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Permissible ways to heat up food on Shabbat: Difference between revisions
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Permissible ways to heat up food on Shabbat (view source)
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# One may place cold fully cooked solid food on top of a pot that is on the fire on Shabbat because that is not considered on top of a fire at all. <Ref> | # One may place cold fully cooked solid food on top of a pot that is on the fire on Shabbat because that is not considered on top of a fire at all. <Ref> | ||
* The Tosefta (Shabbat 3:23) permits placing a pot of food on top of another pot (Kedeirah Al Gabei Kedeirah) on Shabbat in order to preserve the heat of the top pot but not in order to heat it up. The Bet Yosef 258 quotes Rabbeinu Yerucham, who cites the Rosh’s opinion that the requirement that the food be hot is true only regarding foods that weren’t fully cooked or liquids, but a cold fully cooked solid may be placed on top of a pot on Shabbat. Rabbeinu Yerucham then quotes a second opinion that placing cold food on top of a pot is like placing it on a fire which is forbidden. S”A 318:8 rules like the Rosh. Many achronim including Gra 318:7, Eliyah Rabba 318:21, Mishna Brurah 318:60, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:36, and Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]] vol 3 pg 207) agree. | * The Tosefta (Shabbat 3:23) permits placing a pot of food on top of another pot (Kedeirah Al Gabei Kedeirah) on Shabbat in order to preserve the heat of the top pot but not in order to heat it up. The Bet Yosef 258 quotes Rabbeinu Yerucham, who cites the Rosh’s opinion that the requirement that the food be hot is true only regarding foods that weren’t fully cooked or liquids, but a cold fully cooked solid may be placed on top of a pot on Shabbat. Rabbeinu Yerucham then quotes a second opinion that placing cold food on top of a pot is like placing it on a fire which is forbidden. S”A 318:8 rules like the Rosh. Many achronim including Gra 318:7, Eliyah Rabba 318:21, Mishna Brurah 318:60, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:36, and Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]] vol 3 pg 207) agree. | ||
* The Pri Megadim E”A 253:33 explains that the above leniency only applies is the bottom pot is filled with food, and not is it is empty. Bei’ur Halacha 253:3 D”H Veyezaher agrees. Thus, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:42 rules that one may place cold fully cooked solid food on top of another pot of food that is on the fire, even if it will become Yad Soldet Bo. </ref> | * The Pri Megadim E”A 253:33 explains that the above leniency only applies is the bottom pot is filled with food, and not is it is empty. Bei’ur Halacha 253:3 D”H Veyezaher agrees. Thus, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:42 rules that one may place cold fully cooked solid food on top of another pot of food that is on the fire, even if it will become Yad Soldet Bo. Shabbos Kitchen (p. 41-2) and Orchot Shabbat (p. 99) agree.</ref> According to Sephardim, a fully cooked liquid, which is also at least Yad Soledet Bo is the equivalent of a fully cooked solid food, according to Ashkenazim, a fully cooked liquid which is at least slightly warm, is the equivalent of fully cooked solid food. <ref>Even though S"A 318:7 writes that liquids must be as hot as Yad Soldet Bo, Rama 318:15 argues that even if it’s just slightly warm it’s permissible. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:36 agrees. </ref> | ||
# Note that this leniency only applies if the bottom pot is filled with food and not if it is empty. <ref> The Chazon Ish 37 writes that an empty pot isn’t considered a separation between the pot of food and the fire. Sh”t Az Nidbaru 3:14 and Shabbos Kitchen (Rabbi Simcha Bunim Kohen; pg 42) agree that the bottom pot must be filled with food. See, however, Sh”t Shevet HaLevi 1:91. </ref> | # Note that this leniency only applies if the bottom pot is filled with food and not if it is empty. <ref> The Chazon Ish 37 writes that an empty pot isn’t considered a separation between the pot of food and the fire. Sh”t Az Nidbaru 3:14 and Shabbos Kitchen (Rabbi Simcha Bunim Kohen; pg 42) agree that the bottom pot must be filled with food. See, however, Sh”t Shevet HaLevi 1:91. </ref> | ||
# If the food isn't fully cooked, one may not place the food on top of another pot which is on the fire <Ref> S”A 318:7-8 quotes a dispute whether one may place a pot with cold solids or hot liquids which are Yad Soldet Bo on top of a pot that’s on the fire and rules leniently. Even though the Taz 318:11 writes that it’s permissible even if it’s not fully cooked (but seems to require that the pot will not be able to cook), Mishna Brurah 318:55 rules that the food must be fully cooked based on many Achronim (Bach, Gra, Tosefet [[Shabbat]], Olat [[Shabbat]], Maamer Mordechai, Pri Megadim) who disagree with the Taz 318:9 on a similar issue. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:36 rules like the Mishna Brurah. </ref> unless there's no chance that the pot will reach Yad Soldet Bo if it was left there. <Ref> Buir Halacha 318:6 D”H Ad SheTehe, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:36 </ref> | # If the food isn't fully cooked, one may not place the food on top of another pot which is on the fire <Ref> S”A 318:7-8 quotes a dispute whether one may place a pot with cold solids or hot liquids which are Yad Soldet Bo on top of a pot that’s on the fire and rules leniently. Even though the Taz 318:11 writes that it’s permissible even if it’s not fully cooked (but seems to require that the pot will not be able to cook), Mishna Brurah 318:55 rules that the food must be fully cooked based on many Achronim (Bach, Gra, Tosefet [[Shabbat]], Olat [[Shabbat]], Maamer Mordechai, Pri Megadim) who disagree with the Taz 318:9 on a similar issue. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:36 rules like the Mishna Brurah. </ref> unless there's no chance that the pot will reach Yad Soldet Bo if it was left there. <Ref> Buir Halacha 318:6 D”H Ad SheTehe, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:36 </ref> | ||
# It’s forbidden to place a pot on top of another pot where the top pot contains food with containing large quantities of congealed fat. However, if there’s only a little congealed fat such that when melted it mixes with the rest of the food it’s permissible. If fat was dissolved it may be eaten. It’s also permitted to dissolve a sauce that is normally eaten in its congealed state such as fish sauce. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:37 </ref> | # It’s forbidden to place a pot on top of another pot where the top pot contains food with containing large quantities of congealed fat. However, if there’s only a little congealed fat such that when melted it mixes with the rest of the food it’s permissible. If fat was dissolved it may be eaten. It’s also permitted to dissolve a sauce that is normally eaten in its congealed state such as fish sauce. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:37 </ref> | ||
===Kedierah Blech=== | ===Kedierah Blech=== | ||
# Some say that placing food on a “Kedeirah Blech,” a rectangular box filled with water placed on top of the fire before Shabbat, is the same as placing food on top of a pot on the fire, while others say that it merely like a covered fire, to which one may not return food without fulfilling certain conditions (see the [[#Covered_fire_(Blech)]] section). <Ref> A “Kedeirah Blech” is a covered rectangular metal box containing water that is meant to serve as a “pot” on top of the fire upon which pots can rest. Rav Hershel Schachter (“Hilchos Bishul B’Shabbos”, min 56-9) rules that a “Kedeirah Blech” is like a pot on top of a pot and is permissible. Rav Mordechai Willig (Am Mordechai p. 28), though, argues that since the water inside the “Kedierah Blech” isn’t meant to be consumed, it is not similar to the case of a pot on top of a pot. Rabbi Elyashiv (cited by The 39 Melachos Bishul # | # Some say that placing food on a “Kedeirah Blech,” a rectangular box filled with water placed on top of the fire before Shabbat, is the same as placing food on top of a pot on the fire, while others say that it merely like a covered fire, to which one may not return food without fulfilling certain conditions (see the [[#Covered_fire_(Blech)]] section). <Ref> A “Kedeirah Blech” is a covered rectangular metal box containing water that is meant to serve as a “pot” on top of the fire upon which pots can rest. Rav Hershel Schachter (“Hilchos Bishul B’Shabbos”, min 56-9) rules that a “Kedeirah Blech” is like a pot on top of a pot and is permissible. Rav Mordechai Willig (Am Mordechai p. 28), though, argues that since the water inside the “Kedierah Blech” isn’t meant to be consumed, it is not similar to the case of a pot on top of a pot. Rabbi Elyashiv (cited by The 39 Melachos Bishul note #212), Rabbi Belsky (39 Melachos Bishul note #211; on ouradio.org, [http://www.ouradio.org/ouradio/channel/C2055/ “Cooking on Shabbos- A HOT TOPIC”], min 60-68), and Rabbi Dovid Cohen (oukosher.org) agree. | ||
* Shevet HaKehati 4:110 and Az Nidbaru 1:38 say that a pot inside a pot isn’t considered a Kedeirah Al Gabi Kedeirah. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata (chap 1, note 118) and 39 Melachos (regarding a double boiler) agree. Piskei Teshuvot who quotes this Az Nidbaru and Shevet HaKehati to forbid a Kedeirah Blech seems to be inaccurate because the second pot on top of a Kedeirah Blech does not go inside the water tray but on top of it. </ref> | |||
