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Kriyat Shema: Difference between revisions

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Kriyat Shema (view source)

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# There’s a dispute about how much of Shema is Deoritta and we hold only the first pasuk is Deoritta and next three paragraphs are Derabbanan. <ref>Even among the Rishonim who hold Shema is Deoritta there are many different opinions on how much of it is deoraitta. The Ramban (Milchamot [[Rosh Hashana]] 3e) says it’s just the first pasuk, Talmedei Rabbenu Yonah 7b in name of the Rif says it’s the first paragraph. However Baal Hamaor and Raavad argue that the Rif holds it’s only the first pasuk. Ohel Moed 21a quotes that Rabbenu tam holds all three paragraphs are deoraitta. Pri Chadash 67 s.v. Ume’atta says the Rambam holds the first two paragraphs are deoraitta, while Sh”t Shagat Aryeh ([[Siman 2]]) argues Rambam only holds the first paragraph and the Sh”t Rashba 1:320 says the Rambam holds it’s just the first pasuk. The Bet Yosef 63e rules that only the first pasuk is Deoritta. </ref>
# There’s a dispute about how much of Shema is Deoritta and we hold only the first pasuk is Deoritta and next three paragraphs are Derabbanan. <ref>Even among the Rishonim who hold Shema is Deoritta there are many different opinions on how much of it is deoraitta. The Ramban (Milchamot [[Rosh Hashana]] 3e) says it’s just the first pasuk, Talmedei Rabbenu Yonah 7b in name of the Rif says it’s the first paragraph. However Baal Hamaor and Raavad argue that the Rif holds it’s only the first pasuk. Ohel Moed 21a quotes that Rabbenu tam holds all three paragraphs are deoraitta. Pri Chadash 67 s.v. Ume’atta says the Rambam holds the first two paragraphs are deoraitta, while Sh”t Shagat Aryeh ([[Siman 2]]) argues Rambam only holds the first paragraph and the Sh”t Rashba 1:320 says the Rambam holds it’s just the first pasuk. The Bet Yosef 63e rules that only the first pasuk is Deoritta. </ref>
== Earliest time and Vatikin==
== Earliest time and Vatikin==
# The ideal time for Shema is to say Shema a little before [[HaNetz]] (sunrise) so that one can juxtapose Geulah to Tefilah and start [[Shemoneh Esrei]] at [[HaNetz]]. This is the practice of the [[Vatikin]] (those who fulfill the מצות early and in the proper time).<ref> S”A 58:1 rules that it’s the most preferable way to do the mitzvah like the Rambam (Kriyat Shema 1:11-12) and most rishonim to say Shema a little before [[HaNetz]] (sunrise) so that one can juxtapose Geulah to Tefilah and start [[Shemoneh Esrei]] at [[HaNetz]]. Mishna Brurah 58:6 and Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 17:1 concur. </ref>
# The ideal time for Shema is to say Shema a little before [[HaNetz]] (sunrise) so that one can juxtapose Geulah to Tefilah and start [[Shmoneh Esrei]] at [[HaNetz]]. This is the practice of the [[Vatikin]] (those who fulfill the מצות early and in the proper time).<ref> S”A 58:1 rules that it’s the most preferable way to do the mitzvah like the Rambam (Kriyat Shema 1:11-12) and most rishonim to say Shema a little before [[HaNetz]] (sunrise) so that one can juxtapose Geulah to Tefilah and start [[Shmoneh Esrei]] at [[HaNetz]]. Mishna Brurah 58:6 and Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 17:1 concur. </ref>
# The earliest time for shema or [[Brachot]] shema is when one can recognize an acquaintance from 4 [[amot]] away called [[Tzitzit#mesheyakir| Mesheyakir]], which is one hour (in [[Shaot Zmaniot]]) before [[HaNetz HaChama]]. Preferably, one should say it later since some hold the earliest time is closer to [[HaNetz HaChama]]. Additionally, the earliest time for [[Shemoneh Esrei]] is [[HaNetz HaChama]] unless it’s a Shat HaDachak (pressing need) and so one will need to wait a long time between saying Shema and [[Shemoneh Esrei]] and will not be able to juxtapose Geulah to Tefilah. <ref> S”A 58:1,3.  
# The earliest time for shema or [[Brachot]] shema is when one can recognize an acquaintance from 4 [[amot]] away called [[Tzitzit#mesheyakir| Mesheyakir]], which is one hour (in [[Shaot Zmaniot]]) before [[HaNetz HaChama]]. Preferably, one should say it later since some hold the earliest time is closer to [[HaNetz HaChama]]. Additionally, the earliest time for [[Shmoneh Esrei]] is [[HaNetz HaChama]] unless it’s a Shat HaDachak (pressing need) and so one will need to wait a long time between saying Shema and [[Shmoneh Esrei]] and will not be able to juxtapose Geulah to Tefilah. <ref> S”A 58:1,3.  
