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==General guidelines of Hachzara==
==General guidelines of Hachzara==
===Returning food to an uncovered fire===
===Returning Food to an Uncovered Fire===
# There is a rabbinic prohibition not to return cooked food to a fire on [[Shabbat]] even if the food is fully cooked. Some say that the reason for the prohibition is that it looks like [[cooking]] and some that it is because one may come to stoke the coals. <Ref>   
# There is a rabbinic prohibition not to return cooked food to a fire on [[Shabbat]] even if the food is fully cooked. Some say that the reason for the prohibition is that it looks like [[cooking]] and some that it is because one may come to stoke the coals. <Ref>   
* The Mishnah ([[Shabbat]] 36b) records Beit Hillel’s opinion that one may not return a pot to a Kirah (type of stove meant to hold two pots) on [[Shabbat]] if the Kirah is heated with pressed sesame or wood unless the coals were covered with ashes or removed.  
* The Mishnah ([[Shabbat]] 36b) records Beit Hillel’s opinion that one may not return a pot to a Kirah (type of stove meant to hold two pots) on [[Shabbat]] if the Kirah is heated with pressed sesame or wood unless the coals were covered with ashes or removed.  
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* Rabbeinu Tam Sefer Hayashar 235 adds that Chazal prohibited it lest a person stoke the coals on [[Shabbat]]. Shaar HaTziyun 235:37 quotes this opinion of the Rabbeinu Tam.  
* Rabbeinu Tam Sefer Hayashar 235 adds that Chazal prohibited it lest a person stoke the coals on [[Shabbat]]. Shaar HaTziyun 235:37 quotes this opinion of the Rabbeinu Tam.  
* The Gemara and Rishonim discuss under what conditions may one return food to the fire. Based on the Rama 253:2, Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:18 rules that one may return food to a fire on [[Shabbat]] only under the following conditions: 1) the food is fully cooked, 2) it’s still somewhat hot (see the footnotes to [[#The opinion of the Ran]] about which foods need to be somewhat hot), 3) it was removed with intent be to returned, 4) one kept his hand on it, and 5) the fire is covered. For the slightly variant conditions according to Sephardim, see Yalkut Yosef 253:9.</ref>
* The Gemara and Rishonim discuss under what conditions may one return food to the fire. Based on the Rama 253:2, Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:18 rules that one may return food to a fire on [[Shabbat]] only under the following conditions: 1) the food is fully cooked, 2) it’s still somewhat hot (see the footnotes to [[#The opinion of the Ran]] about which foods need to be somewhat hot), 3) it was removed with intent be to returned, 4) one kept his hand on it, and 5) the fire is covered. For the slightly variant conditions according to Sephardim, see Yalkut Yosef 253:9.</ref>
====Ovens with Shabbos Mode====
===Returning Food to a Covered Fire (Blech)===
# According to everyone it is forbidden to initially place food that in the refrigerator and place it in the oven to heat up.<ref>Certainly according to Igrot Moshe 1:94 that it is never permitted to return food into an oven on Shabbat and those who agree with him will forbid initially placing food into an oven on Shabbat. However, for those poskim who are lenient regarding returning a food into an oven when the conditions of hachzara are filled, would it be permitted to initially put dry food from the refrigerator into the oven on Shabbos mode? Tefillah LMoshe 1:2 clarifies that even according to those who are lenient about returning food to an oven agree that you can't initially place foods from the refrigerator into the oven or take any food which wasn't removed from the fire and is still in one's hand ready to return. He adds that even for dry food this is forbidden. Yalkut Yosef 253:8 writes that it is forbidden ever to initially place food into an oven on Shabbat unless the conditions of hachzara are fulfilled. What about dry food which the