Permissible ways to heat up food on Shabbat: Difference between revisions
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Permissible ways to heat up food on Shabbat (view source)
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===Ovens with Shabbos Mode=== | ===Ovens with Shabbos Mode=== | ||
# According to everyone it is forbidden to initially place food that in the refrigerator and place it in the oven to heat up.<ref>Certainly according to Igrot Moshe 1:94 that it is never permitted to return food into an oven on Shabbat and those who agree with him will forbid initially placing food into an oven on Shabbat. However, for those poskim who are lenient regarding returning a food into an oven when the conditions of hachzara are filled, would it be permitted to initially put dry food from the refrigerator into the oven on Shabbos mode? Tefillah LMoshe 1:2 clarifies that even according to those who are lenient about returning food to an oven agree that you can't initially place foods from the refrigerator into the oven or take any food which wasn't removed from the fire and is still in one's hand ready to return. He adds that even for dry food this is forbidden. Yalkut Yosef 253:8 writes that one should be strict ever to initially place food into an oven on Shabbat unless the conditions of hachzara are fulfilled. Yalkut Yosef clearly even adds that it is proper not to put cold dry cooked food in an oven on Shabbat since it appears like cooking. However, the Tefillah LMoshe clearly states that it is forbidden since even dry food can only be returned but not initially placed into the oven. Furthermore, the Mayan Omer 2:10 p. 120 writes when a yeshiva boy asked Rav Ovadia if he could return dry food on Shabbat from the refrigerator into an oven on Shabbat and he said no and rather he should buy a hotplate and use that. The footnote by R' Yehuda Naki discusses the question further and even though he says it is forbidden he writes that after the fact someone who is lenient has something to rely upon. </ref> | # According to everyone it is forbidden to initially place food that in the refrigerator and place it in the oven to heat up.<ref>Certainly according to Igrot Moshe 1:94 that it is never permitted to return food into an oven on Shabbat and those who agree with him will forbid initially placing food into an oven on Shabbat. However, for those poskim who are lenient regarding returning a food into an oven when the conditions of hachzara are filled, would it be permitted to initially put dry food from the refrigerator into the oven on Shabbos mode? Tefillah LMoshe 1:2 clarifies that even according to those who are lenient about returning food to an oven agree that you can't initially place foods from the refrigerator into the oven or take any food which wasn't removed from the fire and is still in one's hand ready to return. He adds that even for dry food this is forbidden. Yalkut Yosef 253:8 writes that one should be strict ever to initially place food into an oven on Shabbat unless the conditions of hachzara are fulfilled. Yalkut Yosef clearly even adds that it is proper not to put cold dry cooked food in an oven on Shabbat since it appears like cooking. The same is even clearer in the Yalkut Yosef (Shabbat 1-1 5771 edition p. 493 253:8). He is lenient on returning a chullent to the oven since it isn't normal to cook chullent in the oven but it would be forbidden to return grilled chicken, baked potatoes, or the like that are normally cooked in an oven. However, the Tefillah LMoshe clearly states that it is forbidden since even dry food can only be returned but not initially placed into the oven. Furthermore, the Mayan Omer 2:10 p. 120 writes when a yeshiva boy asked Rav Ovadia if he could return dry food on Shabbat from the refrigerator into an oven on Shabbat and he said no and rather he should buy a hotplate and use that. The footnote by R' Yehuda Naki discusses the question further and even though he says it is forbidden he writes that after the fact someone who is lenient has something to rely upon. </ref> | ||
# The only discussion is if food was taken off the fire or out of the oven on Shabbat whether it can be returned to the oven. The dispute centers around whether the oven is considered a covered fire or not. An additional consideration is whether it is ever permitted to return food into an oven or only on top of a stove. | # The only discussion is if food was taken off the fire or out of the oven on Shabbat whether it can be returned to the oven. The dispute centers around whether the oven is considered a covered fire or not. An additional consideration is whether it is ever permitted to return food into an oven or only on top of a stove. | ||
## Ashkenazim consider it an uncovered fire and some also say that it is forbidden to return into an oven and therefore it is completely forbidden to ever return food into an oven on Shabbat.