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On [[Shabbat]], there are certain types of knots that one may tie or untie and some that one may not tie or untie. See below for details and practical applications. | On [[Shabbat]], there are certain types of knots that one may tie or untie and some that one may not tie or untie. See below for details and practical applications. | ||
== The Basics of Koshair == | == The Basics of Koshair == | ||
'''Where was it in the Mishkan?''' The gemara<ref>Shabbat 74b</ref> explains that Koshair was performed in the construction of the Mishkan by the trappers of ''chilazon'' who would tie knots in their nets in order to adjust their nets. | |||
'''Definition''': There is an important machlokes Rishonim as to the definition of a knot that would warrant a chiyuv min hatorah. According to Rashi<ref> Shabbos 112a s.v. b’dirabanan</ref> and Rosh<ref> Shabbos 15:1</ref>, as long as the knot is intended to stay tied forever or for a long time, one is chayav min hatorah for tying it. According to Rambam<ref> Shabbos 10:1</ref> and Rif<ref name="ftn152"> Shabbos 41b</ref>, not only must one intend to keep it tied for a long time to be chayav min hatorah, it must also be defined as a ''kesher uman'' - professional knot, such as a sailor’s or camel-driver’s knot. | |||
'''Permanence''':There are different opinions as to what constitutes a ‘long time.’ The Kol Bo<ref> Cited in Rama 317:1</ref> says that a knot that is tied for more than one day is called somewhat permanent, and it is rabbinically forbidden to tie. The Tur and Mordechai<ref> As cited in Rema 317:1. Tur in 317 says that a knot is only permanent enough to be chayav chatas if it is able to be kept forever, but a knot meant to last seven days is patur aval assur.</ref> say that a knot that is tied for more than seven days is permanent. Rabbeinu Yerucham<ref> Cited in Beit Yosef 317:1</ref> says that only a knot that is tied for half a year or a year is considered permanent. | |||
===Bibical prohibition=== | ===Bibical prohibition=== | ||
# The Melacha of Koshair is the binding two pliable items by intertwining them such as through a firm knot or twining threads into rope. <Ref> Mishna Brurah | # The Melacha of Koshair is the binding two pliable items by intertwining them such as through a firm knot or twining threads into rope. <Ref> Mishna Brurah 317:34 quoting the Rambam, Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 51:52 </ref> | ||
# A knot that’s forbidden on a Torah level is one that is both (1) professional and (2) is meant to be permanent. <Ref> Shulchan Aruch (317:1) in the opinion of the Rambam and Rif </ref> | # A knot that’s forbidden on a Torah level is one that is both (1) professional and (2) is meant to be permanent. <Ref> Shulchan Aruch (317:1) in the opinion of the Rambam and Rif </ref> | ||
===Rabbinic prohibition=== | ===Rabbinic prohibition=== | ||
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===Permissible knots=== | ===Permissible knots=== | ||
# A knot which is both non-professional and meant to be undone within 24 hours may be tied. <Ref> The Rama 317:1 quoting Tur and Mordechai; Mishna Brurah (317:6) explains it as anything less than 24 hours. </ref> Some Sephardic authorities permit a non-professional knot which is meant to last less than 7 days. <Ref> Rama also quotes Kol Bo and Hagahot Maymoniyot. Chazon Ovadia [[Shabbat]] Part 5 page 47 and Yalkut Yosef (317:6) writes that Sephardim hold like this opinion. </ref> | # A knot which is both non-professional and meant to be undone within 24 hours may be tied. <Ref> The Rama 317:1 quoting Tur and Mordechai; Mishna Brurah (317:6) explains it as anything less than 24 hours. </ref> Some Sephardic authorities permit a non-professional knot which is meant to last less than 7 days. <Ref> Rama also quotes Kol Bo and Hagahot Maymoniyot. Chazon Ovadia [[Shabbat]] Part 5 page 47 and Yalkut Yosef (317:6) writes that Sephardim hold like this opinion. </ref> | ||
# Even if you personally intend to leave it less than 24 hours, if it’s a knot sometimes left permanently by people it’s forbidden Rabbinically to prevent confusion between temporary and permanent knots. <Ref> | # Even if you personally intend to leave it less than 24 hours, if it’s a knot sometimes left permanently by people it’s forbidden Rabbinically to prevent confusion between temporary and permanent knots. <Ref> Magen Avraham (317:20), Kol Sinai (Koshair #3) </ref> | ||
===Tightening=== | ===Tightening=== | ||