conditions are just that the food is cooked and the fire is covered? The Yalkut Yosef doesn't clarify this point. However, the Tefillah LMoshe clearly states that it is forbidden since even dry food can only be returned but not initially placed into the oven. Furthermore, the Mayan Omer 2:10 p. 120 writes when a yeshiva boy asked Rav Ovadia if he could return dry food on Shabbat from the refrigerator into an oven on Shabbat and he said no and rather he should buy a hotplate and use that. The footnote by R' Yehuda Naki discusses the question further and even though he says it is forbidden he writes that after the fact someone who is lenient has something to rely upon. </ref>  
# It is forbidden to return fire to a covered fire unless the other conditions of Hachzara are met. That is, the food would need to be cooked, remain hot since it was removed from the fire, still in one's hand, not put down on the floor, and remove with the intention to be returned.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchata 1:20</ref>
# A blech is a piece of metal covering a fire. If the blech extends beyond the actual fire, some poskim permit returning food from the refrigerator to a part of the blech that isn't directly over the fire.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchata 1:26 writes that some are lenient to consider the part of the blech that isn't directly over the fire to be 'near the fire.'</ref> Other poskim hold that if it is Yad Soledet Bo it is completely considered like an uncovered fire.<ref>Rav Nevinsal in Byitzchak Yikareh 253:1 s.v. muter</ref>
 
===Ovens with Shabbos Mode===
# According to everyone it is forbidden to initially place food that in the refrigerator and place it in the oven to heat up.<ref>Certainly according to Igrot Moshe 1:94 that it is never permitted to return food into an oven on Shabbat and those who agree with him will forbid initially placing food into an oven on Shabbat. However, for those poskim who are lenient regarding returning a food into an oven when the conditions of hachzara are filled, would it be permitted to initially put dry food from the refrigerator into the oven on Shabbos mode? Tefillah LMoshe 1:2 clarifies that even according to those who are lenient about returning food to an oven agree that you can't initially place foods from the refrigerator into the oven or take any food which wasn't removed from the fire and is still in one's hand ready to return. He adds that even for dry food this is forbidden. Yalkut Yosef 253:8 writes that one should be strict ever to initially place food into an oven on Shabbat unless the conditions of hachzara are fulfilled. What about dry food which the conditions are just that the food is cooked and the fire is covered? The Yalkut Yosef doesn't clarify this point. However, the Tefillah LMoshe clearly states that it is forbidden since even dry food can only be returned but not initially placed into the oven. Furthermore, the Mayan Omer 2:10 p. 120 writes when a yeshiva boy asked Rav Ovadia if he could return dry food on Shabbat from the refrigerator into an oven on Shabbat and he said no and rather he should buy a hotplate and use that. The footnote by R' Yehuda Naki discusses the question further and even though he says it is forbidden he writes that after the fact someone who is lenient has something to rely upon. </ref>  
# The only discussion is if food was taken off the fire or out of the oven on Shabbat whether it can be returned to the oven. The dispute centers around whether the oven is considered a covered fire or not. An additional consideration is whether it is ever permitted to return food into an oven or only on top of a stove.  
# The only discussion is if food was taken off the fire or out of the oven on Shabbat whether it can be returned to the oven. The dispute centers around whether the oven is considered a covered fire or not. An additional consideration is whether it is ever permitted to return food into an oven or only on top of a stove.  