<ref>Igrot Moshe OC 1:94 writes that the oven is considered an open fire and as such it is always forbidden to return food into it. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:17, Minchat Yitzchak 3:28, Orchot Shabbat 2:53 agree. See Shevet Halevi 3:48. Alternatively, Rav Hershel Schachter (The Laws of Cooking and Warming Food on Shabbat by Rabbi Willig p. 181) writes that it is always forbidden to return food into an oven (toch) since it appears as a new cooking as opposed to onto a covered fire. Therefore, it is never permitted to return food into an oven.</ref> | ## Ashkenazim consider it an uncovered fire and some also say that it is forbidden to return into an oven and therefore it is completely forbidden to ever return food into an oven on Shabbat.<ref>Igrot Moshe OC 1:94 writes that the oven is considered an open fire and as such it is always forbidden to return food into it. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:17, Minchat Yitzchak 3:28, Orchot Shabbat 2:53 agree. See Shevet Halevi 3:48. Alternatively, Rav Hershel Schachter (The Laws of Cooking and Warming Food on Shabbat by Rabbi Willig p. 181) writes that it is always forbidden to return food into an oven (toch) since it appears as a new cooking as opposed to onto a covered fire. Therefore, it is never permitted to return food into an oven.</ref> | ||
## According to many Sephardic poskim there are instances when it is permitted to return food into an oven on "Shabbos mode" that can't change temperatures. That is, some poskim permit returning a liquid that is still Yad Soledet Bo and was never placed on the ground back into an oven on Shabbat as they consider the oven like a covered fire.<ref>Yalkut Yosef | ## According to many Sephardic poskim there are instances when it is permitted to return food into an oven on "Shabbos mode" that can't change temperatures. That is, some poskim permit returning a liquid that is still Yad Soledet Bo and was never placed on the ground back into an oven on Shabbat as they consider the oven like a covered fire.<ref>Yalkut Yosef 253:8. Yalkut Yosef explains that since the fire of the oven is covered it is considered like a stove with a covered fire. Additionally, returning into an oven is no different than on top of a stove according to the Shibolei Haleket that it is only forbidden to return into ovens of the days of Chazal which can cook on the inside and on top. Therefore, he is not lenient to return into an oven without any conditions but if the conditions of hachzara are met, namely that the liquids are Yad Soledet Bo and not placed on the floor, they can be returned into an oven. He concludes that his father Rav Ovadia agreed with him.</ref> Some only permit this if the buttons for the oven are covered.<ref>Rav Moshe Halevi in Tefilat LMoshe 1:2:4 writes that the oven is considered a covered fire and it is sufficient to show that one isn't going to change the temperature by covering the knobs. Additionally, it isn't considered returning a food back into an oven of Chazal since our ovens can't be used to cook on the inside and on top like the Shibolei Haleket. Nonetheless, he clarifies that it is always forbidden to place initially food into an oven on Shabbat since it looks like cooking and this leniency only applies to Hachzara.</ref> Some only permit if the food is placed on top of an empty pot or tray to indicate that this is different than the way one would cook during the week.<ref>Halacha Brurah 318:106 p. 252</ref> | ||
# If there’s a metal insert in the oven to cover over the fires, some consider the oven to be considered a covered fire and it would be permitted to return food into it. <Ref> Sh”t Igrot Moshe 4:74:27 permits returning food to an oven on [[Shabbat]] if the oven has a metal insert of 4 sides to serve as a reminder. However, Sh”t Shevet HaLevi 3:48 argues on Igrot Moshe and holds that under all circumstances it’s forbidden to return food to the inside of an oven. </ref> | # If there’s a metal insert in the oven to cover over the fires, some consider the oven to be considered a covered fire and it would be permitted to return food into it.