* [[Brachot]] 9b records the dispute between Abaye who holds the time for Shema is shortly before [[HaNetz]] as the practice of the [[Vatikin]] and Rav Huna who allows from when one can recognize an acquaintance from 4 [[amot]].   
* [[Brachot]] 9b records the dispute between Abaye who holds the time for Shema is shortly before [[HaNetz]] as the practice of the [[Vatikin]] and Rav Huna who allows from when one can recognize an acquaintance from 4 [[amot]].   
* There are three approaches in the Rishonim how we hold. Rambam (Keriyat Shema 1:11-12) holds like Abaye that one can say it shortly before [[HaNetz]] and in Shat HaDachak one can say it from Olot Hashachar. The Bet Yosef 58, Bach 58, and Pri [[Chadash]] 58:1 hold that the Rif agrees with the Rambam.  
* There are three approaches in the Rishonim how we hold. Rambam (Keriyat Shema 1:11-12) holds like Abaye that one can say it shortly before [[HaNetz]] and in Shat HaDachak one can say it from Olot Hashachar. The Bet Yosef 58, Bach 58, and Pri [[Chadash]] 58:1 hold that the Rif agrees with the Rambam.  
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# If due to an Ones (extenuating circumstance) like a sickness one missed saying Shema at the beginning of night one can say Shema of [[Arvit]] with [[brachot]] until [[HaNetz]] however one doesn’t say the bracha of Hashkivenu after [[Olot HaShachar]]. <ref> S”A 58:5, however one doesn’t make the bracha Hashkivenu (S”A 235:4 based on Tosfot ([[Brachot]] 9a), Mordechai [[Brachot]] 1:2, Rambam (Kriyat Shema 1:10), Rosh ([[Brachot]] 1:9), and Rabbenu Yerucham 3:2.). On [[Brachot]] 8b, Rabbi Shimon Ben Yochai says that it’s possible to say Shema twice at night once before Olot for the obligation of night and once after Olot for the day obligation. Many Rishonim hold that one can only use this leniency if one didn’t say Shema because of an Ones such as an illness (or a state of total drunkenness in which one can’t say Shema) including Talmedei Rabbenu Yonah 2a in name of the Rif, Rambam (Kriyat Shema 1:10), Ravan 135, Meiri, Hagahot Maimon (Kriyat Shema 1:6), Eshkol 1:5 pg 10, Rosh 1:9, Smag (Asin 18 pg 99c), and Smak 104. However some Rishonim say even if it wasn’t an ones Bedieved one fulfills his obligation including Bal HaMoar (Beginning of [[Brachot]]), Riaz ([[Brachot]] 1:1(4)), Rivivan [[Brachot]] 8b, and Ritva ([[Brachot]] 9a). S”A 58:5 and 235:4 says one can only fulfill Shema of [[Arvit]] after Olot if one was an ones. This is also the opinion of the Acronim including Gra 58:14, Pri Megadim M”Z 58:3, and Halacha Brurah 58:12.</ref>
# If due to an Ones (extenuating circumstance) like a sickness one missed saying Shema at the beginning of night one can say Shema of [[Arvit]] with [[brachot]] until [[HaNetz]] however one doesn’t say the bracha of Hashkivenu after [[Olot HaShachar]]. <ref> S”A 58:5, however one doesn’t make the bracha Hashkivenu (S”A 235:4 based on Tosfot ([[Brachot]] 9a), Mordechai [[Brachot]] 1:2, Rambam (Kriyat Shema 1:10), Rosh ([[Brachot]] 1:9), and Rabbenu Yerucham 3:2.). On [[Brachot]] 8b, Rabbi Shimon Ben Yochai says that it’s possible to say Shema twice at night once before Olot for the obligation of night and once after Olot for the day obligation. Many Rishonim hold that one can only use this leniency if one didn’t say Shema because of an Ones such as an illness (or a state of total drunkenness in which one can’t say Shema) including Talmedei Rabbenu Yonah 2a in name of the Rif, Rambam (Kriyat Shema 1:10), Ravan 135, Meiri, Hagahot Maimon (Kriyat Shema 1:6), Eshkol 1:5 pg 10, Rosh 1:9, Smag (Asin 18 pg 99c), and Smak 104. However some Rishonim say even if it wasn’t an ones Bedieved one fulfills his obligation including Bal HaMoar (Beginning of [[Brachot]]), Riaz ([[Brachot]] 1:1(4)), Rivivan [[Brachot]] 8b, and Ritva ([[Brachot]] 9a). S”A 58:5 and 235:4 says one can only fulfill Shema of [[Arvit]] after Olot if one was an ones. This is also the opinion of the Acronim including Gra 58:14, Pri Megadim M”Z 58:3, and Halacha Brurah 58:12.