Pesukei DeZimrah: Difference between revisions

As the prayer builds up to the climax in which a person stands directly before Hashem and converses with him in [[Shemona Esrei]], the rabbis established a beautiful section of praises to Hashem called Pesukei Dzimrah. Most of the texts of Pesukei Dzimrah are culled from Tehillim, however, some are from the Tefillot of Dovid and Nechemya upon the inauguration of the first and second Bet Hamikdash, respectively, as well as the song of Az Yashir that the Jews sang after the miracle of the crossing the Yam Suf. Pesukei Dzimrah is framed with a bracha of Baruch Sheamar at the beginning and Yishtabach at the end.

# The time to say Pesukei DeZimrah is from Alot Hashachar (72 minutes before sunrise) until the 4th hour in Shaot Zmaniot. <Ref>  Elyah Raba 664:3 in name of Maharil, Mekor Chaim 18:3, Torat Chaim Sofer 51:1, Yechva Daat 2:8. The Yosef Ometz Uzfa is strict that it should not be done until closer to sunrise. However, Teshuva MeAhava 2 pg 6(3) and Meharsham BeDaat Torah 664, in name of Rashi, say that it can be said before Alot Hashachar. </ref>

# If one missed the time unintentionally or unwillingly one can say it after 4 hours until [[Chatzot]] (when one cannot say Birchot Shema but can say [[Shmoneh Esrei]]. However it one missed the time intentionally one can only say Baruch Sh'amar and Yishtabach without Hashem’s name in the bracha (and [[Shmoneh Esrei]] should be said with a stipulation that it should be voluntary if it is unnecessary). <Ref> Mishna Brurah 89:6, and Yalkut Yosef (Tefilah 1 pg 140, Sherit Yosef 2 pg 256) say that by [[Shmoneh Esrei]] after 4 hours one can still pray only if one unintentionally missed the time as stated in Shulchan Aruch 89:1. Whether one can say [[Shmoneh Esrei]] if one intentionally missed the time is a dispute of the achronim and so one can pray with a stipulation. Halacha Brurah 51:6 writes, however, for Pesukei DeZimrah, since it is a dispute and no stipulation is valid, we do not say the bracha as it is a Safek Bracha. </ref>

# If it is after [[Chatzot]], or one said [[Shmoneh Esrei]] before one said Pesukei DeZimrah, one should only say Baruch Sh'amar and Yishtabach without Hashem’s name in the bracha.   <Ref> Shulchan Aruch 52:1, Aruch (Erech Tefilah), Machsor Vitri 23, Or Zaruha 1:100, Smak 12:77, Hagahot Maimon Tefilah 7:50, Rashba 1:589 in name of Ramban, Shibolei HaLeket 7, against the Talmedei Rabbenu Yonah Brachot 23a who say you can still say it after [[Shmoneh Esrei]]. Halacha Brurah 51:6 extends this also to where the [[Chatzot]] passed. </ref>

== Women Saying Pesukei DeZimrah ==  

# The practice of Sephardic women is that if women want to say it, since there is no obligation for them to do so, they may only say Pesukei DeZimrah without Hashem’s name in the bracha. The practice of Ashkenazi women is to say the bracha with Hashem’s name.  <Ref>Halacha Brurah 51:7 from his [[teshuva]] Sh”t Otzrot Yosef 4:3. Shulchan Aruch 589:6 says women may not make [[brachot]] that are on time bound positive mitzvot and Rama says women may make these [[brachot]]. Whether women are obligated in Pesukei DeZimrah is a dispute in the achronim. The dispute is based on the dispute in the rishonim where women are exempt from time bound mitzvot that are derabanan. (Tosfot Brachot 20b holds they are exempt and Orchot Chaim (Hilchot Tzitzit 31) in name of Rabbenu Tam holds they are obligated.) Since Pesukei DeZimrah is a time bound derabanan mitzvah seemingly it would be dependant on the dispute of the rishonim. In [[Siman 47]], the Taz and Magen Avraham imply from Bet Yosef that women are patur from Pesukei DeZimrah; however the Maharil haChadashot 45:2 pg 53, holds women are chayav and when Bet Yosef quotes the Maharil he leaves out that women are chayav. Mishna Brurah 70:1 implies from Rabbi Akiva Eiger that women are obligated. Or Letzion 2, 5:3 pg 44-5, holds they are not obligated but can still make the bracha since it is praise of Hashem, but Sh”t Yabia Omer O”C 2:165, 8:8 argues that one should not make unnecessary [[brachot]]. </ref>