<Ref> Sh”t Igrot Moshe 4:74:27 permits returning food to an oven on [[Shabbat]] if the oven has a metal insert of 4 sides to serve as a reminder. However, Sh”t Shevet HaLevi 3:48 argues on Igrot Moshe and holds that under all circumstances it’s forbidden to return food to the inside of an oven. </ref> | ||
# It is permitted to leave food in an oven on Shabbat mode from before Shabbat. Some are strict to cover the knobs or touch screen with a paper that says Shabbat on it.<Ref>Yalkut Yosef Shabbat 1(1) 5771 p. 482 253:6</ref> | # It is permitted to leave food in an oven on Shabbat mode from before Shabbat. Some are strict to cover the knobs or touch screen with a paper that says Shabbat on it.<Ref>Yalkut Yosef Shabbat 1(1) 5771 p. 482 253:6</ref> | ||
# After the fact if someone reheated food on Shabbat in an oven, if the knobs are covered you can eat the food since there is an opinion who would permit it and if not then you should wait until the food cools down so as not to benefit from the violation of hachzara.<ref>[https://www.yutorah.org/sidebar/lecture.cfm/748376/rabbi-aryeh-lebowitz/ten-minute-halacha-eating-food-warmed-in-an-oven-on-shabbos/ Rav Aryeh Lebowitz]</ref> | |||
===Moving pots around on top of a fire=== | ===Moving pots around on top of a fire=== | ||
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## at the time it was removed from the fire, one intends to put it back <ref> Rama 253:2 in name of the Tur rules that one must have intention to return the food to the fire when one takes it off. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:18 agrees. Mishna Brurah 253:56 writes that if one still has the food in one’s hand but didn’t intend to return it to fire, one can be lenient in cases of need. </ref> | ## at the time it was removed from the fire, one intends to put it back <ref> Rama 253:2 in name of the Tur rules that one must have intention to return the food to the fire when one takes it off. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:18 agrees. Mishna Brurah 253:56 writes that if one still has the food in one’s hand but didn’t intend to return it to fire, one can be lenient in cases of need. </ref> | ||
## According to Ashkenazim, the pot must remain in one’s hand or in one’s hand while resting on a table or ground, however according to Sephardim, as long as the pot wasn’t placed on the ground, one may return it. <ref> Rama 253:2 writes that one of the conditions of [[Hachzara]] is that one keeps the pot in one’s hand. Mishna Brurah 253:55 writes that it’s forbidden to return the pot even if one put it down on a table or bench. The Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:18 writes that if one keeps one hand on the pot as one rests in on a table one may return the pot to the covered fire. Many achronim including Torat [[Shabbat]] 253:11, Demesk Eliezer 253:11, Sh”t Igrot Moshe 4:74:33, and the 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 619, by Rabbi Ribiat) rule that as one as one keeps one’s hand on the pot even if the pot was rested on a table or bench one may return the pot. [However, from the Biur Halacha 253:2 D”H Velo it seems not like this.] On the other hand, S”A 253:2 writes that one of the conditions is to make sure not to place the pot on the ground. Magen Avraham 253:20 writes that the S”A argues on the Rama and permits leaving it on a table or bench if one intends to return it to the fire. Thus, Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]] vol 1 pg 103) writes that there’s no requirement to have the food in one's hand. </ref> | ## According to Ashkenazim, the pot must remain in one’s hand or in one’s hand while resting on a table or ground, however according to Sephardim, as long as the pot wasn’t placed on the ground, one may return it. <ref> Rama 253:2 writes that one of the conditions of [[Hachzara]] is that one keeps the pot in one’s hand. Mishna Brurah 253:55 writes that it’s forbidden to return the pot even if one put it down on a table or bench. The Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:18 writes that if one keeps one hand on the pot as one rests in on a