Purim pg. 65 </ref> One should have in mind to cover the other mitzvot of [[Purim]] with this [[shehecheyanu]]. <ref> Mishna Brurah 692:1, Baer Heitev 692:1, Magen Avraham 692:1 </ref> | ||
# The minhag is that women do make a bracha if they are reading the [[Megillah]] or the one reading it for women does make a bracha. <ref> Sh"t Yabia Omer O"C 1:40, Sh"t Minchat Yitzchak 3:54 </ref> | # The minhag is that women do make a bracha if they are reading the [[Megillah]] or the one reading it for women does make a bracha. <ref> Sh"t Yabia Omer O"C 1:40, Sh"t Minchat Yitzchak 3:54 </ref> | ||
# The minhag is to roll up the [[Megillah]] back into a scroll before reciting the bracha of "Harav Et Riveinu...." <ref> Shulchan Aruch 690:17. Mishna Brurah 690:57 explains that this is because it is disrespectful to leave the megilla open. </ref> Some are lenient for a private reading <ref> Yalkut Yoseph volume 7 page 296 </ref> | # The minhag is to roll up the [[Megillah]] back into a scroll before reciting the bracha of "Harav Et Riveinu...." <ref> Shulchan Aruch 690:17. Mishna Brurah 690:57 explains that this is because it is disrespectful to leave the megilla open. </ref> Some are lenient for a private reading <ref> Yalkut Yoseph volume 7 page 296 </ref> | ||
# According to Sephardim, the | # According to Sephardim, the bracha of shehecheyanu is not recited during the day.<ref> Chazon Ovadia Purim pg. 63, Rambam Megilla 1:3, Shulchan Aruch O.C. 692:1 </ref> According to Ashkenazim, it is recited during the day.<ref> Rama 692:1, Rabenu Tam (quoted in Tosafot Megilla 4a) </ref> If a Sephardi is davening in an Ashkenazi shul and they recite shehechiyanu during the day of Purim, many authorities hold that he should not answer Amen so that it shouldn't be considered a hefsek.<ref>[https://torahanytime.com/lectures/288674 Rav Yitzchak Yosef (Mikra Megillah 5784, min 14-16)]</ref> Others hold that it is fine for him to answer Amen.<ref>Or Letzion 4:54:13</ref> | ||
===Sitting or Standing=== | ===Sitting or Standing=== | ||
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# One should try to find a [[minyan]] of ten men to read the [[megillah]].<ref> Shulchan Aruch O.C. 690:18, Bach 691 </ref> If this is not possible, one should read the [[Megillah]] by himself <ref> Shulchan Aruch 690:18, Mishna Brurah 689:15, Shaar Hatzion 690:64 </ref> | # One should try to find a [[minyan]] of ten men to read the [[megillah]].<ref> Shulchan Aruch O.C. 690:18, Bach 691 </ref> If this is not possible, one should read the [[Megillah]] by himself <ref> Shulchan Aruch 690:18, Mishna Brurah 689:15, Shaar Hatzion 690:64 </ref> | ||
# Some have the pious practice to read from a kosher [[megillah]] along with the baal koreh.<ref>Rav Schachter (Nefesh HaRav pg 227) writes that Rav Soloveitchik's minhag was to read the [[megillah]] to himself from a kosher [[megillah]] along with the baal koreh in order to fulfill the mitzvah himself instead of through a messenger. Rav Schachter explains this concept in BeIkvei HaTzoan pg 25. </ref> | # Some have the pious practice to read from a kosher [[megillah]] along with the baal koreh.<ref>Rav Schachter (Nefesh HaRav pg 227) writes that Rav Soloveitchik's minhag was to read the [[megillah]] to himself from a kosher [[megillah]] along with the baal koreh in order to fulfill the mitzvah himself instead of through a messenger. Rav Schachter explains this concept in BeIkvei HaTzoan pg 25. </ref> | ||
# One should not hear the reading of the megilla over a microphone <ref> Daat Torah 689, Sh"t Minchat Yitzchak 1:37 and 3:54 </ref> | # One should not hear the reading of the megilla over a microphone.<ref> Daat Torah 689, Sh"t Minchat Yitzchak 1:37 and 3:54. Rav Gedalya Dov Schwartz (Hadarom v. 77 5782) writes that soldiers in Iraq who didn't have any way to be yotzei megilah unless they heard it on the phone could rely on the poskim who allow that.</ref> | ||
# One should not talk during the megilla reading.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 692:2</ref> | # One should not talk during the megilla reading.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 692:2</ref> | ||
===Breaking it Up=== | ===Breaking it Up=== | ||