# If one finished Baruch Sh'amar before the Shaliach Tzibbur one can answer [[amen]] after the Shaliach Tzibbur finishes Baruch Sh'amar. <Ref> Shulchan Aruch 51:2, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch of Rav Rephael Baruch Toledano, siman 11, laaws of tefila from baruch she'amar until yishtabach, seif 3, Tur 51:2 based on the Rosh in a Teshuva (Klal 4:19), Bet Yosef (51:2) compares this to a dispute of Rishonim of [[answering Amen]] after HaBocher B’Amo Israel BeAhava before Shema and then concludes by Pesukei DeZimrah we can be lenient since [[amen]] is a praise of Hashem(fitting with theme of Pesukei DeZimrah). Magen Avraham 51:3. Sh”t Yabia Omer O”C 6:4, 7:8(3), Yavetz in Mor Ukesia 65, Kiseh Eliyahu 51:3, Chida in Kesher Gadol 7:21,34, Pri Megadim A”A 51:3, Chaye Adam 2:3, Kesot HaShulchan in Badeh Shulchan 18:5 in name of Siddur Rav Zalman, Shalmei Tzibbur pg 67b, Sh”t Zechur L’Yitzchak Hareri 7:6, Rav Shlomo Kluger in Sefer HaChaim 59, Minchat Aharon 12(4). However the Tevuot Shemesh O”C 12 and Aruch Hashulchan do not allow one to answer [[amen]] during Pesukei DeZimrah.</ref>

# If one finished Baruch Sh'amar with the Shaliach Tzibbur one may not answer [[amen]] after the Shaliach Tzibbur finishes Baruch Sh'amar, since it would look like one is answering [[amen]] to one’s own bracha. <Ref> Teshuvat Harosh (klal 4:19), Magen Avrham 51:2, Birkei Yosef 51:2, Kesher Gudal 7:26, Shalmei Tzibbor 67:1 Shulchan Aruch Harav51:3, Siddur Bet Ovad 11, Ben Ish Chai Vayigash 8, Mishna Brurah 51:8, Kaf haChaim 51:3. </ref>

# The Sephardic custom is to say [[amen]] after one’s own bracha when it concludes a significant section such as saying [[amen]] after Yishtabach. Ashkenazim have the minhag not to say [[amen]] after one’s own bracha as after Yishtabach, but if one finishes Yishtabach with the Shaliach Tzibbur one can answer [[amen]]. <Ref> Shulchan Aruch 51:3,215:1 and Rama 215:1. It is permitted to answer the Shaliach Tzibbur’s bracha if one finishes at the same time and it is not an issue of looking like you are answering your own bracha. Bach 54, Magen Avrham 51:2, Beir Hetev 51:2, Shulchan Aruch HaRav 51:3, Mishna Brurah 51:3 and other Achronim agree. </ref>

==Interruptions in Baruch Sh’amar and Yishtabach==  

# When one is saying the beginning of Baruch Sh’amar or Yishtabach before the words Baruch Atta Hashem, one can answer [[Kaddish]], [[Kedusha]], and [[Barchu]]. <Ref>  Halacha Brurah 51:12, Ben Ish Chai Vayigash 9, Kaf HaChaim of Rabbi Chaim Palagi 18:4, Mishna Brurah 51:2, Kesher Gudal 7:29,30 see footnote 17.</ref>

# When one is saying the Bracha of Baruch Sh’amar or Yishtabach after Baruch Atta Hashem, one may not answer [[amen]] to a bracha.   <Ref> The Magen Avraham (51:3) holds one can answer [[amen]] during the bracha of Baruch Sh’amar since it is a bracha not mentioned in Talmud, so holds the Pri Chadash 51, Imri David Padir 51, Sh”t Levushei David Tanina O”C 16, Sh”t Hayshiv Moshe Titelbaum O”C 3, Mishna Brurah 51:2. However, Birkei Yosef 51:1 quotes Tur who quotes Sefer Hayecholet that Yishmael ben Elisha Cohen Gadol wrote Baruch She’amar and the mentioning of it in the Yerushalmi and Zohar. Thus, in the bracha itself one may not answer [[amen]], so holds Mishkenot Yacov O”C 64, Chida in Kesher Gadol 7:29, Mishna Brurah 51:2 in name of Chaye Adam 5:13, Igrot Moshe O”C 4:13, Shalmei Tzibbur pg 67b, Sh”t Zechur LeAvraham 3 pg 5b, Kaf Hachaim of Rabbi Chaim Palagi 18:5, Ben Ish Chai Vayigash 9, Tehilah LeDavid 51:1, Me’ain Ganim O”C 13:4, Torat Chaim Sofer 51:1, Beiur Halacha D”H Im Siyem, Sh”t Meshiv Halacha 1:438, Sh”t Yabia Omer O”C 5:7(5), 6:6(3), Sh”t Yacheva Daat 6:3 pg 18. </ref>

