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Kriyat Shema: Difference between revisions
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== Earliest time and Vatikin== | == Earliest time and Vatikin== | ||
# The ideal time for Shema is to say Shema a little before Netz (sunrise) so that one can juxtapose Geulah to Tefilah and start [[Shemoneh Esrei]] at Netz. This is the practice of the Vatikin (those who fulfill the מצות early and in the proper time).<ref> S”A 58:1 rules that it’s the most preferable way to do the mitzvah like the Rambam (Kriyat Shema 1:11-12) and most rishonim to say Shema a little before Netz (sunrise) so that one can juxtapose Geulah to Tefilah and start [[Shemoneh Esrei]] at Netz. Mishna Berura 58:6 and Kitzur S"A 17:1 concur. </ref> | # The ideal time for Shema is to say Shema a little before Netz (sunrise) so that one can juxtapose Geulah to Tefilah and start [[Shemoneh Esrei]] at Netz. This is the practice of the Vatikin (those who fulfill the מצות early and in the proper time).<ref> S”A 58:1 rules that it’s the most preferable way to do the mitzvah like the Rambam (Kriyat Shema 1:11-12) and most rishonim to say Shema a little before Netz (sunrise) so that one can juxtapose Geulah to Tefilah and start [[Shemoneh Esrei]] at Netz. Mishna Berura 58:6 and Kitzur S"A 17:1 concur. </ref> | ||
# The earliest time for shema or Brachot shema is when one can recognize an acquaintance from 4 [[amot]] away called [[Tzitzit#mesheyakir| Mesheyakir]], which is one hour (in Shaot Zmaniot) before [[Netz HaChama]]. Preferably, one should say it later since some hold the earliest time is closer to [[Netz HaChama]]. Additionally, the earliest time for [[Shemoneh Esrei]] is [[Netz HaChama]] unless it’s a Shat HaDachak (pressing need) and so one will need to wait a long time between saying Shema and [[Shemoneh Esrei]] and will not be able to juxtapose Geulah to Tefilah. <ref> S”A 58:1,3. | # The earliest time for shema or Brachot shema is when one can recognize an acquaintance from 4 [[amot]] away called [[Tzitzit#mesheyakir| Mesheyakir]], which is one hour (in [[Shaot Zmaniot]]) before [[Netz HaChama]]. Preferably, one should say it later since some hold the earliest time is closer to [[Netz HaChama]]. Additionally, the earliest time for [[Shemoneh Esrei]] is [[Netz HaChama]] unless it’s a Shat HaDachak (pressing need) and so one will need to wait a long time between saying Shema and [[Shemoneh Esrei]] and will not be able to juxtapose Geulah to Tefilah. <ref> S”A 58:1,3. | ||
* Brachot 9b records the dispute between Abaye who holds the time for Shema is shortly before Netz as the practice of the Vatikin and Rav Huna who allows from when one can recognize an acquaintance from 4 amot. | * Brachot 9b records the dispute between Abaye who holds the time for Shema is shortly before Netz as the practice of the Vatikin and Rav Huna who allows from when one can recognize an acquaintance from 4 amot. | ||
* There are three approaches in the Rishonim how we hold. Rambam (Keriyat Shema 1:11-12) holds like Abaye that one can say it shortly before Netz and in Shat HaDachak one can say it from Olot Hashachar. The Bet Yosef 58, Bach 58, and Pri Chadash 58:1 hold that the Rif agrees with the Rambam. | * There are three approaches in the Rishonim how we hold. Rambam (Keriyat Shema 1:11-12) holds like Abaye that one can say it shortly before Netz and in Shat HaDachak one can say it from Olot Hashachar. The Bet Yosef 58, Bach 58, and Pri Chadash 58:1 hold that the Rif agrees with the Rambam. | ||
