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===Rabbinic prohibition=== | ===Rabbinic prohibition=== | ||
#Many Rishonim hold that it is rabbinically forbidden to tie a knot which is either professional or meant to last for more than 24 hours. Some Sephardim hold that a non-professional knot is only rabbinically forbidden if it meant to last a week. Some Rishonim hold that a knot which is permanent even if it's not professional is | #Many Rishonim hold that it is rabbinically forbidden to tie a knot which is either professional or meant to last for more than 24 hours. Some Sephardim hold that a non-professional knot is only rabbinically forbidden if it meant to last a week. Some Rishonim hold that a knot which is permanent even if it's not professional is biblical prohibited.<ref>*According to Rashi, (Gemara [[Shabbat]] 112a), [[tying]] a knot that lasts forever is forbidden Deoritta, [[tying]] a knot that is untied after some time is forbidden Derabbanan, and [[tying]] a knot that is untied all the time is permitted. (For a precise explanation of Rashi see Bet Yosef 317:1 and Taz 317:1.) The Rosh 15:1 agrees. The Rif 41b, however, explains that a professional knot which is meant to last forever is forbidden Deoritta, a non-professional knot which is meant to last is forbidden Derabbanan, and a non-professional knot which is not meant to last is permitted. The Rambam 10:2 adds that a professional knot which is not meant to last is forbidden Derabbanan. S”A 317:1 and Yalkut Yosef 317:1-4 rule like the Rif, while the Rama and Mishna Brurah 317:5 and 14 are concerned both for Rashi and the Rif. Pri Megadim M”Z 317:3 and Mishna Brurah 317:5 writes that according to the Rambam even if it lasts a long time it’s permitted as long as it is not meant to last forever. | ||
*The Bet Yosef 317:1 explains based on the Tur that a knot that lasts for less than a week is considered to be untied every day. Yalkut Yosef (vol 2 p. 555) agrees. Rama 317:1, however, quotes the Maharam MiRotenburg’s who says that a knot that lasts for more than a day is forbidden. Pri Megadim (E”A 317:2) and Mishna Brurah 317:6 clarify that one day means 24 hours. Sh”t Yabia Omer 8:39:8 agrees that one day means 24 hours for this halacha, unlike the Tal Orot who says that it goes by the halachic day. Taz 317:1, Eliyah Rabba 317:2 Aruch HaShulchan 317:8, and Kaf HaChaim 317:14 rule like the Maharam.</ref> | *The Bet Yosef 317:1 explains based on the Tur that a knot that lasts for less than a week is considered to be untied every day. Yalkut Yosef (vol 2 p. 555) agrees. Rama 317:1, however, quotes the Maharam MiRotenburg’s who says that a knot that lasts for more than a day is forbidden. Pri Megadim (E”A 317:2) and Mishna Brurah 317:6 clarify that one day means 24 hours. Sh”t Yabia Omer 8:39:8 agrees that one day means 24 hours for this halacha, unlike the Tal Orot who says that it goes by the halachic day. Taz 317:1, Eliyah Rabba 317:2 Aruch HaShulchan 317:8, and Kaf HaChaim 317:14 rule like the Maharam.</ref> | ||
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#It is permitted to tie a slip knot or bow without a underlying knot even if it is tight and meant never to be undone.<ref>Shulchan Aruch (317:5), Beiur Halacha 317:5, Yalkut Yosef (317:11, [[Shabbat]], vol 2, pg 562), The [[Shabbos]] Home (Rabbi Simcha Cohen, vol 1, chap 13, pg 207) </ref> | #It is permitted to tie a slip knot or bow without a underlying knot even if it is tight and meant never to be undone.<ref>Shulchan Aruch (317:5), Beiur Halacha 317:5, Yalkut Yosef (317:11, [[Shabbat]], vol 2, pg 562), The [[Shabbos]] Home (Rabbi Simcha Cohen, vol 1, chap 13, pg 207) </ref> | ||
#After [[tying]] a bow knot (a bow on top of a single knot), as is common when [[tying]] one's shoes, some poskim hold that one may not tie a second bow on top of the bow knot.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 3, pg 798) writes that it is forbidden as his definitive ruling, but in the footnote 49a he admits that since it is easy to undo he doesn't know why one should be strict.</ref> Others permit [[tying]] this knot since it can still be untied with a single hand by pulling on the end of the string.<ref>Orchot [[Shabbat]] (10:15) and footnote 28 </ref> | #After [[tying]] a bow knot (a bow on top of a single knot), as is common when [[tying]] one's shoes, some poskim hold that one may not tie a second bow on top of the bow knot.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 3, pg 798) writes that it is forbidden as his definitive ruling, but in the footnote 49a he admits that since it is easy to undo he doesn't know why one should be strict.</ref> Others permit [[tying]] this knot since it can still be untied with a single hand by pulling on the end of the string.<ref>Orchot [[Shabbat]] (10:15) and footnote 28 </ref> | ||
#One should tie a bandage using a bow.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata, 35:23. Rabbi Neuwirth adds that using a safety pin is permissible as well.</ref> | |||