table one may return the pot to the covered fire. Many achronim including Torat [[Shabbat]] 253:11, Demesk Eliezer 253:11, Sh”t Igrot Moshe 4:74:33, and the 39 Melachos (vol 2 pg 619, by Rabbi Ribiat) rule that as one as one keeps one’s hand on the pot even if the pot was rested on a table or bench one may return the pot. [However, from the Biur Halacha 253:2 D”H Velo it seems not like this.] On the other hand, S”A 253:2 writes that one of the conditions is to make sure not to place the pot on the ground. Magen Avraham 253:20 writes that the S”A argues on the Rama and permits leaving it on a table or bench if one intends to return it to the fire. Thus, Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]] vol 1 pg 103) writes that there’s no requirement to have the food in one's hand. </ref> | ||
## According to Ashkenazim, the food (liquid and solid) should be slightly warm in order to return it to the fire, however some argue that solids don’t need to be warm at all. On the other hand, according to Sephardim, the liquids must still be 113 degrees (and solids can be cold). <ref> S”A 253:2 writes that a condition of [[Hachzara]] is that the food is still boiling meaning that it’s 113 degrees. This condition is referring specifically to liquids as the Mishna Brurah 253:54 explains that this condition is dependant one of [[bishul]] and not [[Hachzara]]. Since S”A 318:4 rules that a liquid may not be heated up once it’s not 113 degrees, so too here a liquid may not be put back on the covered fire unless it’s 113 degrees. However, Rama 253:2 and 318:15 writes that Ashkenazim are lenient to allow returning a fully cooked liquid as long as it’s now slightly warm. This is also the opinion of Mishna Brurah 253:54 and Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:18. Regarding solids, the Magen Avraham 253:36 writes that it also must be somewhat warm in order to return it to the fire. However, the Beiur Halacha 253:5 s.v. Ubilvad argues on the Magen Avraham based on the Buir HaGra. [It seems that Mishna Brurah 253:54, 91 rules like the Gra against the Magen Avraham even though he quotes the Magen Avraham (in 253:68).] The Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:18 seems to rule like the Magen Avraham, however, it’s unclear what he holds based on the footnote. Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]] vol 1 pg 103) and Menuchat Ahava (3:2, vol 1 pg 50) agree with the Beiur Halacha that one may be lenient like the Gra. </ref> | ## According to Ashkenazim, the food (liquid and solid) should be slightly warm in order to return it to the fire, however some argue that solids don’t need to be warm at all. On the other hand, according to Sephardim, the liquids must still be 113 degrees (and solids can be cold). <ref> S”A 253:2 writes that a condition of [[Hachzara]] is that the food is still boiling meaning that it’s 113 degrees. This condition is referring specifically to liquids as the Mishna Brurah 253:54 explains that this condition is dependant one of [[bishul]] and not [[Hachzara]]. Since S”A 318:4 rules that a liquid may not be heated up once it’s not 113 degrees, so too here a liquid may not be put back on the covered fire unless it’s 113 degrees. However, Rama 253:2 and 318:15 writes that Ashkenazim are lenient to allow returning a fully cooked liquid as long as it’s now slightly warm. This is also the opinion of Mishna Brurah 253:54 and Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:18. Regarding solids, the Magen Avraham 253:36 writes that it also must be somewhat warm in order to return it to the fire. However, the Beiur Halacha 253:5 s.v. Ubilvad argues on the Magen Avraham based on the Buir HaGra. (Chazon Ovadia Shabbat v. 1 p. 80 is cited by Or Hahalacha as agreeing with the Gra.) [It seems that Mishna Brurah 253:54, 91 rules like the Gra against the Magen Avraham even though he quotes the Magen Avraham (in 253:68).] The Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:18 seems to rule like the Magen Avraham, however, it’s unclear what he holds based on the footnote. Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]] vol 1 pg 103) and Menuchat Ahava (3:2, vol 1 pg 50) agree with the Beiur Halacha that one may be lenient like the Gra. </ref> | ||
===Clarification of the Second Requirement=== | ===Clarification of the Second Requirement=== | ||
