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As the prayer builds up to the climax in which a person stands directly before Hashem and converses with him in [[Shemona Esrei]], the rabbis established a beautiful section of praises to Hashem called [[Pesukei DeZimrah]]. Most of the texts of Pesukei Dzimrah are culled from Tehillim, however, some are from the Tefillot of David HaMelech and Nechemya upon the inauguration of the first and second Bet Hamikdash, respectively, as well as the song of Az Yashir that the Jews sang after the miracle of the crossing the Yam Suf. Pesukei Dzimrah is framed with a bracha of Baruch She'amar at the beginning and Yishtabach at the end. | |||
==Basics== | |||
#The Rabbis instituted to say Pesukei DeZimrah starting with the blessing Baruch Sh'amar and ending with the blessing Yishtabach.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 51:1 | |||
==Mizmor Letodah== | ==Mizmor Letodah== | ||
#Ashkenazim stand during Mizmor Letodah, but Sephardim do not stand for Mizmor Letodah. <ref>Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 14:2 writes that the Ashkenazic practice is to stand for Mizmor Letodah. Kaf Hachaim 48:1 quotes the Arizal as saying that one does not need to stand for Mizmor Letodah. Shalmei Tzibbur 68b, Keshur Gudal 7:38, Shaarei Teshuva 51:9, Kaf Hachaim Palagi 12:18, and Shulchan haTahor 7 agree. See further Minchat David 1:52, Rivivot Efraim 4:22. Yad Aharon (1 Hagahot Tur), Siddur Baet Ovad 3, Shulchan Aruch Harav 1:14, Siddur Yavetz, Derech Hachaim.</ref> | |||
#On [[Shabbat]] and [[Yom tov]] we replace Mizmor Letodah with Mizmor Shir leYom haShabbat and Hashem Malach. Many have the minhag to also say the first pasuk even on [[Yom tov]]. <ref>Rama 51:9, bet Yosef 51 in name of Orchot Chaim (meah brachot 26) say the minhag is not to say Mizmor Letodah on [[Shabbat]] and [[Yom tov]] but the Tur disagrees. Instead we say Mizmor Letodah as mentioned by the Orchot Chaim (quoted by bet Yosef {{ibid}}.). Concerning the first pasuk on [[Yom tov]], the Orchot Chaim holds not to say it. Siddur Rav Sadyah Goan 120 and Sefer minhagim of Rabbi Yitzchak Madura hold to say it even on [[Yom tov]]. This is also the opinion of Pri Chadash 51:9, Shaarei Knesset Gedolah (Hagahot bet Yosef 10), Olat Tamit 51:2, Eliyah Raba 51:12, Bear Heteiv 51:10, Shalmei Tzibbur 68c, Ruach Chaim 51:8, Mishna Brurah 51:21, Kaf Hachaim 51:49. see Sh”t Yabia Omer O”C 8:11(14 s.v. Beshabbat) </ref> | |||
#On [[Rosh Hashana]] the majority minhag is not to say it, though some have the minhag to say it. Ashkenazim have the minhag not to say it on Erev [[Yom Kippur]], but Sephardim do say it on Erev [[Yom Kippur]]. <ref>Knesset Gedola (Hagahot HaTur), Magen Avraham 51:10, Shaalmei Tzibbur 68b, Minchat Aharon 69c record the minhag to say it on [[Rosh Hashana]] and some would also say it on [[Yom Kippur]]. However, Pri Megadim (A”A 10), Sh”t Rav Poalim 3:38, Kaf Hachaim Sofer 51:50, Mishna Brua 51:21, Kaf HaChaim Palagi 12:19 in name of the Arizal. See Sh”t Benai Levi 3. Concerning Erev [[Yom Kippur]], Rama 51:9 says not to say it, but Knesset Hagedolah(Hagahot HaTur), Shaarei Knesset Gedolah (604:5 Hagahot Bet Yosef) say the minhag is to say it. Pri Chadash 604, Shalmei Tzibbur 68b, Kaf Hachaim Palagi 12:19, and Kaf Hachaim Sofer 51:52 agree. </ref> | |||
#Ashkenazim do not say it on Erev or Chol Hamoed [[Pesach]], whereas Sephardim do. <ref>Rama 51:9 based on Sefer minhagim (hilchot erev pesach pg 38), as well as Pri Chadash 429:2, Siddur Bet Ovad, Siach Yitzchak say not to say it. Bet Yosef in name of Tur, Shaarei Knesset Hagedolah (hagot bet Yosef 8-9), Sh”t bet david O”C 441, Sh”t Maaseh Avraham O”C 19, Shaalmei Tzibbur 68b, Rov Dagan 154b, Zecher LeAvraham 429, Kaf Hachaim Sofer 51:51, Kaf Hachaim Palagi 12:19, Chazon Ovadiah 2 pg 6, Sh”t Yabia Omer O”C 8:11(14)</ref> | |||