==A bow on top of a single knot== | ==A bow on top of a single knot== | ||
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==Double knots== | ==Double knots== | ||
#According to Ashkenazim, a tight double knot is considered like a professional knot and may not be tied. The Sephardic custom, however, is to be lenient if one intends to untie it within 7 days, yet, one who is strict will be blessed.<ref>*Shiltei Giborim 41b writes that a double knot might be a professional knot because it is a strong knot. Thus, Rama 317:1 forbids [[tying]] a double knot even if it is not meant to last. Many Ashkenazic authorities, including Kitzur S”A 80:45, Mishna Brurah 317:14, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 15:52 and The 39 Melachos (vol 3, p. 792) agree, while the Aruch HaShulchan 317:10 disagrees. | #According to Ashkenazim, a tight double knot is considered like a professional knot and may not be tied. The Sephardic custom, however, is to be lenient if one intends to untie it within 7 days, yet, one who is strict will be blessed.<ref> | ||
*Shiltei Giborim 41b writes that a double knot might be a professional knot because it is a strong knot. Thus, Rama 317:1 forbids [[tying]] a double knot even if it is not meant to last. Many Ashkenazic authorities, including Kitzur S”A 80:45, Mishna Brurah 317:14, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 15:52 and The 39 Melachos (vol 3, p. 792) agree, while the Aruch HaShulchan 317:10 disagrees. | |||
*However, the Chida in Birkei Yosef 317:1 writes that in his locale, almost no one was strict for this Rama. Ben Ish Chai in Rav Pe’alim 2:44 explains that the Chida meant that the minhag is incorrect but that one need not protest. Thus, Ben Ish Chai (Ki Teitzei #2) forbids [[tying]] a double knot. Yalkut Yosef 317:8 argues that the Chida meant that Sephardim consider a double knot to be a non-professional knot and it may be tied if it is not meant to last. This is also the conclusion in Chazon Ovadia Part 5 page 57 that in time of need one may be lenient. | *However, the Chida in Birkei Yosef 317:1 writes that in his locale, almost no one was strict for this Rama. Ben Ish Chai in Rav Pe’alim 2:44 explains that the Chida meant that the minhag is incorrect but that one need not protest. Thus, Ben Ish Chai (Ki Teitzei #2) forbids [[tying]] a double knot. Yalkut Yosef 317:8 argues that the Chida meant that Sephardim consider a double knot to be a non-professional knot and it may be tied if it is not meant to last. This is also the conclusion in Chazon Ovadia Part 5 page 57 that in time of need one may be lenient. | ||
*The Magen Avraham 317:4 (according to the Pri Megadim and Levushei Sarad, unlike the Machasit HaShekel) writes that the only issue with the double knot is that it might be a professional knot because it is tight. If, however, one were to tie a loose double knot, it would be permitted. Similarly, Kaf HaChaim 317:23 explains that the Chida was only lenient if it is a loose double knot. Menuchat Ahava (vol 3, 14:5) agrees for a different reason. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 15:55 rules that it is permitted to tie a loose double knot if it is meant to come undone within one day. He clarifies that loose means that it is able to become undone by itself. The [[Shabbos]] Home (vol 1, p. 207) agrees.</ref> | *The Magen Avraham 317:4 (according to the Pri Megadim and Levushei Sarad, unlike the Machasit HaShekel) writes that the only issue with the double knot is that it might be a professional knot because it is tight. If, however, one were to tie a loose double knot, it would be permitted. Similarly, Kaf HaChaim 317:23 explains that the Chida was only lenient if it is a loose double knot. Menuchat Ahava (vol 3, 14:5) agrees for a different reason. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 15:55 rules that it is permitted to tie a loose double knot if it is meant to come undone within one day. He clarifies that loose means that it is able to become undone by itself. The [[Shabbos]] Home (vol 1, p. 207) agrees.</ref> | ||
#It is permitted to tie a loose double knot if it’s usually not meant to last 24 hours and this time specifically it's also not meant to last 24 hours.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 15:52 (in new edition 15:55), The [[Shabbos]] Home (Rabbi Simcha Cohen, vol 1, chap 13, pg 208) </ref> For example, it’s permissible to tie a double knot for a belt (gartel) or sash (tichel) if it’s going to be untied in 24 hours since it’s not meant to be tight.<ref>Shaarei Teshuva (317:1), Tzitz Eliezer 16:10, Menuchat Ahava 14:5, 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 3, pg 793) </ref> | #It is permitted to tie a loose double knot if it’s usually not meant to last 24 hours and this time specifically it's also not meant to last 24 hours.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 15:52 (in new edition 15:55), The [[Shabbos]] Home (Rabbi Simcha Cohen, vol 1, chap 13, pg 208) </ref> For example, it’s permissible to tie a double knot for a belt (gartel) or sash (tichel) if it’s going to be untied in 24 hours since it’s not meant to be tight.<ref>Shaarei Teshuva (317:1), Tzitz Eliezer 16:10, Menuchat Ahava 14:5, 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 3, pg 793) </ref> | ||