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# Even in extenuating circumstances one may not make a Bracha upon putting on Talit and [[Tefillin]] any time before MeSheyakir; rather one should put on Talit and [[Tefillin]] without a Bracha and after MeSheyakir has arrived one may make the Brachot. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 58:16, Halacha Brurah 58:9 </ref> | # Even in extenuating circumstances one may not make a Bracha upon putting on Talit and [[Tefillin]] any time before MeSheyakir; rather one should put on Talit and [[Tefillin]] without a Bracha and after MeSheyakir has arrived one may make the Brachot. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 58:16, Halacha Brurah 58:9 </ref> | ||
==Can one say Shema at [[Olot HaShachar]]?== | ==Can one say Shema at [[Olot HaShachar]]?== | ||
# If one has a pressing need meaning that he traveling to a dangerous place or that he’s traveling and the group won’t wait for him at all, and one knows that he will not be able to have kavana to say the first parsha of Shema later, one can say Shema at [[Olot HaShachar]] (72 minutes in Shaot Zmaniot before Netz earlier than one is able to recognize an acquaintance from 4 amot). <ref> S”A 58:3. On Brachot 8b Rabbi Shimon Ben Yochai says that it’s possible to say Shema twice at night once before Olot for the obligation of night and once after Olot for the day obligation. Rif (Brachot 2b), Rambam (Kriyat Shema 1:12), Rashba (Brachot 9a D”H LeIyan Hafsaka), Ramban (Milchamot Brachot), and Talmidei Rabbenu Yonah (2b D”H Iy Nami) write that one should only say it at Olot if it’s Shat HaDachak. Bet Yosef brings the Mahari Ahavuhav who implies this from the Tur. Bet Yosef explains that Tosfot (8b D”H Lo) holds that one can’t say Shema at Olot but only at when one can recognize an acquaintance. [Bach disagrees and explains that tosfot would agree in a Shat HaDachak]. Bal HaMoar (beginning of Brachot) argues on the Rif and writes that one can’t say it until Netz. Magan Avraham 58:4 challenges S”A’s wording that one can say it early if one won’t be able to have kavana in the first paragraph because S”A 63:4 says that one only needs Kavana in the first pasuk. </ref> | # If one has a pressing need meaning that he traveling to a dangerous place or that he’s traveling and the group won’t wait for him at all, and one knows that he will not be able to have kavana to say the first parsha of Shema later, one can say Shema at [[Olot HaShachar]] (72 minutes in [[Shaot Zmaniot]] before Netz earlier than one is able to recognize an acquaintance from 4 amot). <ref> S”A 58:3. On Brachot 8b Rabbi Shimon Ben Yochai says that it’s possible to say Shema twice at night once before Olot for the obligation of night and once after Olot for the day obligation. Rif (Brachot 2b), Rambam (Kriyat Shema 1:12), Rashba (Brachot 9a D”H LeIyan Hafsaka), Ramban (Milchamot Brachot), and Talmidei Rabbenu Yonah (2b D”H Iy Nami) write that one should only say it at Olot if it’s Shat HaDachak. Bet Yosef brings the Mahari Ahavuhav who implies this from the Tur. Bet Yosef explains that Tosfot (8b D”H Lo) holds that one can’t say Shema at Olot but only at when one can recognize an acquaintance. [Bach disagrees and explains that tosfot would agree in a Shat HaDachak]. Bal HaMoar (beginning of Brachot) argues on the Rif and