===Electric Hotplates=== | ===Electric Hotplates=== | ||
# Many authorities permit placing food on an electric hotplate which does not have an adjustable temperature setting, even without fulfilling the conditions of Hachzara, since it is not a usual way of cooking. However, others say that it is considered like a covered fire, upon which one may not return food without fulfilling the conditions of Hachzara. <Ref> | # Many authorities permit placing food on an electric hotplate which does not have an adjustable temperature setting, even without fulfilling the conditions of Hachzara, since it is not a usual way of cooking. However, others say that it is considered like a covered fire, upon which one may not return food without fulfilling the conditions of Hachzara. <Ref> | ||
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===Crock-pot=== | ===Crock-pot=== | ||
# Some say that one may leave fully cooked food in a crock-pot which is on a timer (set from before [[Shabbat]]) to turn on [[Shabbat]] morning and off [[Shabbat]] afternoon, however, some question this. <ref>[http://www.ou.org/webcast_kosher Rabbi Hershel Schachter] (OU Kosher Webcast, min 13-16) says that even though the Shemirat [[Shabbat]] Kehilchata is lenient there is room to be strict because the Chazon Ish had a doubt about this. </ref> | # Some say that one may leave fully cooked food in a crock-pot which is on a timer (set from before [[Shabbat]]) to turn on [[Shabbat]] morning and off [[Shabbat]] afternoon, however, some question this. <ref>[http://www.ou.org/webcast_kosher Rabbi Hershel Schachter] (OU Kosher Webcast, min 13-16) says that even though the Shemirat [[Shabbat]] Kehilchata is lenient there is room to be strict because the Chazon Ish had a doubt about this. </ref> | ||
==Warming Drawers== | |||
# Some permit placing fully cooked solid food in a warming drawer if one turns it on the low setting, which it can't be used for cooking, and the knob to adjust the temperature is covered, while others forbid (see below for details).<ref> | |||
* Rabbi Gedalia Schwartz ([http://www.crcweb.org/Sappirim/Sappirim%206%20(Nov%202007).pdf Sappirim 5768], Issue 6) ruled that one may place food in a warming drawer if they are set to the low setting so that they aren’t used for cooking and the knobs are removed or covered. He notes that this only applies to solid completely cooked food. | |||
* Rabbi Belsky (on ouradio.org, [http://www.ouradio.org/ouradio/channel/C2055/ “Cooking on Shabbos- A HOT TOPIC”], min 6-8) says that essentially it may be permitted to use a warming drawer on Shabbat which looks different than other warming drawers and only reaches temperatures of 175 degrees, but doesn’t conclude that it is actually permissible, because it is too similar to other warming drawers. However, if the warmer drawer is adjustable or it could reach temperatures of 275 degrees it is certainly forbidden. | |||
* Rabbi Muschell ([http://www.star-k.org/kashrus/kk-cooking-ovenshabbos.htm star-k.org]) writes that if the warming drawer reaches above 120 degrees one may not place food in there on Shabbat. Rather he writes that one may leave food in there from before Shabbat on a few conditions. If the temperature is adjustable the knob must be covered. If opening the warming drawer is thermostatically controlled one may only open the drawer once on Shabbat, removing everything at one time. Similarly, on another page, the [http://star-k.org/cons-appl-wolf-warmdrawer.htm Star-K] writes that all food should be placed in the drawer before Shabbat and may not be placed there on Shabbat. The drawer may be opened only once and so one should remove all food at one time. Additionally, the Star-K writes, that one should cover the knobs and the temperature certainly may not be adjusted on Shabbat.</ref> | |||
===The opinion of the Ran=== | ===The opinion of the Ran=== | ||
# Some say that if solid food was on the Blech during Bein HaShemashot and was removed on Shabbat, it may be returned to a covered fire on Shabbat as long as it is fully cooked, while many others reject this leniency. <Ref> | # Some say that if solid food was on the Blech during Bein HaShemashot and was removed on Shabbat, it may be returned to a covered fire on Shabbat as long as it is fully cooked, while many others reject this leniency. <Ref> | ||