## Ashkenazim consider it an uncovered fire and some also say that it is forbidden to return into an oven and therefore it is completely forbidden to ever return food into an oven on Shabbat.<ref>Igrot Moshe OC 1:94 writes that the oven is considered an open fire and as such it is always forbidden to return food into it. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:17, Minchat Yitzchak 3:28, Orchot Shabbat 2:53 agree. See Shevet Halevi 3:48. Alternatively, Rav Hershel Schachter (The Laws of Cooking and Warming Food on Shabbat by Rabbi Willig p. 181) writes that it is always forbidden to return food into an oven (toch) since it appears as a new cooking as opposed to onto a covered fire. Therefore, it is never permitted to return food into an oven.</ref>  
## Ashkenazim consider it an uncovered fire and some also say that it is forbidden to return into an oven and therefore it is completely forbidden to ever return food into an oven on Shabbat.<ref>Igrot Moshe OC 1:94 writes that the oven is considered an open fire and as such it is always forbidden to return food into it. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 1:17, Minchat Yitzchak 3:28, Orchot Shabbat 2:53 agree. See Shevet Halevi 3:48. Alternatively, Rav Hershel Schachter (The Laws of Cooking and Warming Food on Shabbat by Rabbi Willig p. 181) writes that it is always forbidden to return food into an oven (toch) since it appears as a new cooking as opposed to onto a covered fire. Therefore, it is never permitted to return food into an oven.</ref>  
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===Moving pots around on top of a fire===
===Moving pots around on top of a fire===
# It’s permissible to move a pot from a small fire to a larger one, which is properly covered. <Ref>Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:21 </ref>
# It’s permissible to move a pot from a small fire to a larger one, which is properly covered. <Ref>Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:24 </ref>
# A pot was on the edge of the blech (not above the fire) may be moved to the center of the blech (above the fire) as long as the area where the pot was originally was as hot as 113 degrees and the food was fully cooked. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:22 </ref>
# A pot was on the edge of the blech which isn't above the fire may be moved to the part of the blech which is directly above the fire as long as the area where the pot was originally was as hot as 113 degrees and the food was fully cooked. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:25 </ref> If one was relying on the lenient opinion which allowed placing food directly onto the part of the blech which isn't directly over the fire one couldn't first place the food on the edge of the blech and then move it to the part of the blech that is directly above the fire.<ref>Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:26</ref>


==Conditions to permit Hachzara==
==Conditions to permit Hachzara==
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===Electric Hotplates===
===Electric Hotplates===
# Many authorities permit placing food on an electric hotplate which does not have an adjustable temperature setting, even without fulfilling the conditions of [[Hachzara]], since it is not a usual way of [[cooking]]. However, others say that it is considered like a covered fire, upon which one may not return food without fulfilling the conditions of [[Hachzara]]. <Ref>  
# Many authorities permit placing food on an electric hotplate which does not have an adjustable temperature setting, even without fulfilling the conditions of [[Hachzara]], since it is not a usual way of [[cooking]]. However, others say that it is considered like a covered fire, upon which one may not return food without fulfilling the conditions of [[Hachzara]]. <Ref>  
* Rav Mordechai Willig (Am Mordecahi p. 48) writes that one may heat up cold fully cooked solid food on an electric hotplate which is not used for [[cooking]] and has only one temperature setting. Halachos of [[Shabbos]] (p. 313), [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (p. 43), and Chazon Ovadyah (p. 78) agree. See Sh”t Igrot Moshe 4:74:35 who rules that if it is impossible cook on a particular electric hotplate, one may heat up already warm food on it if it has only one setting. Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:30, however, rules that an electric hot plate is a like a covered fire and one may not return food onto it without fulfilling the other conditions of [[Hachzara]]. (Rabbi Neuwirth emphasizes this in his approbation of Am Mordechai (p. 7).) Rabbi Belsky (quoted by Halachically Speaking 4:16:3) and Orchot [[Shabbat]] (p. 99) agree.  
* Rav Mordechai Willig (Am Mordecahi p. 48) writes that one may heat up cold fully cooked solid food on an electric hotplate which is not used for [[cooking]] and has only one temperature setting. Rabbi Eider in Halachos of [[Shabbos]] (p. 313), [[Shabbos]] Kitchen (p. 43), Rav Hershel Schachter (The Laws of Cooking and Warming Food on Shabbat p. 182), and Chazon Ovadyah (Shabbat v. 1 p. 78) agree. See Sh”t Igrot Moshe 4:74:35 who rules that if it is impossible cook on a particular electric hotplate, one may heat up already warm food on it if it has only one setting. Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:30, however, rules that an electric hot plate is a like a covered fire and one may not return food onto it without fulfilling the other conditions of [[Hachzara]]. (Rabbi Neuwirth emphasizes this in his approbation of Am Mordechai (p. 7).) Rabbi Belsky (quoted by Halachically Speaking 4:16:3) and Orchot [[Shabbat]] (p. 99) agree.  