# One may not return the inset of a crockpot to the base unless it was covered with aluminum foil (or the like) and it's preferable to cover the knob as well. <ref> [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (Rabbi Simcha Bunim Cohen, p. 60)</ref> | # One may not return the inset of a crockpot to the base unless it was covered with aluminum foil (or the like) and it's preferable to cover the knob as well. <ref> [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (Rabbi Simcha Bunim Cohen, p. 60)</ref> | ||
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===Electric Hotplates=== | ===Electric Hotplates=== | ||
# Many authorities permit placing food on an electric hotplate which does not have an adjustable temperature setting, even without fulfilling the conditions of [[Hachzara]], since it is not a usual way of [[cooking]]. However, others say that it is considered like a covered fire, upon which one may not return food without fulfilling the conditions of [[Hachzara]]. <Ref> | # Many authorities permit placing food on an electric hotplate which does not have an adjustable temperature setting, even without fulfilling the conditions of [[Hachzara]], since it is not a usual way of [[cooking]]. However, others say that it is considered like a covered fire, upon which one may not return food without fulfilling the conditions of [[Hachzara]]. <Ref> | ||
* Rav Mordechai Willig (Am | * Rav Mordechai Willig (Am Mordechai p. 48) writes that one may heat up cold fully cooked solid food on an electric hotplate which is not used for [[cooking]] and has only one temperature setting. Rabbi Eider in Halachos of [[Shabbos]] (p. 313), [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (p. 43), Rav Hershel Schachter (The Laws of Cooking and Warming Food on Shabbat p. 182), and Chazon Ovadyah (Shabbat v. 1 p. 78) agree. See Sh”t Igrot Moshe 4:74:35 who rules that if it is impossible cook on a particular electric hotplate, one may heat up already warm food on it if it has only one setting. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:30, however, rules that an electric hot plate is a like a covered fire and one may not return food onto it without fulfilling the other conditions of [[Hachzara]]. (Rabbi Neuwirth emphasizes this in his approbation of Am Mordechai (p. 7).) Rabbi Belsky (quoted by Halachically Speaking 4:16:3) and Orchot [[Shabbat]] (p. 99) agree. | ||
* Chazon Ovadyah ([[Shabbat]] 1 pg 55) holds that since [[Hachzara]] is only forbidden as it looks like [[cooking]] a plaata (electric hotplate) which isn’t used for [[cooking]] should be permitted for [[Hachzara]]. Rav Tzvi Pesach Frank (Kol Torah Iyar 5723, Sh”t Har Tzvi O”C 136 and Toldot Zev ([[Shabbat]] 2 pg 234)) concurs. Halacha Brurah 318:95 summarizes that it is permitted to take cold dry food out of a refrigerator that was there since Friday and place it on the hotplate on Shabbat. That is for dry foods no conditions of hachzara are necessary. Yalkut Yosef 253:9 agrees. Sh”t Igrot Moshe (O”C 4:74(35), 1:93) permits [[Hachzara]] on a blech if the food is fully cooked because it’s not used to cook and being a blech for [[Shabbat]] it serves as a reminder it’s [[Shabbat]]. Sh”t Yashkil LeAvdi O”C 7:28, Rav Shlomo Zalman Aurbach (Shulchan Shlomo 253:27), Sh”t Tzitz Eliezer 8:26, Chukei Chaim Peretz 8 in name of Rav Sheinberg, Sh”t Me’oneh Lashon 22, Sh”t Tefilah LeMoshe 1:32, and Yitzchak Yiranen (pg 50) concur to permit [[Hachzara]] on a plaata. However, Yashiv Moshe (Rabbi Twersky pg 36) in name of Rav Elyashiv and Sh”t Avnei Yishfeh 1:83 are strict because a plaata is sometimes used to cook. See also Sh”t Shemesh UMagen 1:53 and 3:54(3).</ref> If it has a dial even if it is covered it is problematic to place food from the refrigerator onto a hot plate on Shabbat.<ref>Rav Hershel Schachter (The Laws of Cooking and Warming Food on Shabbat p. 182). This is also the opinion of the poskim in the previous note.