Hachana: Difference between revisions
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==General== | ==General== | ||
#One may not prepare from [[Shabbat]] or [[Yom Tov]] for a weekday, a [[Yom Tov]] for [[Chol HaMoed]], a [[Yom Tov]] for [[Shabbat]], a [[Shabbat]] for [[Yom Tov]], from one day of [[Yom Tov]] for the [[second day of Yom Tov]], or from one [[Shabbat]] for another [[Shabbat]].<ref>Shulchan Aruch 503:1, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 101:1, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:69. | #One may not prepare from [[Shabbat]] or [[Yom Tov]] for a weekday, a [[Yom Tov]] for [[Chol HaMoed]], a [[Yom Tov]] for [[Shabbat]], a [[Shabbat]] for [[Yom Tov]], from one day of [[Yom Tov]] for the [[second day of Yom Tov]], or from one [[Shabbat]] for another [[Shabbat]].<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 503:1, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 101:1, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:69. | ||
*The Mishnah ([[Shabbat]] 113a) writes that one may fold clothing on [[Shabbat]]. Rashi (s.v. Afilu) limits this to where one is folding the clothes in order to wear them again that day. Tosfot (s.v. Mekaplin) infers that it would be forbidden to fold clothing that would be needed only after [[Shabbat]]. This is codified by the Rif 41b, Rambam Shabbat 22:22, Rosh 15:2, Tur, and Shulchan Aruch O.C. 302:3. From this and other halachot, the poskim explain that in general there is a Rabbinic prohibition of preparing on [[Shabbat]] for the weekday (See Orchot [[Shabbat]] vol 2, p. 400). | |||
*The Mishnah ([[Shabbat]] 113a) writes that one may fold clothing on [[Shabbat]]. Rashi (s.v. Afilu) limits this to where one is folding the clothes in order to wear them again that day. Tosfot (s.v. Mekaplin) infers that it would be forbidden to fold clothing that would be needed only after [[Shabbat]]. This is codified by the Rif 41b, Rambam 22:22, Rosh 15:2, Tur, and | *In explaining the concept of Hachana, the Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 23:7) writes that cleaning dishes that one does not need to use on [[Shabbat]] is considered Metaken, whereas the Raavad argues that it is prohibited because it involves exerting effort for something that is needed during the week. Nonetheless, the Maggid Mishneh and Migdal Oz explain that the Rambam agrees with the Raavad and that his intention was that it is an issue of fixing the dishes for after [[Shabbat]]. Tzitz Eliezer 14:37 writes that this also is the opinion of Rashi. Aruch Hashulchan 302:10-13 however disputes this understanding of the Rambam and instead thinks that the Rambam does not hold of hachana to prepare for after Shabbat unless it fixes something. He uses this as a reason to allow resetting a bed on Shabbat and folding clothing off of the original creases.</ref> It is permitted to prepare on [[Shabbat]] for later on [[Shabbat]], and even for [[Tosefet Shabbat]] (the extension of [[Shabbat]]).<ref>Sh”t Minchat Shlomo Tinyana 36:10 writes that there is no prohibition of preparing from [[Shabbat]] to [[Tosefet Shabbat]] because even [[Tosefet Shabbat]] is called “Yom HaShabbat HaGadol HaZeh” in Birkat Hamazon. Orchot [[Shabbat]] (vol 2, p. 408) agrees. </ref> | ||
*In explaining the concept of Hachana, the Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 23:7) writes that cleaning dishes that one does not need to use on [[Shabbat]] is considered Metaken, whereas the Raavad argues that it is prohibited because it involves exerting effort for something that is needed during the week. Nonetheless, the | ===For a Mitzvah=== | ||
#It’s forbidden to prepare on [[Shabbat]], even for a Mitzvah, if it is happening after [[Shabbat]].<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:69 </ref> | #It’s forbidden to prepare on [[Shabbat]], even for a Mitzvah, if it is happening after [[Shabbat]].<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:69 </ref> | ||
#Preparation means any action (even speech which isn’t needed for that day), however, if one action is done for both that day and also for after [[Shabbat]] it’s permissible.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:70 </ref> | #Preparation means any action (even speech which isn’t needed for that day), however, if one action is done for both that day and also for after [[Shabbat]] it’s permissible.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:70 </ref> | ||
# | ===Washing Dishes, Folding Clothing, Rolling a Sefer Torah=== | ||
#A few examples of what is forbidden under the category of hachana include: | |||
##Washing utensils that won’t be needed on Shabbat, | |||
##Preparing food for after [[Shabbat]], | |||
##Folding clothing, | |||