* Chazon Ovadyah ([[Shabbat]] 1 pg 55) holds that since [[Hachzara]] is only forbidden as it looks like [[cooking]] a plaata (electric hotplate) which isn’t used for [[cooking]] should be permitted for [[Hachzara]]. Rav Tzvi Pesach Frank (Kol Torah Iyar 5723, Sh”t Har Tzvi O”C 136 and Toldot Zev ([[Shabbat]] 2 pg 234)) concurs. Halacha Brurah 318:95 summarizes that it is permitted to take cold dry food out of a refrigerator that was there since Friday and place it on the hotplate on Shabbat. That is for dry foods no conditions of hachzara are necessary. Yalkut Yosef 253:9 agrees. Sh”t Igrot Moshe (O”C 4:74(35), 1:93) permits [[Hachzara]] on a blech if the food is fully cooked because it’s not used to cook and being a blech for [[Shabbat]] it serves as a reminder it’s [[Shabbat]]. Sh”t Yashkil LeAvdi O”C 7:28, Rav Shlomo Zalman Aurbach (Shulchan Shlomo 253:27), Sh”t Tzitz Eliezer 8:26, Chukei Chaim Peretz 8 in name of Rav Sheinberg, Sh”t Me’oneh Lashon 22, Sh”t Tefilah LeMoshe 1:32, and Yitzchak Yiranen (pg 50) concur to permit [[Hachzara]] on a plaata. However, Yashiv Moshe (Rabbi Twersky pg 36) in name of Rav Elyashiv and Sh”t Avnei Yishfeh 1:83 are strict because a plaata is sometimes used to cook. See also Sh”t Shemesh UMagen 1:53 and 3:54(3).
* Chazon Ovadyah ([[Shabbat]] 1 pg 55) holds that since [[Hachzara]] is only forbidden as it looks like [[cooking]] a plaata (electric hotplate) which isn’t used for [[cooking]] should be permitted for [[Hachzara]]. Rav Tzvi Pesach Frank (Kol Torah Iyar 5723, Sh”t Har Tzvi O”C 136 and Toldot Zev ([[Shabbat]] 2 pg 234)) concurs. Halacha Brurah 318:95 summarizes that it is permitted to take cold dry food out of a refrigerator that was there since Friday and place it on the hotplate on Shabbat. That is for dry foods no conditions of hachzara are necessary. Yalkut Yosef 253:9 agrees. Sh”t Igrot Moshe (O”C 4:74(35), 1:93) permits [[Hachzara]] on a blech if the food is fully cooked because it’s not used to cook and being a blech for [[Shabbat]] it serves as a reminder it’s [[Shabbat]]. Sh”t Yashkil LeAvdi O”C 7:28, Rav Shlomo Zalman Aurbach (Shulchan Shlomo 253:27), Sh”t Tzitz Eliezer 8:26, Chukei Chaim Peretz 8 in name of Rav Sheinberg, Sh”t Me’oneh Lashon 22, Sh”t Tefilah LeMoshe 1:32, and Yitzchak Yiranen (pg 50) concur to permit [[Hachzara]] on a plaata. However, Yashiv Moshe (Rabbi Twersky pg 36) in name of Rav Elyashiv and Sh”t Avnei Yishfeh 1:83 are strict because a plaata is sometimes used to cook. See also Sh”t Shemesh UMagen 1:53 and 3:54(3).</ref> If it has a dial even if it is covered it is problematic to place food from the refrigerator onto a hot plate on Shabbat.<ref>Rav Hershel Schachter (The Laws of Cooking and Warming Food on Shabbat p. 182). This is also the opinion of the poskim in the previous note.</ref>
* See Halachos of [[Shabbat]] (p. 313) who rules that one may place food on a radiator. See also Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:30, who argues that a radiator is like a covered fire upon which one may not return food to it on [[Shabbat]] without fulfilling the other conditions of [[Hachzara]].</ref>


===Crock-pot===
===Crock-pot===
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* See Igrot Moshe 1:94 who writes that it is permitted to return food to an oven on Shabbat if it can't be used for cooking during the week, doesn't reach Yad Soledet Bo, and there's no fire since then it wouldn't appear to be an issue of cooking on Shabbat.