#It is to be said on Erev Tisha BaAv or Tisha BaAv. <ref>Sefer Minhagim of Rabbi Isaac Tirna 82 says not to say it, but Sh”t Maharshal 64 says it is a mistake not to say it, it should be said. This is also the opinion of Olat Tamid 51:2, Knesset Gedola (Hagahot Tur), Magen Avraham 51:11, Bear Heteiv 51:10, Shalmei Tzibbur 68c, Kaf HaChaim Palagi 12:19, Mishna Brurah 51:21, Kaf Hachaim Sofer 51:53.</ref> | |||
==Ashrei== | |||
#One needs kavanah that Hashem provides for all in “Pote’ach Et Yadecha”. If one did not have kavanah one should say the pasuk again. If one finished the mizmor one should repeat from Pote’ach until the end, and if one only remembers later, ome should say Pote’ach between mizmorim. If one finished all the mizmorim one should have kavanah in Ashrei after [[Tachanun]] or in Ashrei of [[Mincha]]. <ref>Shulchan Aruch 51:7 based on Talmidei Rabbeinu Yonah 23a s.v. Kol HaOmer. Orchot Chaim (Tachanot Vemizmorim sh’acher shema esreh 3), Sefer Eshkol (Mehuderet Rav Aurbach 24:53), Birkei Yosef 51:5, Siddur Rav Amram Goan 103 say we Ashrei is said 3 times so that if one did not have kavanah the first time, one can have kavana the next time. However the Levush 51:8 says when one remembers one must repeat the whole mizmor, on which many achronim (Eliyah Rabbah 51:6, Magen Avraham 51:6, Pri Megadim A”A 51:6, Mor UKesia, Solet Belula 51:5, Yeshuot Yacov 51:1, Shulchan Aruch Harav 51:8, Birkei Yosef 51:1, Siddur Bet Ovad 51:3 and Kaf Hachaim Sofer 51:32, Halacha Bruah 51:33) disagree based on the Talmidei Rabbenu Yonah that one just repeats Pote’ach. Still, Chaye Adam 18:2 and Mishna Brurah 51:16 hold when one remembers one should repeat from Pote’ach until the end. The Kaf Hachaim Sofer 51:33 says one should not interrupt to repeat Pote’ach in Pesukei DeZimrah since one can say it with kavanah after [[Shmoneh Esrei]] and repeat it there if needed. However many allow one to repeat it even in Pesukei DeZimrah. This is also the opinion of Ben Ish Chai Vayigash 12 and is implied from many posikim. Therefore Sh”t Yabia Omer 5:6 says one should preferably say it between mizmorim </ref> | |||
#Sephardim have the custom to open their hands during Pote’ach. <ref>Rov Dagan (Ot Letova 24:2), Chaim LeRosh (Birkat HaMazon 8 pg 78b). See further in Sh”t Torat Lishma 31, Ben Ish Chai Vayigash 12, Pekudat Elazar 51e, Sh”t Kiryat Chana David O”C 1:13, Tzitz Eliezer 12:8, Milta Betama 72, Sh”t Shaarei Tzedek Chirari 2:20. </ref> | |||
#The custom is to begin Ashrei with two pesukim “Ashrei Yoshvei” and “Ashrei HaAm” before the chapter of “Tehilat LeDavid” and it concludes with the pasuk of “VaAnachnu.” <ref>Tosfot Brachot 32b s.v. kodem writes that since the concept of sitting and preparing for davening is learned from the pasuk "Ashrei Yoshvei" we recite that pasuk in pesukei dzimra. The Tur 51 writes that this is the practice. The Bach 51 mentions the practice to also adds the second introductory pasuk of Ashrei against the Rokeach. Magen Avraham 51:7 agrees. Bet Yosef 51 and Rama 51:7 mention the ending verse VaAnachnu. </ref> | |||
===Importance of Ashrei=== | |||
#One who recites ashrei three times a day is guaranteed life in the world to come. <ref>Gemara Berachot 4b </ref> | |||
==The Mizmorim== | |||
