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==Leaning during the Seder== | ==Leaning during the Seder== | ||
# There is an obligation to lean when one eats the four cups of wine and Matzah of Motsei Matzah, Korech, and Afikoman. <ref> Concerning wine requiring leaning, Pesachim 108a concludes that all four cups of wine need leaning. So rules Rambam Hilchot Chametz UMatzeh 7:8 and he adds that whoever leans for the other eating and drinking of the night is praiseworthy; see S”A 673:2. The gemara Pesachim 108b says matza requires leaning while the marror doesn't. S”A 675:1 rules that Matzah of Motsei Matzah and Korech should be eaten while leaning. S”A 677:1 rules that Afikoman should be eaten while leaning. Tur in name of the Avi Ezri (Siman 525), Mordechai 34b in name of Ravan, and Hagahot Maimonin name of the Ravyah 7:2 hold that nowadays it's not the practice of royalty to lean and so there's no halacha that one has to lean during the Seder. Hagahot Maimon says that the Ravyah's opinion is a minority opinion and all other poskim argue on it. Nonetheless, Rama 672:2 rules that Bedieved one can rely on the Ravyah and fulfill the mitzvah without leaning. S"A who leave out this opinion clearly holds that there's a requirement of leaning nowadays. So rules Sh"t Chazon Ovadyah 13. Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach in Halichot Shlomo Pesach 9:20 footnote 44 rules that one should only lean when he is actually eating or drinking but it is disrespectful to lean during the berachot. </ref> | # There is an obligation to lean when one eats the four cups of wine and Matzah of Motsei Matzah, Korech, and Afikoman. <ref> Concerning wine requiring leaning, Pesachim 108a concludes that all four cups of wine need leaning. So rules Rambam Hilchot Chametz UMatzeh 7:8 and he adds that whoever leans for the other eating and drinking of the night is praiseworthy; see S”A 673:2. The gemara Pesachim 108b says matza requires leaning while the marror doesn't. S”A 675:1 rules that Matzah of Motsei Matzah and Korech should be eaten while leaning. S”A 677:1 rules that Afikoman should be eaten while leaning. Tur in name of the Avi Ezri (Siman 525), Mordechai 34b in name of Ravan, and Hagahot Maimonin name of the Ravyah 7:2 hold that nowadays it's not the practice of royalty to lean and so there's no halacha that one has to lean during the Seder. Hagahot Maimon says that the Ravyah's opinion is a minority opinion and all other poskim argue on it. Nonetheless, Rama 672:2 rules that Bedieved one can rely on the Ravyah and fulfill the mitzvah without leaning. S"A who leave out this opinion clearly holds that there's a requirement of leaning nowadays. So rules Sh"t Chazon Ovadyah 13. Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach in Halichot Shlomo [[Pesach]] 9:20 footnote 44 rules that one should only lean when he is actually eating or drinking but it is disrespectful to lean during the berachot. </ref> | ||
# Leaning shouldn't be done on one's back, front, or to the right. <ref> Pesachim 108a says that it's not considered leaning to lean on the "Perakdon" which some explain as on one's back (Tosfot 108a) and some explain as on one's front (Tosfot Niddah 14a in name of Aruch). Thus, the Rambam 7:8, Tur and S"A 472:3 rule that one can't lean to the back or front. </ref> A lefty should also lean to the left. <ref> The Gemara says that one can't lean on the Perakdon or to the right, and adds that leaning that way would be dangerous because the food can go down the windpipe and cause choking. Rashi explains that the danger is referring to leaning back and Rashbam explains that the danger is referring to leaning to the right. According to Rashi(quoted by Rashbam) that the only reason not to lean to the right is because one has to use one's right hand to eat, a lefty should have to lean to the right and eat with his left. According to the Rashbam who says that there's danger in leaning to the right, a lefty also should lean to the left. This Nafka Minah is brought down by the Rosh Pesachim 10:20 and Tur 472:3. Terumat HaDeshen 1:136 rules that the reason of a potential danger trumps the reason of that it's usual for a lefty to eat with his left hand. So rules the S"A 472:3 that a lefty should also lean to the left. </ref> | # Leaning shouldn't be done on one's back, front, or to the right. <ref> Pesachim 108a says that it's not considered leaning to lean on the "Perakdon" which some explain as on one's back (Tosfot 108a) and some explain as on one's front (Tosfot Niddah 14a in name of Aruch). Thus, the Rambam 7:8, Tur and S"A 472:3 rule that one can't lean to the back or front. </ref> A lefty should also lean to the left. <ref> The Gemara says that one can't lean on the Perakdon or to the right, and adds that leaning that way would be dangerous because the food can go down the windpipe and cause choking. Rashi explains that the danger is referring to leaning back and Rashbam explains that the danger is referring to leaning to the right. According to Rashi(quoted by Rashbam) that the only reason not to lean to the right is because one has to use one's right hand to eat, a lefty should have to lean to the right and eat with his left. According to the Rashbam who says that there's danger in leaning to the right, a lefty also should lean to the left. This Nafka Minah is brought down by the Rosh Pesachim 10:20 and Tur 472:3. Terumat HaDeshen 1:136 rules that the reason of a potential danger trumps the reason of that it's usual for a lefty to eat with his left hand. So rules the S"A 472:3 that a lefty should also lean to the left. </ref> | ||
==Who is obligated to lean?== | ==Who is obligated to lean?== | ||
