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Kotaiv: Difference between revisions
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Kotaiv | Kotaiv | ||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
# One who writes two letters on shabbat is chayav for the melacha of kotaiv, but if one letter is significant enough that qualifies as well. <ref> Mishna in Masechet Shabbat 73a writes that the prohibited melacha is for two letters but the gemara 104b says if it is one letter that finishes off the book, you are also obligated. The Avnei Nezer 201 explains that this is because it gives it significance. </ref> | # One who writes two letters on shabbat is chayav for the melacha of kotaiv, but if one letter is significant enough that qualifies as well. <ref> Mishna in Masechet [[Shabbat]] 73a writes that the prohibited melacha is for two letters but the gemara 104b says if it is one letter that finishes off the book, you are also obligated. The Avnei Nezer 201 explains that this is because it gives it significance. </ref> | ||
# Writing any kind of letter or symbol (that represents some idea) is forbidden under Kotaiv. <Ref> Rambam Shabbat 11:9. Biur Halacha 340:4 b'mashkin writes that based on Shabbat Yerushalmi 7:2 that if you draw a picture you are liable </ref> | # Writing any kind of letter or symbol (that represents some idea) is forbidden under Kotaiv. <Ref> Rambam [[Shabbat]] 11:9. Biur Halacha 340:4 b'mashkin writes that based on [[Shabbat]] Yerushalmi 7:2 that if you draw a picture you are liable </ref> | ||
# Affixing letters to a surface is also considered Kotaiv. <Ref> Magan Avraham 340:10, Mishna Brurah 340:22 (8) </ref>Examples include: | # Affixing letters to a surface is also considered Kotaiv. <Ref> Magan Avraham 340:10, Mishna Brurah 340:22 (8) </ref>Examples include: | ||
* Attaching letters to a wallpaper, | * Attaching letters to a wallpaper, | ||
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# It’s forbidden to write on a table with liquids on his finger. <Ref> S”A 340:4, Mishna Brurah 340:19 </ref> | # It’s forbidden to write on a table with liquids on his finger. <Ref> S”A 340:4, Mishna Brurah 340:19 </ref> | ||
# It’s forbidden to write letters in fog or steam. <ref> Mishna Brurah 340:20 </ref> | # It’s forbidden to write letters in fog or steam. <ref> Mishna Brurah 340:20 </ref> | ||
# Fingerprinting (dipping one’s finger into ink and then placing it on paper) is forbidden as it forms a meaningful image. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHalachata 41:75, Eretz Tzvi Siman 71,Yeshuot Moshe 1:70, Shuirim Metzuiim BeHalacha 80:55, Chelekat Yakov 3:25, Nachalat Ezra Hadaya O”C 1:7, Vayeshev Moshe 1:62 </ref> | # Fingerprinting (dipping one’s finger into ink and then placing it on paper) is forbidden as it forms a meaningful image. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHalachata 41:75, Eretz Tzvi Siman 71,Yeshuot Moshe 1:70, Shuirim Metzuiim BeHalacha 80:55, Chelekat Yakov 3:25, Nachalat Ezra Hadaya O”C 1:7, Vayeshev Moshe 1:62 </ref> | ||
# One may signal in the air, water or on a dry board in the form of letters if it doesn’t leave any mark. <Ref> Rama 340:4, Mishna Brurah 340:22, Shar Tzion 340:28 </ref> | # One may signal in the air, water or on a dry board in the form of letters if it doesn’t leave any mark. <Ref> Rama 340:4, Mishna Brurah 340:22, Shar Tzion 340:28 </ref> | ||
==Pictures== | ==Pictures== | ||
# Taking a photograph is forbidden as it draws an image, but one does not have to avoid being in a picture taken by a non-Jew for his own purposes. <Ref> Mayim CHaim O”C 1: 145, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 16:26, Rivivot Efraim 3:230 </ref> | # Taking a photograph is forbidden as it draws an image, but one does not have to avoid being in a picture taken by a non-Jew for his own purposes. <Ref> Mayim CHaim O”C 1: 145, Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 16:26, Rivivot Efraim 3:230 </ref> | ||
==Books== | ==Books== | ||
# One can mark (not in the form a letter) a parchment by the press his nail because it doesn’t last, yet it’s preferable not because some forbid this. <Ref> S”A 340:5, Birkei Yosef 340:5 that Or Zaruah and Smak forbid, Beir Halacha D”H “Mutar” </ref> According to everyone it’s forbidden to mark a paper as it’s soft and the mark will last. <Ref> Mishna Brurah 340:25 </ref> | # One can mark (not in the form a letter) a parchment by the press his nail because it doesn’t last, yet it’s preferable not because some forbid this. <Ref> S”A 340:5, Birkei Yosef 340:5 that Or Zaruah and Smak forbid, Beir Halacha D”H “Mutar” </ref> According to everyone it’s forbidden to mark a paper as it’s soft and the mark will last. <Ref> Mishna Brurah 340:25 </ref> | ||
# One may fold the page of a book to mark the place even if the crease leaves a lasting mark. <Ref> Menuchat Ahava 22:25, Shevet Hakehati 1:130 writes that it’s better not to fold the pages even during the week so as not to disrespect the sefer. Rivivot Efraim 1:223 (11) </ref> | # One may fold the page of a book to mark the place even if the crease leaves a lasting mark. <Ref> Menuchat Ahava 22:25, Shevet Hakehati 1:130 writes that it’s better not to fold the pages even during the week so as not to disrespect the sefer. Rivivot Efraim 1:223 (11) </ref> | ||
# If letters or pictures are written on the side of pages of a book, it’s permissible to open and close the book. However it’s correct to be strict if you have another book and it’s preferable not to write on the sides of books. <Ref> Birkei Yosef 340:5, Leviat Chen 120, Tzitz Eliezer vol. 13 Siman 44, Vayesh Moshe vol 1 Siman 65. </ref> | # If letters or pictures are written on the side of pages of a book, it’s permissible to open and close the book. However it’s correct to be strict if you have another book and it’s preferable not to write on the sides of books. <Ref> Birkei Yosef 340:5, Leviat Chen 120, Tzitz Eliezer vol. 13 Siman 44, Vayesh Moshe vol 1 Siman 65. </ref> | ||
# If a book ripped in the place of words, it’s permissible to place the pieces next to one another to read it if one doesn’t have another of these books. <Ref> Mishnat Halachot vol 6 Siman 89, Beir Moshe vol 6 Siman 125, Shemirat Shabbat KeHalacha 28:2, Igrot Moshe Y”D vol 2 Siman 75 D”H “VeDvar HaDaf” </ref> | # If a book ripped in the place of words, it’s permissible to place the pieces next to one another to read it if one doesn’t have another of these books. <Ref> Mishnat Halachot vol 6 Siman 89, Beir Moshe vol 6 Siman 125, Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHalacha 28:2, Igrot Moshe Y”D vol 2 Siman 75 D”H “VeDvar HaDaf” </ref> | ||
# If pages were stuck together by glue or some or material (like water) then it depends; if the pages are stuck in a place of letters it’s forbidden to pull them apart because in doing so one breaks the letters, however, if the pages are stuck in a place of no letters it’s permissible to pull the pages apart. <Ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:1 </ref> | # If pages were stuck together by glue or some or material (like water) then it depends; if the pages are stuck in a place of letters it’s forbidden to pull them apart because in doing so one breaks the letters, however, if the pages are stuck in a place of no letters it’s permissible to pull the pages apart. <Ref>Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 28:1 </ref> | ||
==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