# Initially one should not break up the megillah and one person should read the whole thing. In extenuating circumstances it is permitted.<ref>[http://www.torahweb.org/torah/docs/rsch/RavSchachter-Corona-56-January-31-2021.pdf Rav Schachter (Corona teshuva #56)]</ref> | # Initially one should not break up the megillah and one person should read the whole thing. In extenuating circumstances it is permitted.<ref>[http://www.torahweb.org/torah/docs/rsch/RavSchachter-Corona-56-January-31-2021.pdf Rav Schachter (Corona teshuva #56)]</ref> | ||
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==Time of Reading Megillah== | ==Time of Reading Megillah== | ||
===Night Time Reading=== | ===Night Time Reading=== | ||
# There’s a mitzvah to read the [[Megillah]] once at night and once during the day.< | # There’s a mitzvah to read the [[Megillah]] once at night and once during the day.<ref>[[Megillah]] 4a, Rambam ([[Megillah]] 1:3), Shulchan Aruch O.C. 687:1. Or Letzion 4:54:14 discusses a person who could only listen to one of the megillah readings, which should he listen to. First, he cites Nodeh Beyehuda 21 who holds that only the daytime megillah reading is Divrei Kabbalah and the nighttime one is derabbanan. However, then he argues the Shulchan Aruch does not distinguish between them. Finally, he concludes that since the night one comes first, he should listen to that one, even though he won't be able to listen to the daytime one the next day. </ref> | ||
# The time for reading the [[Megillah]] at night is from [[Tzet HaKochavim]] until Olat HaShachar.<Ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 687:1 says that the night reading applies all night, Mishna Brurah 687:1,3 explains that this means that one should read it between [[Tzet HaKochavim]] and Olat HaShachar. This is also the opinion of Chazon Ovadyah (pg 47) and Chayei Adam 195:5. </ref> One should not read the nighttime megillah during Ben Hashemashot except in extenuating circumstances.<ref>Mishna Brurah 692:14 citing the Pri Megadim. Kaf HaChayim on Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 687:4:1 writes that one shouldn't read it until tzet but under extenuating circumstances in [https://www.sefaria.org/Kaf_HaChayim_on_Shulchan_Arukh%2C_Orach_Chayim.692.32.1?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en 692:32:1] he quotes many including the Meiri who allow reading the megillah during ben hashemashot.</ref> | # The time for reading the [[Megillah]] at night is from [[Tzet HaKochavim]] until Olat HaShachar.<Ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 687:1 says that the night reading applies all night, Mishna Brurah 687:1,3 explains that this means that one should read it between [[Tzet HaKochavim]] and Olat HaShachar. This is also the opinion of Chazon Ovadyah (pg 47) and Chayei Adam 195:5. </ref> One should not read the nighttime megillah during Ben Hashemashot except in extenuating circumstances.<ref>Mishna Brurah 692:14 citing the Pri Megadim. Kaf HaChayim on Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 687:4:1 writes that one shouldn't read it until tzet but under extenuating circumstances in [https://www.sefaria.org/Kaf_HaChayim_on_Shulchan_Arukh%2C_Orach_Chayim.692.32.1?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en 692:32:1] he quotes many including the Meiri who allow reading the megillah during ben hashemashot.</ref> | ||
# In extenuating circumstances, such as might be necessary during corona, it is possible to read the megillah from Plag Hamincha.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 678:1, [http://www.torahweb.org/torah/docs/rsch/RavSchachter-Corona-56-January-31-2021.pdf Rav Schachter (Corona teshuva #56)]</ref> | # In extenuating circumstances, such as might be necessary during corona, it is possible to read the megillah from [[Plag Hamincha]].<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 678:1, [Rav Yitzchak Yosef (Motzei Shabbat Mishpatim 5781 min 30)], [http://www.torahweb.org/torah/docs/rsch/RavSchachter-Corona-56-January-31-2021.pdf Rav Schachter (Corona teshuva #56)]. Specifically regarding Yerushalayim reading after plag on the 14th, Yabia Omer OC 1:43 agreed.</ref> | ||
# If one missed reading it at night there’s no make-up the next day.<Ref>Mishna Brurah 687:3, Chazon Ovadyah (pg 48). Chazon Ovadyah cites this from Maharam Ben Chaviv (Kol Gadol 48), Birkei Yosef 697:1, Teshuva Mahava v. 2 p. 45d, and Mey Bear 63. </ref> | # If one missed reading it at night there’s no make-up the next day.<Ref>Mishna Brurah 687:3, Chazon Ovadyah (pg 48). Chazon Ovadyah cites this from Maharam Ben Chaviv (Kol Gadol 48), Birkei Yosef 697:1, Teshuva Mahava v. 2 p. 45d, and Mey Bear 63. </ref> | ||
===Day Time Reading=== | ===Day Time Reading=== | ||