##Rolling the Sefer HaTorah for the next Torah reading.<ref>Magen Avraham 667:3, Rabbi Akiva Eiger, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:71. However, Aruch Hashulchan ([https://he.wikisource.org/wiki/ערוך_השולחן_אורח_חיים_תרסז#סימן_תרסז_סעיף_ב Orach Chaim 667:2]) permits rolling the Sefer Torah on Shabbat to the portion that will be read on a Yom Tov following, provided that the individual reads a few verses of the new Torah reading. This seems to be connected to his own approach in 302:10.</ref> | |||
===[[Erev Pesach That Falls Out on Shabbat]]=== | |||
#When Erev [[Pesach]] falls out on [[Shabbat]], one shouldn’t clean the vessels used for Chametz; rather, one should just wipe them with one’s finger or have a non-Jew do it.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:71 </ref> | #When Erev [[Pesach]] falls out on [[Shabbat]], one shouldn’t clean the vessels used for Chametz; rather, one should just wipe them with one’s finger or have a non-Jew do it.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:71 </ref> | ||
===Purim on Motzei Shabbat=== | |||
#When [[Purim]] falls out on Motzei [[Shabbat]], one may not bring the [[Megillah]] to shul on [[Shabbat]].<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:75 </ref> | #When [[Purim]] falls out on Motzei [[Shabbat]], one may not bring the [[Megillah]] to shul on [[Shabbat]].<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:75 </ref> | ||
===Making the Beds=== | |||
#One may set his bed in order to make the room look presentable. It is forbidden, though, to set a bed in order to sleep on it after [[Shabbat]].<ref>*The Mishnah ([[Shabbat]] 113a) writes that one may set one’s bed on Friday night for [[Shabbat]] day but not on [[Shabbat]] for Motza’ei [[Shabbat]]. The Rif 41b, Rambam 23:7, Rosh 15:2, and Magen Avraham 302:6 codify this rule. Magen Avraham adds that one may set one’s bed so that the room will look presentable because that is considered a need for [[Shabbat]]. Mishna Brurah 302:19, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:86, and The 39 Melachos (vol 1, p. 121) agree. The Machzik Bracha 302:2 points out that this is only when people will pass by the area where the beds are, but if the beds are in a separate room which people don’t pass by one may not set the beds. Kaf HaChaim 302:23 agrees. | #One may set his bed in order to make the room look presentable. It is forbidden, though, to set a bed in order to sleep on it after [[Shabbat]].<ref>*The Mishnah ([[Shabbat]] 113a) writes that one may set one’s bed on Friday night for [[Shabbat]] day but not on [[Shabbat]] for Motza’ei [[Shabbat]]. The Rif 41b, Rambam 23:7, Rosh 15:2, and Magen Avraham 302:6 codify this rule. Magen Avraham adds that one may set one’s bed so that the room will look presentable because that is considered a need for [[Shabbat]]. Mishna Brurah 302:19, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:86, and The 39 Melachos (vol 1, p. 121) agree. The Machzik Bracha 302:2 points out that this is only when people will pass by the area where the beds are, but if the beds are in a separate room which people don’t pass by one may not set the beds. Kaf HaChaim 302:23 agrees. | ||
*Similarly, Magen Avraham 667:3 writes that when taking out tables from the [[Sukkah]] on the last day of [[Sukkot]] one may not set up the table for [[Shemini Aseret]], however, one may stand up the table for Kavod [[Yom Tov]]. Pri Megadim E”A 667:3 explains that the general rule is that if the activity is done so that the house doesn’t look like a wreck it’s permitted, but if not, it’s forbidden. | *Similarly, Magen Avraham 667:3 writes that when taking out tables from the [[Sukkah]] on the last day of [[Sukkot]] one may not set up the table for [[Shemini Aseret]], however, one may stand up the table for Kavod [[Yom Tov]]. Pri Megadim E”A 667:3 explains that the general rule is that if the activity is done so that the house doesn’t look like a wreck it’s permitted, but if not, it’s forbidden. | ||
*Similarly, Sh”t Igrot Moshe 4:47 rules that it is permissible to place one’s dirty dishes from the meal into a dishwasher on [[Shabbat]] even though it makes it easier to start the dishwasher after [[Shabbat]] if one is doing so in order that the dirty dishes don’t make the house look like a mess. He adds that one should just put each dish in the dishwasher as it come to his hand rather than sorting them as usual. Yalkut Yosef (vol 2, p. 221) agrees.</ref> | *Similarly, Sh”t Igrot Moshe 4:47 rules that it is permissible to place one’s dirty dishes from the meal into a dishwasher on [[Shabbat]] even though it makes it easier to start the dishwasher after [[Shabbat]] if one is doing so in order that the dirty dishes don’t make the house look like a mess. He adds that one should just put each dish in the dishwasher as it come to his hand rather than sorting them as usual. Yalkut Yosef (vol 2, p. 221) agrees.</ref> | ||
===Returning Sefarim=== | |||