# Any knot which is forbidden to tie is also forbidden to tighten. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 15:50 (in new editions 15:53), Kesot HaShulchan (Siman 123, at the end of note 4), Sh"t Az Nidabru 3:22, Sh"t Bear Moshe 6:3 </ref> | # Any knot which is forbidden to tie is also forbidden to tighten. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 15:50 (in new editions 15:53), Kesot HaShulchan (Siman 123, at the end of note 4), Sh"t Az Nidabru 3:22, Sh"t Bear Moshe 6:3. [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=7724&st=&pgnum=56 Kesot HaShulchan (v. 5 p. 56)] explains that in his opinion a loose knot isn't a knot on a Torah level and tightening it is creating a knot. Additionallyת according to some opinions bringing the two knots that were very much separated together even though they remain loose is also considered creating a knot. See there for his discussion. </ref> | ||
# For example, one may not tighten the double knot of the [[tzitzit]] or [[ | # For example, one may not tighten the double knot of the [[tzitzit]] or [[Tallit]] if it became loose. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 3, pg 799) </ref> | ||
==Untying== | ==Untying== | ||
# | # The rules of untying are parallel to the rules for tying. Thus, any not that is permitted to tie is also permitted to untie.<ref> Mishna 111b, Rambam Shabbos 10:7, Rama 317:1, Mishna Brura 317:7, Chazon Ovadia (Shabbat vol. 5, p. 47).</ref> | ||
# According to some opinions, matir only applies if you are untying with intention to re-tie a better knot.<ref> Tosfos Shabbos 73a “Hakoshair”, Biur Halacha 317:1 “‘Dino’”. See 39 Melochos v. 3, p. 786, fn. 2. </ref> Others disagree.<ref> Rashi (74b “Shari”), see 39 Melochos, pg. 805.</ref> | |||
# If someone attempted to tie a slipknot but then they made it into a real knot by accident, they may untie the knot because the intent from the beginning was to untie it. <ref> Sh"t Rivivot Ephraim 1:222:17 </ref> | |||
== A bow== | == A bow== | ||
# A bow-knot, slipknot, or a single-knot isn’t a true Kesher-bind and is permissible even if it does remain in place for a while. <Ref> Shulchan Aruch (317:5) and implied by Rama (317:1). Kitzur | # A bow-knot, slipknot, or a single-knot isn’t a true Kesher-bind and is permissible even if it does remain in place for a while. <Ref> Shulchan Aruch (317:5) and implied by Rama (317:1). Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 80:45 and Yalkut Yosef (317:11) agree. </ref> For example: a ribbon on a gift, a single bind on a shopping bag or garbage liner. | ||
# It is permitted to tie a slip knot or bow without a underlying knot even if it is tight and meant never to be undone. <Ref>Shulchan Aruch (317:5), Beiur Halacha 317:5, Yalkut Yosef (317:11, [[Shabbat]], vol 2, pg 562), The [[Shabbos]] Home (Rabbi Simcha Cohen, vol 1, chap 13, pg 207) </ref> | # It is permitted to tie a slip knot or bow without a underlying knot even if it is tight and meant never to be undone. <Ref>Shulchan Aruch (317:5), Beiur Halacha 317:5, Yalkut Yosef (317:11, [[Shabbat]], vol 2, pg 562), The [[Shabbos]] Home (Rabbi Simcha Cohen, vol 1, chap 13, pg 207) </ref> | ||
# After [[tying]] a bow knot (a bow on top of a single knot), as is common when [[tying]] one's shoes, one may not tie a second bow on top of the bow knot. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 3, pg 798) </ref> Others permit [[tying]] this knot since it can still be untied with a single hand by pulling on the end of the string. <Ref>Orchot [[Shabbat]] (10:15) and footnote 28 </ref> | # After [[tying]] a bow knot (a bow on top of a single knot), as is common when [[tying]] one's shoes, some poskim hold that one may not tie a second bow on top of the bow knot. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 3, pg 798) writes that it is forbidden as his definitive ruling, but in the footnote 49a he admits that since it is easy to undo he doesn't know why one should be strict.</ref> Others permit [[tying]] this knot since it can still be untied with a single hand by pulling on the end of the string. <Ref>Orchot [[Shabbat]] (10:15) and footnote 28 </ref> | ||
== A bow on top of a single knot== | == A bow on top of a single knot== | ||