writes that one can’t say it until Netz. Magan Avraham 58:4 challenges S”A’s wording that one can say it early if one won’t be able to have kavana in the first paragraph because S”A 63:4 says that one only needs Kavana in the first pasuk. </ref> | ||
# If one will be traveling to work at dawn and will not be in a place where it’s possible to say Shema with Kavana one can say Shema at Olot <ref> Sh”t Ish Matzliach O”C 1:15(57) says nowadays one shouldn’t say Shema at Olot because one is traveling early. In his comments on Mishna Brurah he writes that there’s what to be lenient if one will be on a train among goyim and will not be able to concentrate. Halacha Brurah 58:9 says that many times he was asked about working situations and he said that one can rely on S”A 58:3 to pray early because otherwise they won’t be able to pray among goyim while traveling or later. </ref> | # If one will be traveling to work at dawn and will not be in a place where it’s possible to say Shema with Kavana one can say Shema at Olot <ref> Sh”t Ish Matzliach O”C 1:15(57) says nowadays one shouldn’t say Shema at Olot because one is traveling early. In his comments on Mishna Brurah he writes that there’s what to be lenient if one will be on a train among goyim and will not be able to concentrate. Halacha Brurah 58:9 says that many times he was asked about working situations and he said that one can rely on S”A 58:3 to pray early because otherwise they won’t be able to pray among goyim while traveling or later. </ref> | ||
# If one know that one will not be able to have any Kavana when the time comes for Shema he is allowed to say it from Olot. <ref> Magan Avraham 58:3, Bear Heteiv 58:4, Solet Belulah 58:3, Shalmei Tzibbur pg 93d, Shulchan Aruch HaRav 58:6, Chaye Adam 21:3, Shtilei Zetim 58:10, Mishna Brurah 58:12, Kaf HaChaim 58:14, and Halacha Brurah 58:9. </ref> | # If one know that one will not be able to have any Kavana when the time comes for Shema he is allowed to say it from Olot. <ref> Magan Avraham 58:3, Bear Heteiv 58:4, Solet Belulah 58:3, Shalmei Tzibbur pg 93d, Shulchan Aruch HaRav 58:6, Chaye Adam 21:3, Shtilei Zetim 58:10, Mishna Brurah 58:12, Kaf HaChaim 58:14, and Halacha Brurah 58:9. </ref> | ||
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== Latest time== | == Latest time== | ||
# The latest time for Kriyat Shema is the end of the third hour (in Shaot Zmaniot <ref> S”A 58, 89:1 based on Rambam in Sh”t Pear Hadar 44 writes that all times of Chazal are Shaot Zmaniot and in Hilchot Tefilah 3 (where he equates 4 hours with a third of the day). So holds the Meiri Brachot 9b, Rav Ovadyah MeBarentura, and Sh”t Maharil 163. However Tosfot HaRosh Brachot 3b D”H Kiyvan writes to calculate the hours equally all year round. The Achronim rule like S”A including Pri Chadash 58:2, Sh”t Shagat Aryeh 5e, Shulchan Gavoha 58:13, Shulchan Aruch HaRav 58:3, Chaye Adam 21:3, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 17:1, Sh”t Rav Poalim 2:2,3,19, Ben Ish Chai Vaera 5, Sh”t Chesed LeAvraham Teomim Kama O”C 7, Mishna Brurah 58:5. </ref>) which is a quarter of the day. <Ref> Brachot 9b has a dispute of the latest time for Shema. The Gemara 10b rules like Rabbi Yehoshua who says that it’s the 3rd hour. So hold the Rambam(Kriyat Shema 1:11), Tur, and S”A 58:6. Rambam, Meiri Brachot 9b, Talmedei Rabbenu Yonah 4b hold that after Netz until the 3rd hour is only bedieved (after the fact. However implied from