</ref>
# If due to an Ones one said Shema of [[Arvit]] after Olot then one can’t Shema of [[Shacharit]] before [[HaNetz]] (not even at the time of [[MeSheyakir]], an hour before [[HaNetz]] <ref>this is a dispute in the Achronim if one said Shema of [[Arvit]] after Olot before [[Mesheyakir]] whether one can say Shema of [[Shacharit]] after [[Mesheyakir]] before [[HaNetz]]. Minchat Cohen (Mevo Shemesh 1:14) and Kaf HaChaim 58:21 say that one can say one Shema before [[Mesheyakir]] and one afterwards. Eliyah Rabba 58:9, Pri Megadim M”Z 58:3, Levush 58:5, Erech HaShulchan 58:2, Chaye Adam 34:5, Ben Ish Chai Vaera 4, Mishna Brurah 58:22 and Halacha Brurah 58:13 say if one said Shema after Olot one can’t say Shema of [[Shacharit]] before [[HaNetz]]. </ref>) even if it’s a Shat HaDachak since he already established that time as night by saying Shema of [[Arvit]]. <Ref> Rosh ([[Brachot]] 1:9) writes that logically one should not be able to say Shema of [[Arvit]] and [[Shacharit]] in the same time period. Rather, says the Bet Yosef 58, one should say Shema of [[Arvit]] even if one will miss Shema of [[Shacharit]], because it’s better to passively not say Shema of [[Shacharit]] than pass up Shema of [[Arvit]] actively by saying Shema of [[Shacharit]] after Olot. S”A 58:5 rules like the Rosh. However the Gra 58:14, Pri [[Chadash]] 58:5, Eliyah Rabba 58:9,  argues that the Tur doesn’t quote this because he holds one can say two Shema’s in one time period. Mishna Brurah 58:21 quotes this opinion as Yesh Cholkin”(some argue). Halacha Brurah 58:13 rules like S”A. </ref>
# If due to an Ones one said Shema of [[Arvit]] after Olot then one can’t Shema of [[Shacharit]] before [[HaNetz]] (not even at the time of [[MeSheyakir]], an hour before [[HaNetz]] <ref>this is a dispute in the Achronim if one said Shema of [[Arvit]] after Olot before [[Mesheyakir]] whether one can say Shema of [[Shacharit]] after [[Mesheyakir]] before [[HaNetz]]. Minchat Cohen (Mevo Shemesh 1:14) and Kaf HaChaim 58:21 say that one can say one Shema before [[Mesheyakir]] and one afterwards. Eliyah Rabba 58:9, Pri Megadim M”Z 58:3, Levush 58:5, Erech HaShulchan 58:2, Chaye Adam 34:5, Ben Ish Chai Vaera 4, Mishna Brurah 58:22 and Halacha Brurah 58:13 say if one said Shema after Olot one can’t say Shema of [[Shacharit]] before [[HaNetz]]. </ref>) even if it’s a Shat HaDachak since he already established that time as night by saying Shema of [[Arvit]]. <Ref> Rosh ([[Brachot]] 1:9) writes that logically one should not be able to say Shema of [[Arvit]] and [[Shacharit]] in the same time period. Rather, says the Bet Yosef 58, one should say Shema of [[Arvit]] even if one will miss Shema of [[Shacharit]], because it’s better to passively not say Shema of [[Shacharit]] than pass up Shema of [[Arvit]] actively by saying Shema of [[Shacharit]] after Olot. S”A 58:5 rules like the Rosh. However the Gra 58:14, Pri [[Chadash]] 58:5, Eliyah Rabba 58:9,  argues that the Tur doesn’t quote this because he holds one can say two Shema’s in one time period. Mishna Brurah 58:21 quotes this opinion as Yesh Cholkin”(some argue). Halacha Brurah 58:13 rules like S”A. </ref>
# If one usually prays at [[Vatikin]] saying Shema of [[Shacharit]] right before [[HaNetz]], if one had an ones and had to say Shema of [[Arvit]] after Olot, before [[Mesheyakir]], one should say Shema of [[Shacharit]] before [[HaNetz]] with a stipulation “If one can say Shema twice before [[HaNetz]], I want to fulfill Shema of [[Shacharit]] with this reading, if one can’t say two Shema’s before [[HaNetz]] I don’t want fulfill my obligation of Shema of [[Shacharit]] but only to juxtapose Shema to [[Shemoneh Esrei]]” and then after [[HaNetz]] one should repeat Shema. <Ref> Sh”t Ish Matzliach on Mishna Brurah 58 says that it should work without a stipulation because of Safek Sefeka whether the law is like the Rosh and one can’t say Shema twice after Olot, or not and whether this law only applies from Olot to Mesheyakit or until [[HaNetz]]. Yet he concludes that it’s preferable one make a stipulation. Halacha Brurah 58:13 argues on the Safek Safeka but seemingly doesn’t argue on the stipulation. </ref>
# If one usually prays at [[Vatikin]] saying Shema of [[Shacharit]] right before [[HaNetz]], if one had an ones and had to say Shema of [[Arvit]] after Olot, before [[Mesheyakir]], one should say Shema of [[Shacharit]] before [[HaNetz]] with a stipulation “If one can say Shema twice before [[HaNetz]], I want to fulfill Shema of [[Shacharit]] with this reading, if one can’t say two Shema’s before [[HaNetz]] I don’t want fulfill my obligation of Shema of [[Shacharit]] but only to juxtapose Shema to [[Shmoneh Esrei]]” and then after [[HaNetz]] one should repeat Shema. <Ref> Sh”t Ish Matzliach on Mishna Brurah 58 says that it should work without a stipulation because of Safek Sefeka whether the law is like the Rosh and one can’t say Shema twice after Olot, or not and whether this law only applies from Olot to Mesheyakit or until [[HaNetz]]. Yet he concludes that it’s preferable one make a stipulation. Halacha Brurah 58:13 argues on the Safek Safeka but seemingly doesn’t argue on the stipulation. </ref>


== When to say it if one missed Vatikin (HaNetz)==
== When to say it if one missed Vatikin (HaNetz)==
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==Kavana one needs for Shema==
==Kavana one needs for Shema==
# Besides Kavana that one has to fulfill the positive Mitzvah to say Shema (since we hold [[Mitzvot need Kavana]]), one needs to understand what one is saying in the first pasuk of Shema because of the Kabalat Ol Malchut Shamayim (acceptance of yoke of heaven) and [[Yichud]] Hashem (knowing the Hashem is one). <Ref> Sh”t Rashba 1:344 writes that even though one needs Kavana by every mitzvah by Shema and [[Shemoneh Esrei]] one needs also to think about the words. This is also the opinion of S”A 60:5 </ref> However, in the rest of Shema one only needs Kavana to say the words (not to be Metasek, accidentally doing the action). <Ref> Raah ([[Brachot]] 2e) writes that there’s three levels of Kavana; first is not to be Metasek to intend to do the action of the mitzvah such as reading the words of Shema even if his intention is to check that it’s written correctly, then second is Kavana to fulfill every mitzvah, and the third Kavana is to intend every word for Hashem as one is able. This is quoted by Sefer Hashlama, Sefer Meorot, Rav Avraham Alashvili, Shitah Mekubeset, Ritva all found on [[Brachot]] 13a, and Avudraham (Siddur Kol Hashana). S”A 60:5 rules that the first Kavana is sufficient for the rest of Shema and the third level of Kavana is needed for the first pasuk of Shema. This is also the opinion of many Achronim including Sh”t Radvaz 4:1094, Magen Avrham 60:4, Pri [[Chadash]] 60:5, Eliyah Raba 60:3, Pri Megadim A”A 60:4, Shulchan Aruch HaRav 60:5 and Halacha Brurah 60:17. </ref>
# Besides Kavana that one has to fulfill the positive Mitzvah to say Shema (since we hold [[Mitzvot need Kavana]]), one needs to understand what one is saying in the first pasuk of Shema because of the Kabalat Ol Malchut Shamayim (acceptance of yoke of heaven) and [[Yichud]] Hashem (knowing the Hashem is one). <Ref> Sh”t Rashba 1:344 writes that even though one needs Kavana by every mitzvah by Shema and [[Shmoneh Esrei]] one needs also to think about the words. This is also the opinion of S”A 60:5 </ref> However, in the rest of Shema one only needs Kavana to say the words (not to be Metasek, accidentally doing the action). <Ref> Raah ([[Brachot]] 2e) writes that there’s three levels of Kavana; first is not to be Metasek to intend to do the action of the mitzvah such as reading the words of Shema even if his intention is to check that it’s written correctly, then second is Kavana to fulfill every mitzvah, and the third Kavana is to intend every word for Hashem as one is able. This is quoted by Sefer Hashlama, Sefer Meorot, Rav Avraham Alashvili, Shitah Mekubeset, Ritva all found on [[Brachot]] 13a, and Avudraham (Siddur Kol Hashana). S”A 60:5 rules that the first Kavana is sufficient for the rest of Shema and the third level of Kavana is needed for the first pasuk of Shema. This is also the opinion of many Achronim including Sh”t Radvaz 4:1094, Magen Avrham 60:4, Pri [[Chadash]] 60:5, Eliyah Raba 60:3, Pri Megadim A”A 60:4, Shulchan Aruch HaRav 60:5 and Halacha Brurah 60:17. </ref>


==Sources==
==Sources==
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[[Category:Prayer]]
[[Category:Prayer]]
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