#The pasuk of “Kol Hanishma Tihalelya” and “Hashem Yimloch LeOlam Va’ed” are repeated. The Targum of Yimloch is also read, followed by “Ki Ba Sus”. <ref>Concerning repeating, Rama 51 brings the practice based on Machsor Vitri 1:6, against the Orchot Chaim who says not to repeat Hashem Yimloch. This is also the opinion of Magen Avraham 51:9. The source to read the targum of Hashem Yimloch and Ki Ba Sus is the Arizal (Shaar Kavanot 31b), Ben Ish Chai Vayigash 14. However the Mishna Brurah 51:17 quotes the Gra who says not to say Ki Ba Sus. </ref> | |||
#Sephardim have the custom to give three coins to [[tzedaka]] during “atta moshel bekol” in Vayevarech David, two coins first and then the third coin. <ref>Shaar Kavanot (Tefilat Shachar 18c) Pri Etz Chaim (shaar zemirot 6), Magen Avraham 51: 7, Shalmei Tzibbur 70a, Keshur Gudal 7:43, Siddur Bet Ovad 1, Mishna Brurah 51:19, and Kaf Hachaim 51:44. See Sh”t Yagdil Torah 1:21.</ref> | |||
==Baruch Hashem Lolam== | |||
#The minhag is to say Baruch Hashem Lolam (Tehillim 89:53), Baruch Hashem Mtziyon (Tehillim 135:21), Baruch Hashem Elokim, and Baruch Shem Kavod (Tehillim 72:18-19) after the Halleluka's before Vayivarech Dovid (Divrei Hayamim 1:29:10-13; Nechemya 9:5-11).<ref>Why do we say Baruch Hashem Lolam in Pesukei Dzimrah? | |||
*The Levush 51:5 explains that since it is common to interrupt after the Halleluka's the minhag is to first say Baruch Hashem Lolam which functions like a bracha achrona on pesukei dzimra. | |||
*The Lechem Chamudot (Brachot 5:5:19) writes that they instituted it so that everyone remembers those pesukim in case he needs to interrupt. It was said before Veyevarech Dovid since Baruch Hashem and Vayivarech both speak about brachot. | |||
*The Avudraham (Baruch She'amar s.v. vachar kach) writes that we say these pesukim since we finished Tehillim with the halleluka's and these pesukim are from the end of each sefer of tehillim. Eliya Rabba 51:4* cites that. Mateh Moshe 54 points out that according to the Avudraham really we should say Baruch Hashem Elokey Yisrael Tehillim 41:14 which is a conclusion of a sefer of tehillim and not Baruch Hashem Mtziyon (Tehillim 135:21) which isn't the conclusion of a sefer of tehillim. | |||
*Mateh Moshe 54 writes that the reason is to hint to the upcoming pieces of davening. Baruch Hashem Lolam is five words like Barchu, Baruch Hashem Mtziyon is six words like Shema and Baruch Shem, the last two pesukim together are nineteen words like the brachot in Shemona Esrei.</ref> | |||
==Az Yashir== | |||
#Az Yashir is said even on Tisha BaAv.<ref>Tur 559 records the minhag not to say Az Yashir on Tisha BaAv. Bet Yosef says the minhag was to say Haazinu instead of Az Yashir, so records Ben Ish Chai Devarim 26, but the Darkei Moshe 559:6 says the minhag is to say Az Yashir as usual, so records Chesed LeAlafim 51:11 so was the minhag of Yerushalim according to the practice of the Arizal. See further Sh”t Olat Shmeul 79, Sh”t Yabia Omer Y”D 4:32(3)</ref> | |||
#In the pasuk “Mi Chamocha BaElim Hashem Mi Kamocha Nedar Bakodesh” the first Kamocha has a soft Kaf and the second one has a Dagesh. Similarly, “Yidamu KaAven” has a Kaf with a dagesh and “Am Zu Ga’alta” has a Gimmel with a dagesh. <ref>Orchot Chaim (Meah Brachot 32) quotes by Bet Yosef 51, Magen Avraham 51:7, Eliyah raba 51:7. see ketonet or vayechi d”h ve’amarti.</ref> | |||
#One should pause between the words “Tzalelu KaOferet Bemayim” and “Adirim”, however some say not to pause. <ref>Solet Belula 51:4 says one should pause since Adirim is not referring to the water but the Egyptians, Pri Megadim M”Z 51:1, Shalmei Tzibbur 70b, Ben Ish Chai Vayigash 14, Mishna Brurah 51:17, Kaf HaChaim 51:39. However, the Sansan Leyair 35 argues from Rav Yehuda Halevi, Rashi, and Mechilta on the pasuk. See Sh”t Levushei Michlol 4:41, Rivavot Efraim 2:34, 3:52, 4:23</ref> | |||
==Yishtabach== | |||