majority of Rishonim(including Tur and S”A) is that it’s even Lechatchila. Machsor Vitri (1 pg 7), Yerayim 13, Roke’ach 320, Ravyah 1:15, Rabbenu Yehonatan Melunil (Brachot 1), Siddur Rav Amram 1:15-6 rule the ending time is the beginning of the third hour. However S”A 58:6 rules it’s the end of the 3rd hour based on majority of Rishonim including Tosfot (Avofda Zara 4b D”H Betelat), Smag (Asin 18), Smak 104, Rambam (Kriyat Shema 1:11), Meharam Rikatani 5, Piskei Rid (Brachot 10b), Piskei Riaz, Eshkol 1:5, Chinuch 420, Meiri (Brachot 9b), Sefer HaBatim (Shema 2:6), Orchot Chaim (Shema 5), Rashbetz (Brachot 10b). Exactly how to calculate the end of the third hour is an argument of the poskim. The gra says that the day begins at sunrise and ends at sunset while the Magen Avraham says days begins at alot hashachar and ends at tzet hakochavim. Mishna Berurah 58:4 quotes both opinions and doesn’t make a ruling. Aruch hashulchan 58:14; Chazon Ish OC 13:3-4, Sh”t Iggerot Moshe OC 1:24, YD 3:129:3, Sh”t Minchat Yitzchak 3:71, all seem to accept the later time of the Gra. See however, Sh”t Teshuvot viHanhagot 1:56 quoting Rav Aharon Kotler and Orchos Rabbeinu 1:53 quoting the Steipler. </ref> | # The latest time for Kriyat Shema is the end of the third hour (in [[Shaot Zmaniot]] <ref> S”A 58, 89:1 based on Rambam in Sh”t Pear Hadar 44 writes that all times of Chazal are [[Shaot Zmaniot]] and in Hilchot Tefilah 3 (where he equates 4 hours with a third of the day). So holds the Meiri Brachot 9b, Rav Ovadyah MeBarentura, and Sh”t Maharil 163. However Tosfot HaRosh Brachot 3b D”H Kiyvan writes to calculate the hours equally all year round. The Achronim rule like S”A including Pri Chadash 58:2, Sh”t Shagat Aryeh 5e, Shulchan Gavoha 58:13, Shulchan Aruch HaRav 58:3, Chaye Adam 21:3, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 17:1, Sh”t Rav Poalim 2:2,3,19, Ben Ish Chai Vaera 5, Sh”t Chesed LeAvraham Teomim Kama O”C 7, Mishna Brurah 58:5. </ref>) which is a quarter of the day. <Ref> Brachot 9b has a dispute of the latest time for Shema. The Gemara 10b rules like Rabbi Yehoshua who says that it’s the 3rd hour. So hold the Rambam(Kriyat Shema 1:11), Tur, and S”A 58:6. Rambam, Meiri Brachot 9b, Talmedei Rabbenu Yonah 4b hold that after Netz until the 3rd hour is only bedieved (after the fact. However implied from majority of Rishonim(including Tur and S”A) is that it’s even Lechatchila. Machsor Vitri (1 pg 7), Yerayim 13, Roke’ach 320, Ravyah 1:15, Rabbenu Yehonatan Melunil (Brachot 1), Siddur Rav Amram 1:15-6 rule the ending time is the beginning of the third hour. However S”A 58:6 rules it’s the end of the 3rd hour based on majority of Rishonim including Tosfot (Avofda Zara 4b D”H Betelat), Smag (Asin 18), Smak 104, Rambam (Kriyat Shema 1:11), Meharam Rikatani 5, Piskei Rid (Brachot 10b), Piskei Riaz, Eshkol 1:5, Chinuch 420, Meiri (Brachot 9b), Sefer HaBatim (Shema 2:6), Orchot Chaim (Shema 5), Rashbetz (Brachot 10b). Exactly how to calculate the end of the third hour is an argument of the poskim. The gra says that the day begins at sunrise and ends at sunset while the Magen Avraham says days begins at alot hashachar and ends at tzet hakochavim. Mishna Berurah 58:4 quotes both opinions and doesn’t make a ruling. Aruch hashulchan 58:14; Chazon Ish OC 13:3-4, Sh”t Iggerot Moshe OC 1:24, YD 3:129:3, Sh”t Minchat Yitzchak 3:71, all seem to accept the later time of the Gra. See however, Sh”t Teshuvot viHanhagot 