Reading the Megillah: Difference between revisions
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One of the essential mitzvot of [[Purim]] is to read the [[Megillah]] or hear the [[Megillah]] being read at night and during the day. <ref>The Rambam ([[Megillah]] 1:1) writes that the mitzvah to read the [[Megillah]] is an establishment of the prophets, Midivrei Kabbalah. Tosfot ([[Megillah]] 4a s.v. Chayav) writes that the primary reading is during the day when the rest of the mitzvot of [[Purim]] should be fulfilled. Nodeh BeYehuda (O.C. 41) writes that the nighttime reading is only derabbanan but not Midivrei Kabbalah. </ref> The details of the [[Megillah]] reading are outlined below: | One of the essential mitzvot of [[Purim]] is to read the [[Megillah]] or hear the [[Megillah]] being read at night and during the day. <ref>The Rambam ([[Megillah]] 1:1) writes that the mitzvah to read the [[Megillah]] is an establishment of the prophets, Midivrei Kabbalah. Tosfot ([[Megillah]] 4a s.v. Chayav) writes that the primary reading is during the day when the rest of the mitzvot of [[Purim]] should be fulfilled. Nodeh BeYehuda (O.C. 41) writes that the nighttime reading is only derabbanan but not Midivrei Kabbalah. </ref> The details of the [[Megillah]] reading are outlined below: | ||
==Who's obligated?== | ==Who's obligated?== | ||
# Both men and women are obligated to read the [[Megillah]] during the night and during the day of [[Purim]]. <ref>In Gemara [[Megillah]] 4a, Rabbi Yehoshua Ben Levi says that women are obligated in reading the [[Megillah]] because they were included in the miracle of [[Purim]]. Rashi ([[Megillah]] 4a s.v. Af) explains that the decree of Haman applied to men and women equally. Tosfot (s.v. Af) quotes the Rashbam who explains that the gemara means that women are obligated because Ester was instrumental in the miracle of [[Purim]]. The Rambam ([[Megillah]] 1:1) writes that both men and women are obligated in reading the [[megillah]]. Tur and | # Both men and women are obligated to read the [[Megillah]] during the night and during the day of [[Purim]]. <ref>In Gemara [[Megillah]] 4a, Rabbi Yehoshua Ben Levi says that women are obligated in reading the [[Megillah]] because they were included in the miracle of [[Purim]]. Rashi ([[Megillah]] 4a s.v. Af) explains that the decree of Haman applied to men and women equally. Tosfot (s.v. Af) quotes the Rashbam who explains that the gemara means that women are obligated because Ester was instrumental in the miracle of [[Purim]]. The Rambam ([[Megillah]] 1:1) writes that both men and women are obligated in reading the [[megillah]]. Tur and Shulchan Aruch 689:1 codify this as halacha.</ref> | ||
# There is a mitzvah of [[Chinuch]] to teach children (under [[Bar Mitzvah]]) to read the [[Megillah]]. <ref>Rambam ([[Megillah]] 1:1)</ref> | # There is a mitzvah of [[Chinuch]] to teach children (under [[Bar Mitzvah]]) to read the [[Megillah]]. <ref>Rambam ([[Megillah]] 1:1)</ref> | ||
==Procedure of the Megillah reading== | ==Procedure of the Megillah reading== | ||
# One can fulfill one's obligation either by reading the [[Megillah]] or by listening to the [[Megillah]] being read by someone who's obligated to read the [[Megillah]]. <ref> The Rambam ([[Megillah]] 1:2) writes that both the one reading the [[Megillah]] and the one listening to the [[Megillah]] being read by someone who's obligated to read the [[Megillah]] fulfill their obligation. | # One can fulfill one's obligation either by reading the [[Megillah]] or by listening to the [[Megillah]] being read by someone who's obligated to read the [[Megillah]]. <ref> The Rambam ([[Megillah]] 1:2) writes that both the one reading the [[Megillah]] and the one listening to the [[Megillah]] being read by someone who's obligated to read the [[Megillah]] fulfill their obligation. Shulchan Aruch 689:2 codifies this as halacha. </ref> | ||
===The Brachot=== | ===The Brachot=== | ||
# The chazan who reads the megilla at night recites three [[berachot]] before reading the [[Megillah]] and one beracha after completing the reading of the megilla. <ref> Shulchan Aruch 692:1 </ref> During the day some poskim say to skip [[shehecheyanu]] while some say to repeat it during the day also and therefore say three [[berachot]] again. <ref> | # The chazan who reads the megilla at night recites three [[berachot]] before reading the [[Megillah]] and one beracha after completing the reading of the megilla. <ref> Shulchan Aruch 692:1 </ref> During the day some poskim say to skip [[shehecheyanu]] while some say to repeat it during the day also and therefore say three [[berachot]] again. <ref> Shulchan Aruch 692:1 says that [[shehecheyanu]] is not repeated. However, the Rama there disagrees and says that it is recited during the days as well.