# The megilla can be read any time during the day from sunrise to sunset. <Ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 687:1, Chazon Ovadia Purim pg. 48 </ref> If one read it after alot hashachar but before sunrise, he nevertheless fulfilled his obligation<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 687:1, Chazon Ovadia Purim pg. 48 </ref> | # The megilla can be read any time during the day from sunrise to sunset.<Ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 687:1, Chazon Ovadia Purim pg. 48 </ref> If one read it after alot hashachar but before sunrise, he nevertheless fulfilled his obligation.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 687:1, Chazon Ovadia Purim pg. 48 </ref> | ||
# The time for reading the [[megillah]] during the day is from [[HaNetz HaChama]] until [[Shekiah]]. However if one read it from [[Olot HaShachar]] one has fulfilled the mitzvah. If one didn’t read it until [[Shekiah]], one should read it until [[Tzet HaKochavim]] without a Bracha.<Ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 687:1 writes that the reading of the day applies all day from [[HaNetz]] but after the fact one fulfilled the mitzvah if one read it after [[Olot HaShachar]]. Mishna Brurah 687:4,5 explains that the ending time is [[Shekiah]] and after the fact one should read it without a Bracha until [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. </ref> | # The time for reading the [[megillah]] during the day is from [[HaNetz HaChama]] until [[Shekiah]]. However if one read it from [[Olot HaShachar]] one has fulfilled the mitzvah. If one didn’t read it until [[Shekiah]], one should read it until [[Tzet HaKochavim]] without a Bracha.<Ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 687:1 writes that the reading of the day applies all day from [[HaNetz]] but after the fact one fulfilled the mitzvah if one read it after [[Olot HaShachar]]. Mishna Brurah 687:4,5 explains that the ending time is [[Shekiah]] and after the fact one should read it without a Bracha until [[Tzet HaKochavim]]. </ref> | ||
==Eating before Reading the Megillah== | ==Eating before Reading the Megillah== | ||
# It is forbidden to eat before reading the megillah before by night<ref>Shulchan Aruch and Rama O.C. 692:4</ref> and by day.<ref>Mishna Brurah 692:15 based on Shulchan Aruch O.C. 652:2, Kaf HaChayim on Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 692:35:1, Nitai Gavriel Purim 32:1</ref> | # It is forbidden to eat before reading the megillah before by night<ref>Shulchan Aruch and Rama O.C. 692:4. Trumat Hadeshen 109 writes that it is forbidden to eat or even have a snack before listening to the megillah at night so that a person doesn't fall asleep and forget to listen to the megillah.</ref> and by day.<ref>Mishna Brurah 692:15 based on Shulchan Aruch O.C. 652:2, Kaf HaChayim on Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 692:35:1, Nitai Gavriel Purim 32:1</ref> | ||
# It is permitted to eat a snack, foods or drinks less than a [[kebaytzeh]], before the megillah if it is hard to fast after nightfall until the megillah.<Ref>Magen Avraham 692:7, Mishna Brurah 692:14, Kaf HaChayim on Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 692:36:1, Nitai Gavriel Purim 32:2</ref> | # It is permitted to eat a snack, foods or drinks less than a [[kebaytzeh]], before the megillah if it is hard to fast after nightfall until the megillah.<Ref>Magen Avraham 692:7, Mishna Brurah 692:14, Kaf HaChayim on Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 692:36:1, Nitai Gavriel Purim 32:2, Yalkut Yosef Purim p. 552ת Or Letzion 4:54:2</ref> | ||
# Someone for whom it is very hard and might become sick unless he has a meal may ask someone who remind him to read the megillah and then eat a meal.<ref>Mishna Brurah 692:16, Kaf HaChayim on Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 692:38:1, Nitai Gavriel Purim 32:3. Chatom Sofer 652:2 relies on asking someone regarding eating before shaking lulav.