#If someone forgot to say Yishtabach and started [[birchot kriyat shema]] according to some poskim he could say it between Yotzer Or and Ahavat Olam/Ahava Rabba,<ref>Yabia Omer O.C. 6:6 holds that one should say it between Yotzer Or and Ahavat Olam/Ahava Rabba since after Shemona Esrei the Yishtabach will be lost. Also, it is permitted to interrupt Birchot Kriyat Shema for certain needs. Also, even though there was an interruption to pesukei dzimrah that doesn’t invalidate the pesukei dzimrah and Yishtabach can still be recited. Lhorot Natan 2:10 cited by Halichot Yisrael agrees. Halichot Yisrael v. 1 p. 106 quotes Rav Sheinberg and Rav Chaim Kanievsky as agreeing that Yishtabach should be said after Yotzer Or.</ref> while other poskim hold that the bracha was lost entirely.<ref>However, Halichot Shlomo Tefillah p. 81 argues that once you started the Birchot Kriyat Shema you began another section of davening and have automatically completed pesukei dzimrah. Levushei Mordechai OC 2:16 and Minchat Aharon 1:12 agree. Eshel Avraham 51 s.v. hayom implies this as well. Halichot Yisrael quotes Rav Moshe Feinstein as having a doubt about this case. [https://www.torahanytime.com/#/lectures?v=212079 Rav Shmuel Furst (Shailos of the Week, min 19)] quotes Rav Moshe Feinstein as not allowing one to go back to Yishtabach after starting Yotzer.</ref> | |||
#It is permitted to recite pesukei dezimra out of order. If one skipped a paragraph and is up to Yishtabach and has more time, he can return to that paragraph.<ref>[https://www.torahanytime.com/#/lectures?v=212079 Rav Shmuel Fuerst (Shailos of the Week, min 18)] quoting Igrot Moshe OC 2:16</ref> | |||
==When to Stand During Pesukei DeZimrah== | |||
#The Sephardic custom is to stand during the zemirot of "Hashem Melech", "Baruch SheAmar," and from "Vayvarech David" until "Asher Bacharta BeAvram." Additionally, one can stand during any part that one wishes with the exception of "Mizmor LeToda." <ref>Kaf HaChaim 51:43, 48 </ref> | |||
==Pesukei Dzimrah after Shemona Esrei== | |||
#If a person forgot or was rushed and needed to skip Pesukei Dzimrah he should say it after Shemona Esrei without Shem Umalchut in Baruch She'amar and Yishtabach.<ref>The Bet Yosef 52 quotes the Rabbenu Yonah who says that if one skipped Pesukei Dzimrah before Shemona Esrei he can say it afterwards with brachot. He also cites the Rosh in the name of Rav Amram Goan who argues that it can't be said after Shemona Esrei since it is instituted as a preparation for Shemona Esrei. Rashba (Teshuvot 1:189, 1:753, and Meyuchasot 198) agrees with the Rosh. Shulchan Aruch O.C. 52:1 rules that he should still say Pesukei Dzimrah but without Shem Umalchut in Baruch She'amar and Yishtabach.</ref> | |||
#If a person made a mistake in Shacharit Shemona Esrei and needs to repeat it some poskim hold that he should first repeat Pesukei Dzimrah.<ref>Rabbi Akiva Eiger 52:1 writes that if someone forgot Mashiv Haruach Umorid Hageshem in Shemona Esrei and needs to repeat Shemona Esrei he should first say Pesukei Dzimrah again. Torat Chaim Sofer 52 argues because you wouldn't want to separate the Shemona Esrei from birchot kriyat shema because of some'ach geulah ltefillah. Halichot Yisrael v. 1 p. 108 answers that if the Shemona Esrei didn't count at all there's no value in some'ach geulah ltefillah since there was a separation already. And if the Shemona Esrei counted for something then some'ach geulah ltefillah was already fulfilled. Halacha Brurah 52:2 quotes this Rabbi Akiva Eiger. He points out that it seems to be dependant on the dispute in the rishonim whether the first Shemona Esrei counted because if it did then he can’t say Pesukei Dzimrah anymore.</ref> | |||
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