# According to Ashkenazim, it is permissible to tie one's shoelaces with a bow on top of a single knot (initial winding) only if it is meant to be untied within 24 hours. According to Sephardim, it is permissible as long as it is meant to be untied within 7 days. <Ref> | # According to Ashkenazim, it is permissible to tie one's shoelaces with a bow on top of a single knot (initial winding) only if it is meant to be untied within 24 hours. According to Sephardim, it is permissible as long as it is meant to be untied within 7 days. <Ref> | ||
* Rambam 10:5, Tur, and S”A 317:5 rule like Chachamim on [[Shabbat]] 113a who hold that [[tying]] a bow is permitted. Bet Yosef 317:5 quotes the Mordechai, who forbids [[tying]] a bow on top of a single knot. However, Darkei Moshe 317:3 quotes the Agur who says that the minhag is lenient to tie a bow on top of a single knot. | * Rambam 10:5, Tur, and S”A 317:5 rule like Chachamim on [[Shabbat]] 113a who hold that [[tying]] a bow is permitted. Bet Yosef 317:5 quotes the Mordechai, who forbids [[tying]] a bow on top of a single knot. However, Darkei Moshe 317:3 quotes the Agur who says that the minhag is lenient to tie a bow on top of a single knot. | ||
* Magen Avraham 317:15, Taz 317:7, Eliyah Rabba 317:13, Mishna Brurah 317:29, and Kaf HaChaim 317:59 rule like the Agur but explain that it must be untied within 24 hours so that it is not considered a permanent knot. The Aruch HaShulchan 317:25, however, rules like the Mordechai. Kitzur | * Magen Avraham 317:15, Taz 317:7, Eliyah Rabba 317:13, Mishna Brurah 317:29, and Kaf HaChaim 317:59 rule like the Agur but explain that it must be untied within 24 hours so that it is not considered a permanent knot. The Aruch HaShulchan 317:25, however, rules like the Mordechai. Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 80:45, Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 15:53 (in new edition 15:56), and the [[Shabbos]] Home (Rabbi Simcha Cohen, vol 1, chap 13, pg 207) concur with the Mishna Brurah. | ||
* Birkei Yosef 317:2 argues that the Agur was lenient even if the bow-knot is permanent. Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]], vol 2, p. 562) agrees. </ref> However, if one doesn't usually untie it within 24 hours (and manages to slip one's foot in and out) it would be forbidden to tie one's shoes on [[Shabbat]]. <ref> 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 3, pg 798) </ref>According to Sephardim it is permissible even if it isn't meant to be untied within 24 hours, yet it's preferable to make sure to untie it within 7 days. <ref> Yalkut Yosef (317:11), Rav Ovadyah in Kol Sinai (Koshair #5). See previous two footnotes.</ref> | * Birkei Yosef 317:2 argues that the Agur was lenient even if the bow-knot is permanent. Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]], vol 2, p. 562) agrees. </ref> However, if one doesn't usually untie it within 24 hours (and manages to slip one's foot in and out) it would be forbidden to tie one's shoes on [[Shabbat]]. <ref> 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 3, pg 798) </ref>According to Sephardim it is permissible even if it isn't meant to be untied within 24 hours, yet it's preferable to make sure to untie it within 7 days. <ref> Yalkut Yosef (317:11), Rav Ovadyah in Kol Sinai (Koshair #5). See previous two footnotes.</ref> | ||
# Someone doing the wrapping of an Ashkenaz Sefer Torah (Gelilah) and has to tie a sash around the Torah, it's preferable to just wrap the sash around the Torah and tuck in the end, however, if that's not possible then some are lenient to tie a bow on top of a single knot <Ref> Sh"t Tzitz Eliezer 7:29, Shalmat Chaim 185, Beir Moshe 6:55. </ref> while others are strict unless one is planning on [[untying]] it within 24 hours. <ref>Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 15:53 (in new editions 15:56) is strict unless one is planning to untie it within 24 hours, however, in the footnote (15:188) he quotes Rav Shlomo Zalman who said that the minhag is to be lenient.