#Some permit tying a double knot with one's shoelaces if they continually come out without making the double knot.<Ref>[https://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/1030116/rabbi-hershel-schachter/hilchos-shabbos-shiur-48/ Rav Schachter (Hilchos Shabbos Shiur 48, min 21)]</ref> | |||
#If unintentionally one pulled the bow-knot of the shoelaces and it became a double knot, one may untie it.<ref>Mishnat Halachot 3:38, Rav Ovadyah in Kol Sinai (Koshair 3:5), Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 15:56 (in new editions 15:60) </ref> | #If unintentionally one pulled the bow-knot of the shoelaces and it became a double knot, one may untie it.<ref>Mishnat Halachot 3:38, Rav Ovadyah in Kol Sinai (Koshair 3:5), Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 15:56 (in new editions 15:60) </ref> | ||
#One can untie a double knot that is made on a candy bag given out at shul for a simcha.<ref>Toldot Yitzchak O”C 2:11 </ref> | #One can untie a double knot that is made on a candy bag given out at shul for a simcha.<ref>Toldot Yitzchak O”C 2:11 </ref> | ||
#One may tie a bandage on a wound with a loose double knot if it is meant to be untied within 24 hours. If it is meant to last for more than 24 hours but less than 7 days, one should use a adhesive bandage or a bow knot, however, if that isn't possible then it's permissible.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata (in new editions 15:55) </ref> | #One may tie a bandage on a wound with a loose double knot if it is meant to be untied within 24 hours. If it is meant to last for more than 24 hours but less than 7 days, one should use a adhesive bandage or a bow knot, however, if that isn't possible then it's permissible.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata (in new editions 15:55) </ref> | ||
# | # According to Ashkenazim, one may tie a head covering with a loose double knot as long as one usually unties it everyday. However, if one usually removes it within [[untying]] the knot then it's forbidden to tie it even if this time one's intent is to untie within 24 hours.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata (in new editions 15:55) </ref> According to Sepharadim, one may tie a hair covering with a loose double knot which will last less than a week. <ref> Hazon Ovadia, Page 70; Ach Tov VaHessed, Year 5783, Page 124 </ref> | ||
#A bandage may not be tied using a double knot unless the bandage is meant to be switched daily, in which case, using a loose double knot is permissible.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata, 35:23.</ref> | |||
# It is permissible to tie a double knot on a garbage bag, but one who is strict should be blessed. <ref> Hazon Ovadia, Volume 5, Page 62; Ach Tov VaHessed, Year 5783, Page 124 </ref> | |||
==Wrapping a string== | ==Wrapping a string== | ||
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==Twist ties and Cable ties== | ==Twist ties and Cable ties== | ||
#Some authorities forbid using wire twist ties to close bags unless one plans to undo it within 24 hours.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 14:9 and (15 note 166, in the new edition note 174) quoting Rav Shlomo Zalman </ref> However, others permit.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, Melechat Koshair note 54) quoting Rav Moshe Feinstein </ref> It is praiseworthy to avoid using them if they will remain undone for more than 24 hours.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 3, pg 800) </ref> | #Some authorities forbid using wire twist ties to close bags unless one plans to undo it within 24 hours.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 14:9 and (15 note 166, in the new edition note 174) quoting Rav Shlomo Zalman </ref> However, others permit.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, Melechat Koshair note 54) quoting Rav Moshe Feinstein; Hazon Ovadia, Page 77; Ach Tov VaHessed, Year 5783, Page 124 </ref> It is praiseworthy to avoid using them if they will remain undone for more than 24 hours.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 3, pg 800) </ref> | ||
#Some poskim permit using plastic cables ties since it is not a knot, but simply tightening.<ref>Chazon Ovadia [[Shabbat]] Part 5 page 75 </ref> | #Some poskim permit using plastic cables ties since it is not a knot, but simply tightening.<ref>Chazon Ovadia [[Shabbat]] Part 5 page 75 </ref> | ||
==Zipties== | |||
# Zipties are permissible on shabbat. <ref> Hazon Ovadia, Page 75; Ach Tov VaHessed, Year 5783, Page 124 </ref> | |||
==Fixing clothing== | ==Fixing clothing== | ||