</ref> | # Someone for whom it is very hard and might become sick unless he has a meal may ask someone who remind him to read the megillah and then eat a meal.<ref>Mishna Brurah 692:16, Kaf HaChayim on Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 692:38:1, Nitai Gavriel Purim 32:3. Chatom Sofer 652:2 relies on asking someone regarding eating before shaking lulav.</ref> Sephardim hold that it is permitted to ask someone to remind him to hear the megilla and then eat a snack before the megilla.<reF>Yalkut Yosef Purim p. 552</ref> | ||
# The prohibition to eat before megilla applies equally to men and women.<ref>Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Piskei Shemuot p. 112 quoting Rav Yosef Shuv), Rabbi Mandelbaum (Blayla Hahu p. 7)</ref> | |||
# Is it permitted to drink coffee or tea before megillah? Some poskim hold that it is permitted, while others forbid it.<ref>Piskei Shemuot (Purim p. 112) quotes Rav Elyashiv as holding it is permitted to drink tea before megillah. But Rav Nissim Karelitz (Blayla Hahu p. 7) holds that it is forbidden. </ref> | |||
===Sleeping or Working=== | ===Sleeping or Working=== | ||
# It is forbidden to go to sleep or do work at night before reading the megillah.<Ref>Mishna Brurah 692:15, Kaf HaChayim on Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 692:34:1</ref> | # It is forbidden to go to sleep or do work at night before reading the megillah.<Ref>Mishna Brurah 692:15, Kaf HaChayim on Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 692:34:1</ref> | ||
==If Purim Falls out on Sunday== | ==If Purim Falls out on Sunday== | ||
# The Ashkenazic minhag is to say [[Havdalah]] after reading the [[Megillah]], while the Sephardic poskim advise saying Borei Me’orei HaEish before the [[Megillah]] and the rest of the [[Havdalah]] afterwards. <ref> The Kol Bo (45) writes that Rabbeinu Chananeil and the Raavad held that if [[Purim]] falls out on Motza’ei [[Shabbat]], one should recite [[Havdalah]] before the [[Megillah]]. He adds, however, that the minhag of Narvona was to say [[Havdalah]] after the [[Megillah]]. The Sefer Minhagim (Tirna, [[Purim]] s.v. [[Arvit]]) and Rama 693:1 write that the minhag is to say [[Havdalah]] after the [[Megillah]]. The Bei’ur HaGra 693:1 explains that we recite [[Havdalah]] after the [[Megillah]] in order to delay ending [[Shabbat]] as much as possible (see Pesachim 105b). Pri Megadim M”Z 693:1, Mishna Brurah 693:3, and Nitei Gavriel 28:8 agree. | # The Ashkenazic minhag is to say [[Havdalah]] after reading the [[Megillah]], while the Sephardic poskim advise saying Borei Me’orei HaEish before the [[Megillah]] and the rest of the [[Havdalah]] afterwards.<ref> The Kol Bo (45) writes that Rabbeinu Chananeil and the Raavad held that if [[Purim]] falls out on Motza’ei [[Shabbat]], one should recite [[Havdalah]] before the [[Megillah]]. He adds, however, that the minhag of Narvona was to say [[Havdalah]] after the [[Megillah]]. The Sefer Minhagim (Tirna, [[Purim]] s.v. [[Arvit]]) and Rama 693:1 write that the minhag is to say [[Havdalah]] after the [[Megillah]]. The Bei’ur HaGra 693:1 explains that we recite [[Havdalah]] after the [[Megillah]] in order to delay ending [[Shabbat]] as much as possible (see Pesachim 105b). Pri Megadim M”Z 693:1, Mishna Brurah 693:3, and Nitei Gavriel 28:8 agree. | ||
* Elsewhere, the Kol Bo (41) writes that one should say Borei Me’orei HaEish before the [[Megillah]] so that one does not benefit from candle light while reading the [[Megillah]] before making a Bracha upon it. He mentions that some others argued that the Bracha of Yotzeir HaMe’orot in [[Shacharit]] already exempted them of the obligation to thank Hashem for benefitting from light. The Maharash Halevi (cited by Pri [[Chadash]] 693:1) explains that the second opinion understands the bracha of Borei Me’orei HaEish to be in commemoration (zecher) of the creation of fire on Motza’ei [[Shabbat]] and not a bracha that permits one to benefit from light. Birkei Yosef 693:1 writes that ideally, one should say Borei Me’orei HaEish before the [[Megillah]] and the rest of [[Havdalah]] afterwards. Chazon Ovadia (p. 67) agrees. </ref> | * Elsewhere, the Kol Bo (41) writes that one should say Borei Me’orei HaEish before the [[Megillah]] so that one does not benefit from candle light while reading the [[Megillah]] before making a Bracha upon it. He mentions that some others argued that the Bracha of Yotzeir HaMe’orot in [[Shacharit]] already exempted them of the obligation to thank Hashem for benefitting from light. The Maharash Halevi (cited by Pri [[Chadash]] 693:1) explains that the second opinion understands the bracha of Borei Me’orei HaEish to be in commemoration (zecher) of the creation of fire on Motza’ei [[Shabbat]] and not a bracha that permits one to benefit from light. Birkei Yosef 693:1 writes that ideally, one should say Borei Me’orei HaEish before the [[Megillah]] and the rest of [[Havdalah]] afterwards. Chazon Ovadia (p. 67) agrees. </ref> | ||
