Hotzaah: Difference between revisions

# There are 4 categories of domains on [[Shabbat]]: the Reshut HaRabim (public domain), Reshut HaYachid (private domain), intermediate area (Karmelit), and exempt area (Makom Patur).<ref>S"A 345:1, Kitzur S"A 81:1</ref>

# A Reshut HaYachid is defined as an area of at least 4 [[Tefachim]] by 4 [[Tefachim]] surrounded by walls of at least 10 [[Tefachim]]. This includes a pit which is 4x4 [[Tefachim]] with walls of 10 [[Tefachim]].<ref>Kitzur S"A 81:2</ref>

# A Reshut HaRabim is defined as a street which is 16 [[amot]] wide. Some say that if there's not 600,000 people passing through it daily it's not a Reshut HaRabim. <ref>Kitzur S"A 81:3</ref>

# A Karmelit is defined as an area of 4 Techaim by 4 [[Tefachim]] with walls which are less than 10 [[Tefachim]] in height. It also includes areas where the public doesn't walk and doesn't have proper fencing such as fields, or rivers which are 10 [[Tefachim]] deep.<ref>Kitzur S"A 81:4</ref>

# A Makom Patur is a place which is less than 4 [[Tefachim]] by 4 [[Tefachim]] but is of at least 3 [[Tefachim]] in height. They are only a Makom Patur when placed in a Reshut HaRabim, but in a Karmelit they are considered like a Karmelit. <ref>Kitzur S"A 81:5</ref>

# It is forbidden to carry, pass, or throw an object in a Reshut HaRabim or Karmelit. <ref>Kitzur S"A 82:1. The derabbanan prohibitions of Hotzah include doing an akira without a hanacha (3a), a hanacha without an akira (3a), and Hotzah from reshus hayachid/reshus harabim to a karmelis (3b).</ref>

# It is forbidden to carry from Reshut HaYachid to Reshut HaRabim or a Karmelit, from a Reshut HaRabim or Karmelit to a Reshut HaYachid, from Reshut HaRabim to a Karmelit, or from a Karmelit to a Reshut HaRabim. It is permissible to carry from a Makom Patur to a Reshut HaYchid, Reshut HaRabim, or Karmelit and from these areas to a Makom Patur as long as one doesn't carry 4 [[amot]] in a Reshut HaRabim or Karmelit.<ref>Kitzur S"A 82:2</ref>

# Because there are a lot of detailed and complicated halachot in defining these 4 domains, in a city where there's no Eruv, someone who isn't an expert shouldn't carry into another domain unless one knows for certain that it's permissible.<ref>Kitzur S"A 82:2</ref>

# It is permitted to carry from a private or public domain to an exempt area or from an exempt area to a private or public domain. However, one may not carry from a private domain to a public domain through an exempt area or visa versa. Similarly, one may not stand in an exempt area and transfer an item from a private domain to a public domain via the exempt area or visa versa. <ref>S"A 346:1</ref>

# There is a dispute whether it is permitted to stand in an exempt area and transfer an item from a private domain to a Karmelit or visa versa. Similarly, there is a dispute whether it is permitted to carry from a private domain to a Karmelit or Karmelit to a private domain via an exempt area. Many poskim write that one should be strict about this case. <ref>S"A 346:1 quotes two opinions on the matter. Birkei Yosef 346:1 explains that S"A rules like the lenient opinion. The Rama 372:6 is strict on the matter. Kaf Hachaim 346:17 writes that one should be strict in order to satisfy both opinions quoted in Shulchan Aruch, but that if the item was placed down in the exempt area before being transferred there is room to be lenient. </ref>

# Picking up an object is called Akirah and putting it down is called Hanacha. Both of these actions are forbidden. Therefore, one may not give an object to a non-Jew who will carry from a Reshut HaYachid to a Reshut HaRabim or Karmelit because in that case the Jew will have done the Akirah, rather the non-Jew should pick up the object himself. Similarly, if a non-Jew brings something from one domain to another, the Jew shouldn't take it from his hand because if he did the Jew will have violated Hanacha, rather the non-Jew should put it down.<ref>Kitzur S"A 82:3</ref>

# It is forbidden to bring something into the public domain if it isn't a clothing or jewelry. Even within the category of jewelry certain things are rabbinically forbidden to wear in the public domain, however, the minhag is to be lenient for all jewelry, yet a Yarei Shamayim should be strict upon himself. <Ref>Kitzur S"A 84:1-2</ref>

# If it is normal to wear two pairs of clothing, one on top of the other even during the week, then one may wear one pair of clothes on top of another on [[Shabbat]] in the public domain even if one doesn't need it but is bringing it for one's friend or the like. <reF>Kitzur S"A 84:12</ref>

# If it is raining, one may wearing a coat in order to protect oneself from rain since the coat is worn as a regular clothing. However, it is forbidden to carry a clothing on top of one's hat in order to protect the hat from rain because it isn't considered wearing the clothing in a regular way. <ref>S"A 301:14, Kitzur S"A 84:4, Mishna Brurah 301:52-3 </ref>

# It is permitted to wear a [[Talit]] in the public domain on [[Shabbat]] as long as one wears it regularly; however, one may not put it around one's neck in a place where it is abnormal to wear it that way.<ref>Kitzur S"A 84:16</ref>

# It is forbidden to carry a baby or child even if he is able to walk even in a Karmalit. However, one shouldn't tell people who do this because certainly they will not listen and its better that they do so unintentionally rather than violate [[Shabbat]] intentionally. <ref>Mishna Brurah 308:154, Kitzur S"A 82:10</ref>

# One may not go out of an eruv with a pocket watch on [[Shabbat]]. <ref>Kitzur S"A 84:2, Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 18:28</ref>

# A person who regularly wears glasses may wear them in a public domain on [[Shabbat]]. He must wear them on his nose, and may not carry them in his pocket or wear them on his forehead or around his neck. <Ref> Yalkut Yosef 301:31 and Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 18:16. Rav Mordechai Eliyahu (comments on Kitzur S"A 84:6) writes that one may wear glasses in the public domain, however, one who usually takes them off in the street shouldn't go out with them without an eruv. </ref>