* See Igrot Moshe 1:94 who writes that it is permitted to return food to an oven on Shabbat if it can't be used for cooking during the week, doesn't reach Yad Soledet Bo, and there's no fire since then it wouldn't appear to be an issue of cooking on Shabbat.
* Rabbi Muschell ([http://www.star-k.org/kashrus/kk-cooking-ovenshabbos.htm star-k.org]) writes that if the warming drawer reaches above 120 degrees one may not place food in there on [[Shabbat]]. Rather he writes that one may leave food in there from before [[Shabbat]] on a few conditions. If the temperature is adjustable the knob must be covered. If opening the warming drawer is thermostatically controlled one may only open the drawer once on [[Shabbat]], removing everything at one time. Similarly, on another page, the [http://star-k.org/cons-appl-wolf-warmdrawer.htm Star-K] writes that all food should be placed in the drawer before [[Shabbat]] and may not be placed there on [[Shabbat]]. The drawer may be opened only once and so one should remove all food at one time. Additionally, the Star-K writes, that one should cover the knobs and the temperature certainly may not be adjusted on [[Shabbat]].</ref> Some of the stringent opinions would permit if there's no knob to adjust the temperature.<ref> Rabbi Mordechai Willig ("The Laws of Cooking and Warming Food on Shabbat" p. 127) writes that reheating cooked food in a warming drawer is permitted since it doesn't look like cooking. However, the knobs must be covered so that it is extremely inconvenient to adjust the temperature. Rav Hershel Schachter (ibid. p. 181) argues that covering the knob is insufficient unless there is no knob to adjust the temperature.</ref>
* Rabbi Muschell ([http://www.star-k.org/kashrus/kk-cooking-ovenshabbos.htm star-k.org]) writes that if the warming drawer reaches above 120 degrees one may not place food in there on [[Shabbat]]. Rather he writes that one may leave food in there from before [[Shabbat]] on a few conditions. If the temperature is adjustable the knob must be covered. If opening the warming drawer is thermostatically controlled one may only open the drawer once on [[Shabbat]], removing everything at one time. Similarly, on another page, the [http://star-k.org/cons-appl-wolf-warmdrawer.htm Star-K] writes that all food should be placed in the drawer before [[Shabbat]] and may not be placed there on [[Shabbat]]. The drawer may be opened only once and so one should remove all food at one time. Additionally, the Star-K writes, that one should cover the knobs and the temperature certainly may not be adjusted on [[Shabbat]].</ref> Some of the stringent opinions would permit if there's no knob to adjust the temperature.<ref> Rabbi Mordechai Willig ("The Laws of Cooking and Warming Food on Shabbat" p. 127) writes that reheating cooked food in a warming drawer is permitted since it doesn't look like cooking. However, the knobs must be covered so that it is extremely inconvenient to adjust the temperature. Rav Hershel Schachter (ibid. p. 181) argues that covering the knob is insufficient unless there is no knob to adjust the temperature.</ref>
===Radiator===
# Some poskim hold tha tit is permitted to take food out of the refrigerator and place it on the radiator since it would not be seen as a way of cooking, while other poskim hold that it is like a covered fire and one may not return food there without the conditions of Hachzara.<ref> Rabbi Eider in Halachos of [[Shabbat]] (p. 313) rules that one may place food on a radiator. See also Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:30, who argues that a radiator is like a covered fire upon which one may not return food to it on [[Shabbat]] without fulfilling the other conditions of [[Hachzara]].</ref>


===The opinion of the Ran===