# In the time of the Gemara women were exempt from leaning unless they were an Isha Chashuva (a woman of stature). <ref> The Gemara 108a says that women don't have to lean. Rashbam explains that the reason is because it's not respectful of a wife to lean in front of her husband. Additionally, Rav Achai Goan in Shiltot (Tzav 77), (the Rif according the Aruch HaShulchan 472:6), and Tur 472:4 in name of the Bahag say that the reason is because it's just not proper for women to lean. According to both explanations it's understandable why the gemara says a women of stature is obligated to lean; according to the Rashbam it's because she's important and deserves respect and according to the Shiltot it's because it is her practice to lean. [A third reason is that of the Rokeach (quoted by the Chok Yacov 472:8) that a husband isn't concerned with his wife leaning if she's a woman of stature]. A clear Nafka Minah explained by the Tur is a widow or divorcee, according to the Rashbam should lean and according to the Shiltot shouldn't lean. S"A 472:4 implies that he holds like the Shiltot because he doesn't make any distinctions. So writes the Pri Chadash 472:4 and Birkei Yosef 472:3 that we pasken like the Shiltot. Implied by the Tur's Nafka Minah is that not married women aren't obligated according to everyone. Chiddushei Rav Shlomo Zalman Aurbach to Pesachim 108a explains that since most women are exempt because they are married, the Rabbis didn't establish an obligation on non-married women either.</ref> Even though nowadays all women are considered women of stature, Ashkenazi women don't have to lean because they can rely on the Ravyah. <ref> Rabbenu Yerucham (Section 5 pg 42d) and Mordechai (Arvei Pesachim 37d) in name of Tosfot say that all women nowadays are considered chashuv. [Rav Avraham Dov Auerbach (quoted in Halichot Shlomo Pesach pg 235) explains that this ruling of Tosfot is based on the edict of Rabbenu Gershom that it is forbidden for men to marry two women. (this would explain why S"A left out this ruling considering that Sefardim didn't accept the edict of Rabbenu Gershom).] So rules the Tur and Rama 472:4 that all women nowadays are obligated to lean. Nonetheless, Rama concludes that the practice is that women don't lean because they rely on the Ravyah that nowadays there's no obligation to lean at all. [Aruch HaShulchan 472:6 asks if women rely on the opinion of the Ravyah why don't men also? Therefore Aruch HaShulchan argues that the lenient practice of women is based on the opinion of the Shiltot that a women is only considered a women of stature if it is her practice to lean and since it's not the practice of women to lean they are exempt. See Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach in Halichot Bat Yisrael 23:50 who defends the Rama saying that since the obligation of women was based on Minhag and not a real obligation they can rely on the Ravyah.] In conclusion, Ashkenazi women are exempt from leaning because they rely on the Ravyah. Sefer HaMapah and Levush write that such was the minhag of Ashkenaz. Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach in Halichot Shlomo Pesach 9:19 as well as Rav Moshe Shternbuch Moadim uzmanim 3:257 both write that a woman should try to get a comfortable chair as her expression of freedom. </ref> However, the practice of Sephardic women is to lean. Yet Bedieved they don't need to repeat eating or drinking. <ref> Seemingly according to the reason of the Shiltot (which is the reason we pasken, see previous notes) Sephardic women should not be considered Chasuv because it's not their practice to lean all year. However, Sh"t Chazon Ovadyah 14 writes that Sephardic women should lean because a husband isn't concerned with that behavior. One reason is that of the Birkei Yosef 472:3 who writes that since men and women are equal in the fact that they don't lean during the year, women are equal to men on the night of pesach that they are obligated to lean. A second reason to obligate women in leaning is according to the reason of the Rokeach that they are only exempt if their husbands are concerned with this practice and it offends them and nowadays all men aren't bothered by this behavior. A third reason is according to the Rabbenu Manoach that women are only exempt because they are involved in preparing the rest all the parts of the meal (similar to the patur of mitzvot aseh shezman grama) and since nowadays women prepare the entire meal beforehand or they have helpers they are obligated in leaning (so writes the Shulchan Gavoha 472:11). Pesach Meuvin (Siman 170; author of Knesset Gedolah http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=10568&st=&pgnum=37) writes the minhag of Sephardic women was to lean. Sh"t Chazon Ovadyah writes