</ref> | # Someone doing the wrapping of an Ashkenaz Sefer Torah (Gelilah) and has to tie a sash around the Torah, it's preferable to just wrap the sash around the Torah and tuck in the end, however, if that's not possible then some are lenient to tie a bow on top of a single knot <Ref> Sh"t Tzitz Eliezer 7:29, Shalmat Chaim 185, Beir Moshe 6:55. </ref> while others are strict unless one is planning on [[untying]] it within 24 hours. <ref>Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 15:53 (in new editions 15:56) is strict unless one is planning to untie it within 24 hours, however, in the footnote (15:188) he quotes Rav Shlomo Zalman who said that the minhag is to be lenient.</ref> | ||
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* Yalkut Yosef (vol 2, p. 562), however, writes that for Sephardim, it’s permitted to tie a necktie if it is going to be untied within a week. | * Yalkut Yosef (vol 2, p. 562), however, writes that for Sephardim, it’s permitted to tie a necktie if it is going to be untied within a week. | ||
* Rav Moshe Feinstein (cited by 39 Melachos, footnote #42), Rabbi Eliezer Waldenburg (cited by [[Shabbat]] VeHilchoteha p. 221), Menuchat Ahava (vol 3, 14:13), and Or Letzion 2:47:21 permit [[tying]] a necktie and don’t specify which type. | * Rav Moshe Feinstein (cited by 39 Melachos, footnote #42), Rabbi Eliezer Waldenburg (cited by [[Shabbat]] VeHilchoteha p. 221), Menuchat Ahava (vol 3, 14:13), and Or Letzion 2:47:21 permit [[tying]] a necktie and don’t specify which type. | ||
* Rabbi Mordechai Willig ([http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/726909/Rabbi_Mordechai_I_Willig/Hilchos_Shabbos_5761_-_KosherMatir_#1 “Hilchos Shabbat 5761 Kosher#1”] min 90-4) says that even according to those who consider a tie to be a knot, it is permitted to make a tie if one has intent to undo it within 24 hours. This is even true for a person who usually leaves their tie tied. Although the Beiur Halacha | * Rabbi Mordechai Willig ([http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/726909/Rabbi_Mordechai_I_Willig/Hilchos_Shabbos_5761_-_KosherMatir_#1 “Hilchos Shabbat 5761 Kosher#1”] min 90-4) says that even according to those who consider a tie to be a knot, it is permitted to make a tie if one has intent to undo it within 24 hours. This is even true for a person who usually leaves their tie tied. Although the Beiur Halacha s.v. HaKosher writes that one’s personal intent to undo it within 24 hours is ineffective when the way of the world is to leave a knot tied, Rabbi Willig explained that this case is not similar because some do untie their ties everyday. The 39 Melachos (footnote #41) has the same idea. | ||
* [[Shabbos]] Home (p. 221) writes that if the tie is totally undone by pulling out the narrow end (“Four in Hand”) it may be tied forever, and if it isn’t totally undone when narrow end is pulled out (“Windsor”), some permit [[tying]] it forever, and some say it’s only permitted if one intends to undo it within 24 hours. | * [[Shabbos]] Home (p. 221) writes that if the tie is totally undone by pulling out the narrow end (“Four in Hand”) it may be tied forever, and if it isn’t totally undone when narrow end is pulled out (“Windsor”), some permit [[tying]] it forever, and some say it’s only permitted if one intends to undo it within 24 hours. | ||
* Orchot [[Shabbat]] (vol 1, p. 338) argues that the first type (“Four in Hand”) is only permitted if one intends to untie in within 24 hours, but the second type (“Windsor”) is questionable. | * Orchot [[Shabbat]] (vol 1, p. 338) argues that the first type (“Four in Hand”) is only permitted if one intends to untie in within 24 hours, but the second type (“Windsor”) is questionable. | ||
* See Torat HaMelachot (p. 79-80) quotes Rav Nissim Karelitz as permitting a “full-Windsor” knot but forbidding a “four in hand”. See Chut Shani (vol 2, p. 227).</ref> | * See Torat HaMelachot (p. 79-80) quotes Rav Nissim Karelitz as permitting a “full-Windsor” knot but forbidding a “four in hand”. See Chut Shani (vol 2, p. 227).</ref> | ||
==Single knot== | ==Single knot== | ||