1:56 quoting Rav Aharon Kotler and Orchos Rabbeinu 1:53 quoting the Steipler. </ref> | ||
# If one didn’t say Shema before the third hour, one can still say it with Brachot until the end of the forth hour; but one doesn’t fulfill Shema in it’s proper time. <ref> Brachot 9b says if one missed the time for Kriyat Shema one can read it with Brachot. Rambam (Kriyat Shema 1:13), Rif (Brachot 9b), Bahag, Shiltei Giborim (Brachot 10b in name of Smag, Ravyah 25 pg 14, Sefer Chinuch 420, Rid (Brachot 10b), and Riaz Brachot 1:1(7) hold that one can make the Brachot the entire day. However the Rosh Brachot 1:10 quotes Rav Hai Goan that one can only say the Brachot until the 4th hour. So holds Rabbenu Chananel (Brachot 10b), Or Zaruha 1:16, Siddur Rav Sadyah Goan 13, Meiri (Brachot 10b), Ravan 139, Tur and S”A 58:6. Most Achronim agree with S”A including Levush 58:6, Bach, Taz 58:4, Petach Dvir 2 pg 18a in name of Rav Chaim Vital, Shulchan Gavoha 58:12, Siddur Yavetz , Gra 58:15, Pri Megadim M”Z 58:4, Shulchan Aruch HaRav 58:10, Chaye Adam 21:3, Kaf HaChaim 58:25, and Halacha Brurah 58:14. However some argue on S”A allow one to say Brachot all day including Sh”t Radvaz 2:156, Pri Chadash 58:6, Rav Chaim Ben Atar in Rishon LeTzion (Brachot 10b), Sh”t Chaim Shal 2:38(70), Keshur Gudal 6:4, and Erech HaShulchan 58:3. </ref> | # If one didn’t say Shema before the third hour, one can still say it with Brachot until the end of the forth hour; but one doesn’t fulfill Shema in it’s proper time. <ref> Brachot 9b says if one missed the time for Kriyat Shema one can read it with Brachot. Rambam (Kriyat Shema 1:13), Rif (Brachot 9b), Bahag, Shiltei Giborim (Brachot 10b in name of Smag, Ravyah 25 pg 14, Sefer Chinuch 420, Rid (Brachot 10b), and Riaz Brachot 1:1(7) hold that one can make the Brachot the entire day. However the Rosh Brachot 1:10 quotes Rav Hai Goan that one can only say the Brachot until the 4th hour. So holds Rabbenu Chananel (Brachot 10b), Or Zaruha 1:16, Siddur Rav Sadyah Goan 13, Meiri (Brachot 10b), Ravan 139, Tur and S”A 58:6. Most Achronim agree with S”A including Levush 58:6, Bach, Taz 58:4, Petach Dvir 2 pg 18a in name of Rav Chaim Vital, Shulchan Gavoha 58:12, Siddur Yavetz , Gra 58:15, Pri Megadim M”Z 58:4, Shulchan Aruch HaRav 58:10, Chaye Adam 21:3, Kaf HaChaim 58:25, and Halacha Brurah 58:14. However some argue on S”A allow one to say Brachot all day including Sh”t Radvaz 2:156, Pri Chadash 58:6, Rav Chaim Ben Atar in Rishon LeTzion (Brachot 10b), Sh”t Chaim Shal 2:38(70), Keshur Gudal 6:4, and Erech HaShulchan 58:3. </ref> | ||
# If one didn’t say Shema before the forth hour one should say it without Brachot until the end of the day. Ashkenazim can say it with Brachot until Chatzot if it was an ones. <Ref> Halacha Brurah goes according to S”A that after the forth hour one can make the Brachot. However Mishna Brurah (Buir Halacha D”H Korah Bli Bracha) says one can rely on the Mishkanot Yacov O”C 80 and Maharil to say it with Brachot until Chatzot. </ref> | # If one didn’t say Shema before the forth hour one should say it without Brachot until the end of the day. Ashkenazim can say it with Brachot until Chatzot if it was an ones. <Ref> Halacha Brurah goes according to S”A that after the forth hour one can make the Brachot. However Mishna Brurah (Buir Halacha D”H Korah Bli Bracha) says one can rely on the Mishkanot Yacov O”C 80 and Maharil to say it with Brachot until Chatzot. </ref> | ||