that Bedieved one can combine the reasons of the Rama with the reasons that they might not be considered Isha Chashuva (a Sfak Sfeika) to be lenient. See: http://www.dailyhalacha.com/Display.asp?PageIndex=5&ClipID=854 </ref> | # In the time of the Gemara women were exempt from leaning unless they were an Isha Chashuva (a woman of stature). <ref> The Gemara 108a says that women don't have to lean. Rashbam explains that the reason is because it's not respectful of a wife to lean in front of her husband. Additionally, Rav Achai Goan in Shiltot (Tzav 77), (the Rif according the Aruch HaShulchan 472:6), and Tur 472:4 in name of the Bahag say that the reason is because it's just not proper for women to lean. According to both explanations it's understandable why the gemara says a women of stature is obligated to lean; according to the Rashbam it's because she's important and deserves respect and according to the Shiltot it's because it is her practice to lean. [A third reason is that of the Rokeach (quoted by the Chok Yacov 472:8) that a husband isn't concerned with his wife leaning if she's a woman of stature]. A clear Nafka Minah explained by the Tur is a widow or divorcee, according to the Rashbam should lean and according to the Shiltot shouldn't lean. S"A 472:4 implies that he holds like the Shiltot because he doesn't make any distinctions. So writes the Pri Chadash 472:4 and Birkei Yosef 472:3 that we pasken like the Shiltot. Implied by the Tur's Nafka Minah is that not married women aren't obligated according to everyone. Chiddushei Rav Shlomo Zalman Aurbach to Pesachim 108a explains that since most women are exempt because they are married, the Rabbis didn't establish an obligation on non-married women either.</ref> Even though nowadays all women are considered women of stature, Ashkenazi women don't have to lean because they can rely on the Ravyah. <ref> Rabbenu Yerucham (Section 5 pg 42d) and Mordechai (Arvei Pesachim 37d) in name of Tosfot say that all women nowadays are considered chashuv. [Rav Avraham Dov Auerbach (quoted in Halichot Shlomo [[Pesach]] pg 235) explains that this ruling of Tosfot is based on the edict of Rabbenu Gershom that it is forbidden for men to marry two women. (this would explain why S"A left out this ruling considering that Sefardim didn't accept the edict of Rabbenu Gershom).] So rules the Tur and Rama 472:4 that all women nowadays are obligated to lean. Nonetheless, Rama concludes that the practice is that women don't lean because they rely on the Ravyah that nowadays there's no obligation to lean at all. [Aruch HaShulchan 472:6 asks if women rely on the opinion of the Ravyah why don't men also? Therefore Aruch HaShulchan argues that the lenient practice of women is based on the opinion of the Shiltot that a women is only considered a women of stature if it is her practice to lean and since it's not the practice of women to lean they are exempt. See Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach in Halichot Bat Yisrael 23:50 who defends the Rama saying that since the obligation of women was based on Minhag and not a real obligation they can rely on the Ravyah.] In conclusion, Ashkenazi women are exempt from leaning because they rely on the Ravyah. Sefer HaMapah and Levush write that such was the minhag of Ashkenaz. Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach in Halichot Shlomo [[Pesach]] 9:19 as well as Rav Moshe Shternbuch Moadim uzmanim 3:257 both write that a woman should try to get a comfortable chair as her expression of freedom. </ref> However, the practice of Sephardic women is to lean. Yet Bedieved they don't need to repeat eating or drinking. <ref> Seemingly according to the reason of the Shiltot (which is the reason we pasken, see previous notes) Sephardic women should not be considered Chasuv because it's not their practice to lean all year. However, Sh"t Chazon Ovadyah 14 writes that Sephardic women should lean because a husband isn't concerned with that behavior. One reason is that of the Birkei Yosef 472:3 who writes that since men and women are equal in the fact that they don't lean during the year, women are equal to men on the night of pesach that they are obligated to lean. A second reason to obligate women in leaning is according to the reason of the Rokeach that they are only exempt if their husbands are concerned with this practice and it offends them and nowadays all men aren't bothered by this behavior. A third reason is according to the Rabbenu Manoach that women are only exempt because they are involved in preparing the rest all the parts of the meal (similar to the patur of mitzvot aseh shezman grama) and since nowadays women prepare the entire meal beforehand or they have helpers they are obligated in leaning (so writes the Shulchan Gavoha 472:11). [[Pesach]] Meuvin (Siman 170; author of Knesset Gedolah http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=10568&st=&pgnum=37) writes the minhag of Sephardic women was to lean. Sh"t Chazon Ovadyah writes that Bedieved one can combine the reasons of the Rama with the reasons that they might not be considered Isha Chashuva (a Sfak Sfeika) to be lenient. See: http://www.dailyhalacha.com/Display.asp?PageIndex=5&ClipID=854 </ref> | ||
# Even though Ashkenazi women are exempt from leaning, if they drink the wine or eat the Matzah standing they are not Yotzei. <ref> Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (quoted in Halichot Shlomo Pesach pg 235) writes that even though women are exempt from leaning they are still obligated in the law of acting as free people and royalty, therefore if they eat while standing which is totally a lack of acting like royalty they have not fulfilled their obligation. One can also make such a implication from the words of the Ravyah 525 that "the practice of leaning was replaced by sitting". </ref> | # Even though Ashkenazi women are exempt from leaning, if they drink the wine or eat the Matzah standing they are not Yotzei. <ref> Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (quoted in Halichot Shlomo [[Pesach]] pg 235) writes that even though women are exempt from leaning they are still obligated in the law of acting as free people and royalty, therefore if they eat while standing which is totally a lack of acting like royalty they have not fulfilled their obligation. One can also make such a implication from the words of the Ravyah 525 that "the practice of leaning was replaced by sitting". </ref> | ||
# A student in front of his Rabbi (even if it's not his Rav Muvhak, primary teacher), or a student in front of a very distinguished Rabbi even if he's not his teacher shouldn't lean unless they are given permission. <ref> S"A 472:5 </ref> | # A student in front of his Rabbi (even if it's not his Rav Muvhak, primary teacher), or a student in front of a very distinguished Rabbi even if he's not his teacher shouldn't lean unless they are given permission. <ref> S"A 472:5 </ref> | ||
# A son in front of his father should lean even if your father is also your teacher. <ref> S"A 472:5. Magan Avraham 472:6 explains that the father is assumed to forgo on his respect. </ref> | # A son in front of his father should lean even if your father is also your teacher. <ref> S"A 472:5. Magan Avraham 472:6 explains that the father is assumed to forgo on his respect. </ref> | ||
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# If a student is eating the Seder at another table but can be seen by his Rabbi, some authorities permit, but one should be strict not to lean unless one gets permission, especially if it's one's Rav Muvhak. <ref> Rama 472:5 rules in name of the Mahariv that a student can lean in front of his Rabbi if the student isn't eating at the same table. Pri Chadash argues that anytime the student is in sight of his Rabbi he can't lean. Mishna Brurah (Shaar Tzion 472:22) argues that perhaps the Mahariv is lenient because of his opinion that a student in front of his Rabbi is exempt but is allowed, however since we hold like the Darkei Moshe that a student in front of his Rabbi is forbidden to lean perhaps in this case one can't lean. Mishna Brurah quotes the Pri Megadim that in such a case it's preferable to be strict and get permission. Chazon Ovadyah (Pesach vol. 2 pg 8) suggests that by a Rav Muvhak it's forbidden like the Pri Chadash and for one's Rabbi who isn't one's Rav Muvhak it's permissible like the Mahariv. </ref> | # If a student is eating the Seder at another table but can be seen by his Rabbi, some authorities permit, but one should be strict not to lean unless one gets permission, especially if it's one's Rav Muvhak. <ref> Rama 472:5 rules in name of the Mahariv that a student can lean in front of his Rabbi if the student isn't eating at the same table. Pri Chadash argues that anytime the student is in sight of his Rabbi he can't lean. Mishna Brurah (Shaar Tzion 472:22) argues that perhaps the Mahariv is lenient because of his opinion that a student in front of his Rabbi is exempt but is allowed, however since we hold like the Darkei Moshe that a student in front of his Rabbi is forbidden to lean perhaps in this case one can't lean. Mishna Brurah quotes the Pri Megadim that in such a case it's preferable to be strict and get permission. Chazon Ovadyah (Pesach vol. 2 pg 8) suggests that by a Rav Muvhak it's forbidden like the Pri Chadash and for one's Rabbi who isn't one's Rav Muvhak it's permissible like the Mahariv. </ref> | ||
# A son in front of his father-in-law who is his teacher should lean. <ref> Chiddushei Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach on Pesachim 108b quoted in Halichot Shlomo pg 233 writes that since a father is comfortable with his son leaning in front of him it's not considered disrespect, however a father-in-law doesn't have that same relationship with his son-in-law. </ref> | # A son in front of his father-in-law who is his teacher should lean. <ref> Chiddushei Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach on Pesachim 108b quoted in Halichot Shlomo pg 233 writes that since a father is comfortable with his son leaning in front of him it's not considered disrespect, however a father-in-law doesn't have that same relationship with his son-in-law. </ref> | ||
# An avel should lean. <ref> Chazon Ovadia Hilchot Pesach page 9. </ref> | # An avel should lean. <ref> Chazon Ovadia Hilchot [[Pesach]] page 9. </ref> | ||
==One who forgot to lean== | ==One who forgot to lean== | ||