# It is forbidden to tie a single knot with one string onto itself. <Ref> Rama (317:1) quoting the Hagahot Alfasi, Kitzur | # It is forbidden to tie a single knot with one string onto itself. <Ref> Rama (317:1) quoting the Hagahot Alfasi, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 80:45, Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata (in the new edition 15:52) </ref> | ||
## In situations where it's common to tie a double knot such as the last knot of a [[tzitzit]] fringe one may tie a single knot. <ref>Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata (in the new edition 15:53) </ref> | ## In situations where it's common to tie a double knot such as the last knot of a [[tzitzit]] fringe one may tie a single knot. <ref>Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata (in the new edition 15:53) </ref> | ||
# It is permitted to tie a single knot in two strands of string even if it is tight and meant never to be undone. <Ref>S”A HaRav 317:1, Yalkut Yosef (317:11, [[Shabbat]], vol 2, pg 562), The [[Shabbos]] Home (Rabbi Simcha Cohen, vol 1, chap 13, pg 207) </ref> | # It is permitted to tie a single knot in two strands of string even if it is tight and meant never to be undone. <Ref>S”A HaRav 317:1, Yalkut Yosef (317:11, [[Shabbat]], vol 2, pg 562), The [[Shabbos]] Home (Rabbi Simcha Cohen, vol 1, chap 13, pg 207) </ref> | ||
# It is permitted to tie a single knot and then tuck in the ends of the string so that it doesn’t come out only if it is | # It is permitted to tie a single knot and then tuck in the ends of the string so that it doesn’t come out only if it is meant to be undone within 24 hours. <Ref> The [[Shabbos]] Home (Rabbi Simcha Cohen, vol 1, chap 13, pg 207-8) </ref> | ||
# One may not add a second knot on top of a preexisting single knot,<ref>Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata (in the new edition 15:53), Chazon Ovadia [[Shabbat]] Part 5 page 68 also says it's worthwhile to be stringent. </ref> nor may one add a third knot onto a double knot in order to tighten it. <ref>Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata (in the new edition 15:53), 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 3, pg 799). </ref> | # One may not add a second knot on top of a preexisting single knot,<ref>Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata (in the new edition 15:53), Chazon Ovadia [[Shabbat]] Part 5 page 68 also says it's worthwhile to be stringent. </ref> nor may one add a third knot onto a double knot in order to tighten it. <ref>Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata (in the new edition 15:53), 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 3, pg 799). </ref> | ||
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== Fixing clothing == | == Fixing clothing == | ||
# Socks or gloves that are tied together should be detached before [[Shabbat]], but if one forgot one | # Socks or gloves that are tied together should be detached before [[Shabbat]], but if one forgot one may untie it because they are only tied in the first place until they are going to be used. If one cannot untie them, he may rip the string, but should make sure to destroy the string <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] Kahilchata 15:67 in name of Rav Shlomo Zalman Aurbach, Az Nidberu 1:58. </ref> | ||
# One can take out the pins put into shirts in packaging to keep it from wrinkling. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] Kahilchata 15:64 in name of Rav Shlomo Zalman Aurbach, Bier Moshe 1:22. </ref> | # One can take out the pins put into shirts in packaging to keep it from wrinkling. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] Kahilchata 15:64 in name of Rav Shlomo Zalman Aurbach, Bier Moshe 1:22. </ref> | ||
# It’s totally permitted to thread new laces into shoes to replace old laces but it’s not permitted if the shoe was never laced. <ref> Rav Ovadya Yosef in the Haskama of Netiv Mitzvot, Mayim Chaim Meshash O”C 1:147, Bier Moshe 2:20(2),6:59, Tefilah LeMoshe 1:58. </ref> | # It’s totally permitted to thread new laces into shoes to replace old laces but it’s not permitted if the shoe was never laced. <ref> Rav Ovadya Yosef in the Haskama of Netiv Mitzvot, Mayim Chaim Meshash O”C 1:147, Bier Moshe 2:20(2),6:59, Tefilah LeMoshe 1:58. </ref> | ||
==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
[[Category:Orach Chaim]] | |||
[[Category:Shabbat]] | [[Category:Shabbat]] | ||