# The tzibbur shouldn’t add piutim in Pesukei DeZimrah or [[Brachot]] [[Kriyat Shema]], but should be said after the [[Kaddish]] Titkabel after Shemona Esreh. Ashkenazim allow the tzibbur to add classical piutim even in [[Brachot]] [[Kriyat Shema]], but shouldn’t add new piutim.  <Ref>  There’s a dispute by Brichot [[Kriyat Shema]] whether one can add piutim brought in the Tur and Bet Yosef 68 between the Rambam, Rosh, and Ramah who don’t allow and the Raavad, Rabbeinu Tam and Rashba (Shu"t Vol. 1, Siman 469) defend the Minhag. See Ritva Shabbat 118b. S”A 68 rules some have the minhag to add piutim but it’s proper not to say them. Whether pituim are allowed in Pesukei DeZimrah is a dispute of the Achronim. The hold the tzibbur shouldn’t add piutim and should change their minhag so it’s not an interruption: Divrei Yosef 5e, Pri [[Chadash]] 68, Chida in Sh”t Tov Ayin 18:35, Mashcha Deravuta 112, Sh”t Divrei david meyeldola 24 pg 61c, Siddur Bet Ovad (Nishmat 7), Batei Kenisiot 124 pg 125b, Sh”t Yavikra Avraham (Makom Shenehagu 123c), Ikrei Hadat 4:21, Sh”t Mayim Chaim Mashosh 157. However others say the tzibbur shouldn’t change it’s minhag to take out the piutim such as the Sh”t Mahari kolon, Sh”t Adoni Paz 22c, and Pachad Yitzchak 136d. see further Sh”t Yechave Daat 2:7, Otzrot Yosef 4:6.</ref>

# One can answer any dvar sh’bekedusha, including Baruch Hu UBaruch Shemo.<Ref>  Halacha Brurah 51:16. In footnote 24, the overwhelming consensus of the achronim was not to say Baruch Hu UBaruch Shemo in Pesukei DeZimrah.  However, the Tur 54 in name of Rav Amram Goan says that one can interrupt between Yishtabach and Yotzer for a public need or to distribute charity against the Hagahot Miymoni Tefilah 7:12 in name of the Yerushalmi that it is an Averah to speak in between Yishtabach and Yotzer. Shulchan Aruch 54:3 quotes both of the above opinions. The Rama ibid writes that one can interrupt for blessing the sick or accepting someone for a court case since they are tzorech mitzvah, so holds Sh”t Meharshal 64. Similarly, the minhag is to say Shir HaMaalot during Asert Yeme Teshuva based on the Arizal (Darush L’Rosh Hashana 90a). Therefore, one should be able to answer Baruch Hu Ubaruch Shemo so hold Sh”t Rabbi Eliyahu Hamway 167c D”H UMekol Makom, Taharat Mayim 70:90, Lechem Shlomo O”C 36, Halichot Olam 1 pg 81, Sh”t Yechave Daat 4:9, against the Sh”t Peni Yitzchak 5 pg 170d. See further in Sh”t Shuirei Tahara 2:36, Sh”t Lev Chaim 2:109, Sh”t Kinyan Torah 3:91(3)</ref>

# On [[Shabbat]] and [[Yom tov]] we replace Mizmor Letodah with Mizmor Shir leYom haShabbat and Hashem Malach. Many have the minhag to also say the first pasuk even on [[Yom tov]].  <Ref>  Rama 51:9, bet Yosef 51 in name of Orchot Chaim (meah brachot 26) say the minhag is not to say Mizmor Letodah on [[Shabbat]] and [[Yom tov]] but the Tur disagrees. Instead we say Mizmor Letodah as mentioned by the Orchot Chaim (quoted by bet Yosef {{ibid}}.). Concerning the first pasuk on [[Yom tov]], the Orchot Chaim holds not to say it, so says in Siddur Rav Sadyah Goan 120, Sefer minhagim of Rabbi Yitzchak Madura says to say it even on [[Yom tov]]. This is also the opinion of Pri Chadash 51:9, Shaarei Knesset Gedolah (Hagahot bet Yosef 10), Olat Tamit 51:2, Eliyah Raba 51:12, Bear Heteiv 51:10, Shalmei Tzibbur 68c, Ruach Chaim 51:8, Mishna Brurah 51:21, Kaf Hachaim 51:49. see Sh”t Yabia Omer O”C 8:11(14 s.v. Beshabbat) </ref>