#After using sefarim on [[Shabbat]], one may return them to the shelf.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:89 quotes Rav Shlomo Zalman’s opinion that an action that doesn’t involve any Melacha, isn’t a Tircha (excessive effort), and is usually done without thinking may be done on [[Shabbat]] even if it has an effect for after [[Shabbat]]. For example, he permits bringing a [[Tallit]] home from shul and returning a sefer to the shelf after using it. He adds (chapter 3 note 239) that in a shul, it is proper for each person to return his siddur and chumash to the shelf because if the gabbai has to return all the sefarim, it may involve [[Borer]]. Yalkut Yosef (vol 2, p. 226) agrees. Rabbi Mordechai Willig (Am Mordechai p. 176), however, questions the Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata’s premise and concludes that one should be strict regarding bringing the [[Tallit]] home. The 39 Melachos (vol 1, p. 116) agrees that returning one or two sefarim is permitted but returning many siddurim and chumashim in shul at the end of [[Shabbat]] is forbidden because it is clearly done as a preparation for after [[Shabbat]]. </ref> | #After using sefarim on [[Shabbat]], one may return them to the shelf.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:89 quotes Rav Shlomo Zalman’s opinion that an action that doesn’t involve any Melacha, isn’t a Tircha (excessive effort), and is usually done without thinking may be done on [[Shabbat]] even if it has an effect for after [[Shabbat]]. For example, he permits bringing a [[Tallit]] home from shul and returning a sefer to the shelf after using it. He adds (chapter 3 note 239) that in a shul, it is proper for each person to return his siddur and chumash to the shelf because if the gabbai has to return all the sefarim, it may involve [[Borer]]. Yalkut Yosef (vol 2, p. 226) agrees. Rabbi Mordechai Willig (Am Mordechai p. 176), however, questions the Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata’s premise and concludes that one should be strict regarding bringing the [[Tallit]] home. The 39 Melachos (vol 1, p. 116) agrees that returning one or two sefarim is permitted but returning many siddurim and chumashim in shul at the end of [[Shabbat]] is forbidden because it is clearly done as a preparation for after [[Shabbat]]. </ref> | ||
===Sleeping to be Well Rested=== | |||
#It’s permissible to go to sleep on [[Shabbat]] in order to be awake after [[Shabbat]], however, one shouldn’t say that one is doing so for that purpose.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:72 </ref> | #It’s permissible to go to sleep on [[Shabbat]] in order to be awake after [[Shabbat]], however, one shouldn’t say that one is doing so for that purpose.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:72 </ref> | ||
===Clearing the Table=== | |||
#It’s permissible to clear the table even after [[Seudah Shelishit]] so that the room looks presentable unless one knows that will not use that room until the end of [[Shabbat]] (which is common if [[Seudah Shelishit]] finishes late).<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:79 </ref> | #It’s permissible to clear the table even after [[Seudah Shelishit]] so that the room looks presentable unless one knows that will not use that room until the end of [[Shabbat]] (which is common if [[Seudah Shelishit]] finishes late).<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:79 </ref> | ||
===Activities that Take No Effort=== | |||
#It’s permissible to do an action that isn’t any extra effort and is commonly done without thinking, so long as long one doesn’t say that he is doing so for after [[Shabbat]]. Therefore it’s permissible to take a [[Tallit]] home from Shul, return a sefer to it’s shelf, or return food to the refrigerator.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:81 </ref> | #It’s permissible to do an action that isn’t any extra effort and is commonly done without thinking, so long as long one doesn’t say that he is doing so for after [[Shabbat]]. Therefore it’s permissible to take a [[Tallit]] home from Shul, return a sefer to it’s shelf, or return food to the refrigerator.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:81 </ref> | ||
===Avoiding a Loss=== | |||
#It’s permissible an action that doesn’t require extra effort if not doing it will lead to a loss. Therefore if one left clothing outside, one may take it inside to protect it from the rain if there’s a fear that it will rot.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:83 </ref> | #It’s permissible an action that doesn’t require extra effort if not doing it will lead to a loss. Therefore if one left clothing outside, one may take it inside to protect it from the rain if there’s a fear that it will rot.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:83 </ref> | ||