===The opinion of the Ran===
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* Rav Soloveitchik (cited by Rabbi Jachter in “[[Hachzara]] and [[Hatmana]]”, koltorah.org) ruled that one may rely on the Ran. (This ruling of Rav Soloveitchik is also recorded in [http://books.google.com/books?id=XDzlvJ5zsfsC&pg=PA91&lpg=PA91&dq=rewarming+food+on+shabbos+the+rav+soloveitchik&source=bl&ots=zGIQw2Rkng&sig=3aiB2mMukVfevkvDRG94ziTvueY&hl=en&ei=TOuqToa3C6PW0QGO4uyEDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&sqi=2&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false Halakhic positions of Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik], (Rabbi Zeigler, vol 4, pg 90-1) and by [http://www.tzemachdovid.org/thepracticaltorah/vayakhel.shtml Rabbi Michael Taubes].) This is also relying on the Gra’s opinion that only liquids need to be warm. Rav Mordechai Willig (Am Mordechai p. 47), however, rules that initially one should not rely on this lenient ruling. Rav Hershel Schachter (“Hilchos [[Bishul]] B’[[Shabbos]]”, min 52-5), Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:23, 39 Melachos ([[Bishul]] #203), and Halachos of [[Shabbos]] (p. 355) agree.  
* Rav Soloveitchik (cited by Rabbi Jachter in “[[Hachzara]] and [[Hatmana]]”, koltorah.org) ruled that one may rely on the Ran. (This ruling of Rav Soloveitchik is also recorded in [http://books.google.com/books?id=XDzlvJ5zsfsC&pg=PA91&lpg=PA91&dq=rewarming+food+on+shabbos+the+rav+soloveitchik&source=bl&ots=zGIQw2Rkng&sig=3aiB2mMukVfevkvDRG94ziTvueY&hl=en&ei=TOuqToa3C6PW0QGO4uyEDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&sqi=2&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false Halakhic positions of Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik], (Rabbi Zeigler, vol 4, pg 90-1) and by [http://www.tzemachdovid.org/thepracticaltorah/vayakhel.shtml Rabbi Michael Taubes].) This is also relying on the Gra’s opinion that only liquids need to be warm. Rav Mordechai Willig (Am Mordechai p. 47), however, rules that initially one should not rely on this lenient ruling. Rav Hershel Schachter (“Hilchos [[Bishul]] B’[[Shabbos]]”, min 52-5), Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 1:23, 39 Melachos ([[Bishul]] #203), and Halachos of [[Shabbos]] (p. 355) agree.  
* [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/761944/Rabbi_Dovid_Miller/Shabbat_42_-_Bishul_11_-_hachzara_on_blechs_and_plattas Rabbi Dovid Miller] in explaining the topic emphasizes that Rav Soloveitchik only permitted reheating fully cooked solid food but not liquids or soup. </ref>
* [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/761944/Rabbi_Dovid_Miller/Shabbat_42_-_Bishul_11_-_hachzara_on_blechs_and_plattas Rabbi Dovid Miller] in explaining the topic emphasizes that Rav Soloveitchik only permitted reheating fully cooked solid food but not liquids or soup. </ref>
==Putting Food on Hotplate on Timer==
# A person can put cooked food on a hotplate before Shabbat that is going to turn on in the middle of Shabbat with a timer. But one may not put the food on the hotplate on Shabbat itself even though the hotplate is currently off.<ref> Shemirat Shabbat Khilchata 1:32. See Chazon Ish 38:2 who seems to be strict even on Friday to put a food on a hotplate that is going to turn on with a timer but Shemirat Shabbat Khilchata writes that he is only strict out of a concern for Tosfot that there is hachzara on erev Shabbat.</ref>
==Questions==
==Questions==
* May one return cold fully cooked food to a blech on [[Shabbos]]? See the [[#Covered fire (Blech)]] section above.
* May one return cold fully cooked food to a blech on [[Shabbos]]? See the [[#Covered fire (Blech)]] section above.
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