# If [[Purim]] falls out on Saturday night then one should read the [[megillah]] and then say VeYehe Noam. <Ref>Rama 693:1, Natai Gavriel ([[purim]] 28:8) </ref> | # If [[Purim]] falls out on Saturday night then one should read the [[megillah]] and then say VeYehe Noam. <Ref>Rama 693:1, Natai Gavriel ([[purim]] 28:8) </ref> | ||
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==Traveling Between a walled city and a non-walled city== | ==Traveling Between a walled city and a non-walled city== | ||
# Someone who lives in Yerushalayim who was in a city outside Yerushalayim during daybreak of the 14th of Adar should read on the 14th. If he returns to Yerushalayim before the 15th at daybreak, one should celebrate [[purim]] again with all it’s details. < | # Someone who lives in Yerushalayim who was in a city outside Yerushalayim during daybreak (Olot Hashachar) of the 14th of Adar should read on the 14th. If he returns to Yerushalayim before the 15th at daybreak, one should celebrate [[purim]] again with all it’s details. <ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 688:5, Mishna Brurah 688:12, Yalkut Yosef (Kitzur S”A 688:7) </ref> | ||
# Someone who lives in Yerushalayim who travels outside Yerushalayim with intent to return after daybreak of the 14th he should read it on the 14th | # Someone who lives in Yerushalayim who travels outside Yerushalayim with intent to return to Yerushalayim after daybreak of the 14th he should read it on the 14th (and again the 15th if he's there at daybreak of the 15th) as long as he was actually outside Yerushalayim at daybreak on the 14th.<Ref> Mishna Brurah 688:12 </ref> | ||
# Someone who lives in Yerushalayim who travels outside Yerushalayim with intent to return before daybreak of the 14th should read it on the 15th even if he didn’t return to Yerushalayim on the 15th. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 688:12 </ref> | # Someone who lives in Yerushalayim who travels outside Yerushalayim with intent to return before daybreak of the 14th should read it on the 15th even if he got stuck and didn’t return to Yerushalayim on the 15th.<Ref>Mishna Brurah 688:12 </ref> | ||
# Someone who lives outside Yerushalayim who was in Yerushalayim during daybreak of the 15th should read on the 15th. However, if he already read the [[Megillah]] and celebrated [[Purim]] on the 14th in his city (outside | # Someone who lives outside Yerushalayim who was in Yerushalayim during daybreak of the 15th should read on the 15th. However, if he already read the [[Megillah]] and celebrated [[Purim]] on the 14th in his city (outside Yerushalayim) one doesn’t need to celebrate [[Purim]] again.<Ref>Yalkut Yosef (Kitzur S”A 688:9) </ref> | ||
# Someone who lives outside Yerushalayim who travels to Yerushalayim with intent to stay there for daybreak on the 15th should read the [[Megillah]] on the 15th even if one leaves on the 15th during the day. <Ref> Mishna Brurah 688:12 </ref> | # Someone who lives outside Yerushalayim who travels to Yerushalayim with intent to stay there for daybreak on the 15th should read the [[Megillah]] on the 15th even if one leaves on the 15th during the day.<Ref> Mishna Brurah 688:12 </ref> | ||
# Someone who lives outside Yerushalayim who travels to Yerushalayim with intent to return before daybreak of the 15th should read it on the 14th even if one is forced into staying there. <Ref> Mishna Brurah 688:12 </ref> | # Someone who lives outside Yerushalayim who travels to Yerushalayim with intent to return before daybreak of the 15th should read it on the 14th even if one is forced into staying there.<Ref> Mishna Brurah 688:12 </ref> | ||
==Links== | ==Links== | ||