</ref> | * Chazon Ovadyah ([[Shabbat]] 1 pg 55) holds that since [[Hachzara]] is only forbidden as it looks like [[cooking]] a plaata (electric hotplate) which isn’t used for [[cooking]] should be permitted for [[Hachzara]]. Rav Tzvi Pesach Frank (Kol Torah Iyar 5723, Sh”t Har Tzvi O”C 136 and Toldot Zev ([[Shabbat]] 2 pg 234)) concurs. Halacha Brurah 318:95 summarizes that it is permitted to take cold dry food out of a refrigerator that was there since Friday and place it on the hotplate on Shabbat. That is for dry foods no conditions of hachzara are necessary. Yalkut Yosef 253:9 agrees. Sh”t Igrot Moshe (O”C 4:74(35), 1:93) permits [[Hachzara]] on a blech if the food is fully cooked because it’s not used to cook and being a blech for [[Shabbat]] it serves as a reminder it’s [[Shabbat]]. Sh”t Yashkil LeAvdi O”C 7:28, Rav Shlomo Zalman Aurbach (Shulchan Shlomo 253:27), Sh”t Tzitz Eliezer 8:26, Chukei Chaim Peretz 8 in name of Rav Sheinberg, Sh”t Me’oneh Lashon 22, Sh”t Tefilah LeMoshe 1:32, and Yitzchak Yiranen (pg 50) concur to permit [[Hachzara]] on a plaata. However, Yashiv Moshe (Rabbi Twersky pg 36) in name of Rav Elyashiv and Sh”t Avnei Yishfeh 1:83 are strict because a plaata is sometimes used to cook. See also Sh”t Shemesh UMagen 1:53 and 3:54(3).</ref> If it has a dial even if it is covered it is problematic to place food from the refrigerator onto a hot plate on Shabbat.<ref>Rav Hershel Schachter (The Laws of Cooking and Warming Food on Shabbat p. 182). This is also the opinion of the poskim in the previous note.</ref> | ||
===Crock-pot=== | ===Crock-pot=== | ||
# In order to return food to a crockpot or the crockpot insert back into the electric setting the conditions of insulating (hatmana) and returning (hachzara) must be met (as described above). 1) If the insert pot is raised such as with marbles or the like then there's no issue of hatmana.<ref>Rabbi Willig in The Laws of Cooking and Warming Food on Shabbat p. 126 quoting Rav Elyashiv. See Orchot Shabbat p. 540</ref> 2) The food must be cooked. 3) The heating element must be covered such as by covering the surface with aluminum foil which then extends upwards and is seen before the adjustable setting.<ref>Rabbi Willig in The Laws of Cooking and Warming Food on Shabbat p. 124</ref> 4) At the time it was removed one's intent was to return it. 5) The pot remained in one's hands. 6) The food remains slightly warm. If it is a liquid, according to Sephardim it must be Yad Soledet Bo. | # In order to return food to a crockpot or the crockpot insert back into the electric setting the conditions of insulating (hatmana) and returning (hachzara) must be met (as described above). 1) If the insert pot is raised such as with marbles or the like then there's no issue of hatmana.<ref>Rabbi Willig in The Laws of Cooking and Warming Food on Shabbat p. 126 quoting Rav Elyashiv. See Orchot Shabbat p. 540 who has a letter from Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach who forbade doing hachzara on a regular crock-pot.</ref> 2) The food must be cooked. 3) The heating element must be covered such as by covering the surface with aluminum foil which then extends upwards and is seen before the adjustable setting.<ref>Rabbi Willig in The Laws of Cooking and Warming Food on Shabbat p. 124. 39 Melachos v. 2 p. 614 and 647 writes that in order to avoid hachzara it is necessary to line the inside with foil in order to return the ceramic pot to the crock pot heataing element. With respect to hatmana, he cites a dispute between Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach and Rav Moshe Feinstein. TO avoid that question he says that it is proper to line the walls of the crock pot so that they are visible from the outside. </ref> 4) At the time it was removed one's intent was to return it. 5) The pot remained in one's hands. 6) The food remains slightly warm. If it is a liquid, according to Sephardim it must be Yad Soledet Bo. | ||
# Some say that one may leave fully cooked food in a crock-pot which is on a timer (set from before [[Shabbat]]) to turn on [[Shabbat]] morning and off [[Shabbat]] afternoon, however, some question this. <ref>[http://www.ou.org/webcast_kosher Rabbi Hershel Schachter] (OU Kosher Webcast, min 13-16) says that even though the Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchata is lenient there is room to be strict because the Chazon Ish had a doubt about this. </ref> | # Some say that one may leave fully cooked food in a crock-pot which is on a timer (set from before [[Shabbat]]) to turn on [[Shabbat]] morning and off [[Shabbat]] afternoon, however, some question this. <ref>[http://www.ou.org/webcast_kosher Rabbi Hershel Schachter] (OU Kosher Webcast, min 13-16) says that even though the Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchata is lenient there is room to be strict because the Chazon Ish had a doubt about this. </ref> | ||
