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Materials to use for S'chach: Difference between revisions
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==Basic Requirements of S'chach== | ==Basic Requirements of S'chach== | ||
# There are three conditions for [[Schach]] to be valid. It must be made from a material that grows from the ground, is detached from the ground, and is impervious to impurity (see further for examples). <ref>The Mishna ([[Sukkah]] 11a) indicates that [[Schach]] must be grown from the ground, detached from the ground, and impervious to impurity. The source for these requirements according to the gemara ([[Sukkah]] 12a) is the pasuk (Devarim 16:13) which says that the [[Schach]] should be made from the materials of the granary and winery. | # There are three conditions for [[Schach]] to be valid. It must be made from a material that grows from the ground, is detached from the ground, and is impervious to impurity (see further for examples). <ref>The Mishna ([[Sukkah]] 11a) indicates that [[Schach]] must be grown from the ground, detached from the ground, and impervious to impurity. The source for these requirements according to the gemara ([[Sukkah]] 12a) is the pasuk (Devarim 16:13) which says that the [[Schach]] should be made from the materials of the granary and winery. | ||
See also Rashi ([[Sukkah]] 11a s.v. pesula). Rambam ([[Sukkah]] 5:1) and | See also Rashi ([[Sukkah]] 11a s.v. pesula). Rambam ([[Sukkah]] 5:1) and Shulchan Aruch 629:1 codify this as halacha. Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 123 and Chazon Ovadia [[Sukkot]] page 14 concur. </ref> All of these examples are biblical invalidations.<ref>Biur Halacha 629 s.v. Tzomech</ref> | ||
# Material that is grown from the ground but is completely changed from its original form is unfit. <ref>Rambam ([[Sukkah]] 5:4)</ref> For example, paper and cardboard are unfit for [[Schach]]. <ref>Yalkut Yosef 629:14. Minchat Shlomo 112 entertains both the possibility that paper is unfit because it is changed from its original form and because perhaps it is susceptible to impurity.</ref> This is a rabbinic invalidation.<ref>Mishna Brurah 629:12</ref> | # Material that is grown from the ground but is completely changed from its original form is unfit. <ref>Rambam ([[Sukkah]] 5:4)</ref> For example, paper and cardboard are unfit for [[Schach]]. <ref>Yalkut Yosef 629:14. Minchat Shlomo 112 entertains both the possibility that paper is unfit because it is changed from its original form and because perhaps it is susceptible to impurity.</ref> This is a rabbinic invalidation.<ref>Mishna Brurah 629:12</ref> | ||
===Grow from the Ground=== | ===Grow from the Ground=== | ||
# Metal, dirt, and animal hides are unfit for [[S'chach]] as they do not grow from the ground. <ref> | # Metal, dirt, and animal hides are unfit for [[S'chach]] as they do not grow from the ground. <ref>Shulchan Aruch and Rama 629:1, Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 123, Chazon Ovadia [[Sukkot]] page 14 </ref> | ||
===Attached to the Ground=== | ===Attached to the Ground=== | ||
# Branches attached to a tree which is still attached to the ground is not fit for [[schach]]. Therefore, if one build one's [[Sukkah]] underneath a tree, and then decided to detach them from the tree one must shake each branch by lifting and placing back down. Otherwise it is not kosher, as this is a problem of taaseh vilo min ha'asuy. <ref> Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 123, Chazon Ovadia [[Sukkot]] page 33. </ref> | # Branches attached to a tree which is still attached to the ground is not fit for [[schach]]. Therefore, if one build one's [[Sukkah]] underneath a tree, and then decided to detach them from the tree one must shake each branch by lifting and placing back down. Otherwise it is not kosher, as this is a problem of taaseh vilo min ha'asuy. <ref> Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 123, Chazon Ovadia [[Sukkot]] page 33. </ref> | ||
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==Thickness of the Schach== | ==Thickness of the Schach== | ||
# The [[S'chach]] should be made so that there is a majority of shade and minority of sunlight that's let through the [[S'chach]]. If there's an equal amount of shade and sun in the actual [[S'chach]] it's unfit but if there's an equal amount of shade to light that shines on the floor of the [[Sukkah]] it's fit. <ref> | # The [[S'chach]] should be made so that there is a majority of shade and minority of sunlight that's let through the [[S'chach]]. If there's an equal amount of shade and sun in the actual [[S'chach]] it's unfit but if there's an equal amount of shade to light that shines on the floor of the [[Sukkah]] it's fit. <ref>Shulchan Aruch 631:1 and 4 </ref> | ||
# The [[S'chach]] should be thin enough that one can see the large stars through the [[S'chach]]. <ref> | # The [[S'chach]] should be thin enough that one can see the large stars through the [[S'chach]]. <ref>Shulchan Aruch 631:3, The Pri Megadim E”A 631:11 writes that it is sufficient as long as the stars are visible from one point in the [[sukkah]]. </ref> | ||
# If one made the [[S'chach]] very thick so that one can't see the stars nonetheless it's fit. However, if it's so thick that when it rains a lot water won't come in then it's unfit unless there's no way to remove some [[S'chach]] in which case one may rely on the lenient opinions. <ref> | # If one made the [[S'chach]] very