</ref> One should have in mind to cover the other mitzvot of [[Purim]] with this [[shehecheyanu]]. <ref> Mishna Brurah 692:1, Baer Heitev 692:1, Magen Avraham 692:1 </ref> | ||
# The minhag is that women do make a bracha if they are reading the [[Megillah]] or the one reading it for women does make a bracha. <ref> Sh"t Yabia Omer O"C 1:40, Sh"t Minchat Yitzchak 3:54 </ref> | # The minhag is that women do make a bracha if they are reading the [[Megillah]] or the one reading it for women does make a bracha. <ref> Sh"t Yabia Omer O"C 1:40, Sh"t Minchat Yitzchak 3:54 </ref> | ||
# The minhag is to roll up the [[Megillah]] back into a scroll before reciting the bracha of "Harav Et Riveinu...." <ref> Shulchan Aruch 690:17. Mishna Brurah 690:57 explains that this is because it is disrespectful to leave the megilla open. </ref> Some are lenient for a private reading <ref> Yalkut Yoseph volume 7 page 296 </ref> | # The minhag is to roll up the [[Megillah]] back into a scroll before reciting the bracha of "Harav Et Riveinu...." <ref> Shulchan Aruch 690:17. Mishna Brurah 690:57 explains that this is because it is disrespectful to leave the megilla open. </ref> Some are lenient for a private reading <ref> Yalkut Yoseph volume 7 page 296 </ref> | ||
===Sitting or Standing=== | ===Sitting or Standing=== | ||
# The reader of the megilla for the congregation should stand during the reading of the Megilla <ref> | # The reader of the megilla for the congregation should stand during the reading of the Megilla <ref> Shulchan Aruch 690:1, Beit Yosef 690 in the name of the Ran</ref> and the congregants may sit during the reading. <ref> Shulchan Aruch 690:1, Ben Ish Chai (Year 1 Parashat Titzaveh 4) </ref> However, the congregation should stand for the [[berachot]] before and after the [[Megillah]]. <ref> Mishna Brurah 690:1, Machatzit Hashekel 690:1, Ben Ish Chai (Parashat Titzaveh 4), Kaf Hachaim 690:2. See Shevet Hakehati 1:212. </ref> | ||
===Hearing it in a congregation=== | ===Hearing it in a congregation=== | ||
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# Some have the pious practice to read from a kosher [[megillah]] along with the baal koreh. <ref>Rav Schachter (Nefesh HaRav pg 227) writes that Rav Soloveitchik's minhag was to read the [[megillah]] to himself from a kosher [[megillah]] along with the baal koreh in order to fulfill the mitzvah himself instead of through a messenger. Rav Schachter explains this concept in BeIkvei HaTzoan pg 25. </ref> | # Some have the pious practice to read from a kosher [[megillah]] along with the baal koreh. <ref>Rav Schachter (Nefesh HaRav pg 227) writes that Rav Soloveitchik's minhag was to read the [[megillah]] to himself from a kosher [[megillah]] along with the baal koreh in order to fulfill the mitzvah himself instead of through a messenger. Rav Schachter explains this concept in BeIkvei HaTzoan pg 25. </ref> | ||
# One should not hear the reading of the megilla over a microphone <ref> Daat Torah 689, Sh"t Minchat Yitzchak 1:37 and 3:54 </ref> | # One should not hear the reading of the megilla over a microphone <ref> Daat Torah 689, Sh"t Minchat Yitzchak 1:37 and 3:54 </ref> | ||
# One should not talk during the megilla reading.<ref>Shulchan Aruch 692:2</ref> | |||
==Time of the readings== | ==Time of the readings== | ||
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* The Chayei Adam (155:10), however, writes that while it is proper not to bring the [[Megillah]] to shul on [[Shabbat]], strictly speaking it is similar to bringing wine for [[Havdalah]], regarding which the Chayei Adam writes (153:6) that if it is absolutely necessary, one may bring wine for [[Havdalah]] if he does so in a way that it does not appear as though one is [[preparing for after Shabbat]]. Specifically, he should bring the wine early enough that he theoretically could use it on [[Shabbat]] and should carry it in some abnormal way. Mishna Brurah (667:5) agrees. | * The Chayei Adam (155:10), however, writes that while it is proper not to bring the [[Megillah]] to shul on [[Shabbat]], strictly speaking it is similar to bringing wine for [[Havdalah]], regarding which the Chayei Adam writes (153:6) that if it is absolutely necessary, one may bring wine for [[Havdalah]] if he does so in a way that it does not appear as though one is [[preparing for after Shabbat]]. Specifically, he should bring the wine early enough that he theoretically could use it on [[Shabbat]] and should carry it in some abnormal way. Mishna Brurah (667:5) agrees. | ||
* The Chayei Adam explains that [[Hachanah]] is violated only if one finished an entire activity but not if one merely is transporting an object that is going to be used later. He bolsters this assertion based on the Magen Avraham (667:3), who says that although one may not set up tables on the 8th day of [[Sukkot]] in Chutz LaAretz for [[Shemini Atzeret]] because of [[Hachanah]], it is permitted to bring tables in from the [[Sukkah]] on the 8th day of [[Sukkot]]. Rav Mordechai Willig (Am Mordechai [[Shabbat]] p. 177-9) rejects the Chayei Adam’s proof by explaining that the Magen Avraham permitted bringing the tables inside because there was a current need to bring in the tables so that people don’t linger in the [[Sukkah]] and appear as if they are adding onto [[Sukkot]]. | * The Chayei Adam explains that [[Hachanah]] is violated only if one finished an entire activity but not if one merely is transporting an object that is going to be used later. He bolsters this assertion based on the Magen Avraham (667:3), who says that although one may not set up tables on the 8th day of [[Sukkot]] in Chutz LaAretz for [[Shemini Atzeret]] because of [[Hachanah]], it is permitted to bring tables in from the [[Sukkah]] on the 8th day of [[Sukkot]]. Rav Mordechai Willig (Am Mordechai [[Shabbat]] p. 177-9) rejects the Chayei Adam’s proof by explaining that the Magen Avraham permitted bringing the tables inside because there was a current need to bring in the tables so that people don’t linger in the [[Sukkah]] and appear as if they are adding onto [[Sukkot]]. | ||
* Shaarei | * Shaarei Teshuva 693:1 writes that one may carry the [[Megillah]] to shul privately on [[Shabbat]] if he then uses it on [[Shabbat]]. Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchata 28:83 agrees. | ||
* Rav Hershel Schachter (Eretz HaTzvi p. 57) writes that while Melachot D’rabanan are forbidden during [[Tosefet Shabbat]], Gezeirot D’rabanan are not. Thus, preparing the wine for [[Havdalah]] after Tzeit HaKochavim (during [[Tosefet Shabbat]]) should be permitted. Chazon Ovadia (p. 107) is lenient even during [[Bein HaShemashot]] if it is necessary. </rEF>If one needs to bring the [[Megillah]] to the shul after [[Shabbat]] one should say Baruch HaMavdil Ben Kodesh LeChol. <Ref>Natai Gavriel 28:7 </ref> | * Rav Hershel Schachter (Eretz HaTzvi p. 57) writes that while Melachot D’rabanan are forbidden during [[Tosefet Shabbat]], Gezeirot D’rabanan are not. Thus, preparing the wine for [[Havdalah]] after Tzeit HaKochavim (during [[Tosefet Shabbat]]) should be permitted. Chazon Ovadia (p. 107) is lenient even during [[Bein HaShemashot]] if it is necessary. </rEF>If one needs to bring the [[Megillah]] to the shul after [[Shabbat]] one should say Baruch HaMavdil Ben Kodesh LeChol. <Ref>Natai Gavriel 28:7 </ref> | ||
# Even if one’s meal extends into the night one doesn’t add Al HaNissim. <Ref>Natai Gavriel 28:3 </ref> | # Even if one’s meal extends into the night one doesn’t add Al HaNissim. <Ref>Natai Gavriel 28:3 </ref> | ||
# If the congregation didn’t yet say [[Kiddush Levana]] then they should say it before hearing the Megilla, however, if only individuals didn’t say it they should wait until after hearing Megilla together with the congregation. <Ref>Natai Gavriel 49:1, 3 </ref> | # If the congregation didn’t yet say [[Kiddush Levana]] then they should say it before hearing the Megilla, however, if only individuals didn’t say it they should wait until after hearing Megilla together with the congregation. <Ref>Natai Gavriel 49:1, 3 </ref> | ||
# If the congregation did not yet say [[Kiddush Levana]], they should say it before hearing the [[Megillah]]. <ref>Noda BiYehuda (O.C. 1:41) writes that one should say [[Kiddush Levana]] before the [[Megillah]] because of Tadir VeSheino Tadir. He explains that the Gemara’s principle that Pirsumei Nisa trumps Tadir ([[Megillah]] 3a) applies only if by reading the [[Megillah]] first, one will be able to do Pirsumeh Nisa with a bigger congregation than if one were to do Tadir first. However, if the entire congregation can read the [[Megillah]] after [[Kiddush Levana]], then it is better to say [[Kiddush Levana]] first. Kitzur S”A 97:15 and Nitei Gavriel 49:1 agree.</ref> | # If the congregation did not yet say [[Kiddush Levana]], they should say it before hearing the [[Megillah]]. <ref>Noda BiYehuda (O.C. 1:41) writes that one should say [[Kiddush Levana]] before the [[Megillah]] because of Tadir VeSheino Tadir. He explains that the Gemara’s principle that Pirsumei Nisa trumps Tadir ([[Megillah]] 3a) applies only if by reading the [[Megillah]] first, one will be able to do Pirsumeh Nisa with a bigger congregation than if one were to do Tadir first. However, if the entire congregation can read the [[Megillah]] after [[Kiddush Levana]], then it is better to say [[Kiddush Levana]] first. Kitzur S”A 97:15 and Nitei Gavriel 49:1 agree.</ref> | ||
==Traveling Between a walled city and a non-walled city== | ==Traveling Between a walled city and a non-walled city== | ||
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<references/> | <references/> | ||
[[Category:Holidays]] | [[Category:Holidays]] | ||
[[Category:Prayer]] | |||
[[Category:Purim]] | [[Category:Purim]] | ||