thick so that one can't see the stars nonetheless it's fit. However, if it's so thick that when it rains a lot water won't come in then it's unfit unless there's no way to remove some [[S'chach]] in which case one may rely on the lenient opinions. <ref>Shulchan Aruch 631:3, Mishna Brurah 631:6 </ref> | ||
# If one made the [[S'chach]] very thin so that there's patches of empty space it's fit only if (1) there's no area of empty space larger than 3 [[Tefachim]] and (2) there is a majority of shade and minority of sunlight (counting the entire area of the [[S'chach]]). Even if it's an acceptable [[Sukkah]], nonetheless, if there's a patch of 7x7 [[Tefachim]] which has more sunlight than shade one may not sit in that area. <ref> | # If one made the [[S'chach]] very thin so that there's patches of empty space it's fit only if (1) there's no area of empty space larger than 3 [[Tefachim]] and (2) there is a majority of shade and minority of sunlight (counting the entire area of the [[S'chach]]). Even if it's an acceptable [[Sukkah]], nonetheless, if there's a patch of 7x7 [[Tefachim]] which has more sunlight than shade one may not sit in that area. <ref>Shulchan Aruch 631:2 and 4 rules that if altogether there's a majority of shade and minority of sunlight and there's no open space of 3 [[Tefachim]] it's fit. Rama 631:2 adds that some are strict if there's an area of 7x7 [[Tefachim]] which has more sunlight than shade. The Aruch HaShulchan 631:5 and Mishna Brurah 631:4 writes that in such an area one may not sit. Mishna Brurah adds that if there's such a patch that breaks up one of the walls so that there's only 2 walls left then it puts the whole [[sukkah]] into question. </ref> | ||
==Invalid Schach and Airspaces== | ==Invalid Schach and Airspaces== | ||
[[Image:Sukkah horizontal split.png|frame|100px|area beneath invalid schach is valid<ref>The invalid schach invalidates the entire area above the invalid schach. However, the area below is valid as long as there are 3 walls surrounding 7x7 tefachim of valid schach (Mishna Brurah 632:14-5).</ref>]] | [[Image:Sukkah horizontal split.png|frame|100px|area beneath invalid schach is valid<ref>The invalid schach invalidates the entire area above the invalid schach. However, the area below is valid as long as there are 3 walls surrounding 7x7 tefachim of valid schach (Mishna Brurah 632:14-5).</ref>]] | ||
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==Sukkah Built Underneath a Tree or House== | ==Sukkah Built Underneath a Tree or House== | ||
# One must ensure that one's [[Sukkah]] is under the open sky and not beneath a tree, roof of a house, or a porch. (For details about after the fact see the footnote.) <ref> Rama 626:1 writes that in all cases one should avoid building one's [[sukkah]] under a tree or roof. Mishna Brurah 626:1 and Aruch HaShulchan 626:1 explain that it's best to build the [[Sukkah]] under the open sky. This is also the opinion of Chazon Ovadyah ([[Sukkot]] pg 11) and Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 125. However, after the fact, Aruch HaShulchan 626:1 writes if it's built under a roofed area it's unfit, but if it's built under a tree there is a discussion about when it is fit. | # One must ensure that one's [[Sukkah]] is under the open sky and not beneath a tree, roof of a house, or a porch. (For details about after the fact see the footnote.) <ref> Rama 626:1 writes that in all cases one should avoid building one's [[sukkah]] under a tree or roof. Mishna Brurah 626:1 and Aruch HaShulchan 626:1 explain that it's best to build the [[Sukkah]] under the open sky. This is also the opinion of Chazon Ovadyah ([[Sukkot]] pg 11) and Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 125. However, after the fact, Aruch HaShulchan 626:1 writes if it's built under a roofed area it's unfit, but if it's built under a tree there is a discussion about when it is fit. Shulchan Aruch 626:1 (according to Beiur Halacha s.v. VeYesh, Mishna Brurah 626:10 and 11) rules that a [[sukkah]] under branches of a tree is fit only if it fits three requirements (See Shulchan Aruch with Mishna Brurah 626:10 and 11). (1) Among the branches of the tree there is majority of sun and minority shade (2) the there is less than four [[Tefachim]] of tree branches over the [[schach]], and (3) there is a majority of shade from the kosher [[schach]] and a minority of shade even without the tree branches (and even so the sachach under the tree branches itself is unfit but the rest of the [[sukkah]] is fit). </ref> | ||
# If one built a [[sukkah]] under a tree or a house which would render it unfit, and then removed the branches or the roof to make it kosher, this isn't a problem of taaseh vilo min ha'asuy as the problem was never in the [[schach]] itself. <ref> Chazon Ovadia page 33. </ref> | # If one built a [[sukkah]] under a tree or a house which would render it unfit, and then removed the branches or the roof to make it kosher, this isn't a problem of taaseh vilo min ha'asuy as the problem was never in the [[schach]] itself. <ref> Chazon Ovadia page 33. </ref> | ||
# Branches near one’s [[sukkah]] but not directly above it don’t impact the validity of the [[sukkah]] even if they provide it shade. <ref> Biur Halacha 626:1 s.v. tachat ha’ilan </ref> | # Branches near one’s [[sukkah]] but not directly above it don’t impact the validity of the [[sukkah]] even if they provide it shade. <ref> Biur Halacha 626:1 s.v. tachat ha’ilan </ref> | ||
