Fast Days: Difference between revisions
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All Jews fast on the four fast days mentioned by the prophets which are: [[Tzom Gedalya]] (the third of Tishrei), [[Asara BeTevet]] (tenth of Tevet), [[Shiva Asar BeTamuz]] (seventeenth of Tamuz), and [[Tisha BeAv]] (ninth of Av). <ref>The prophet Zechariyah (8:19) stated that in the future the fast of the fourth, fifth, seventh, and tenth will become days of happiness for the Jews. In Gemara [[Rosh Hashana]] 18b, Rabbi Akiva explains that number in the pasuk refers to the number of the month. Thus, the fast of fourth is the ninth of Tamuz, the fifth is the ninth of Av, the seventh is the third of Tishrei (fast of Gedalyah), and tenth is tenth of Tevet. The Tur 549:1 and Rambam (Taniot 5:4) rule like Rabbi Akiva. Tur 549:2 explains that on the ninth of Tamuz the wall of Yerushalyim was broken by the first Bet HaMikdash, however, nowadays we fast on the seventeenth of Tamuz when the wall of Yerushalyim was broken by the second Bet HaMikdash. These four fasts are codified as halacha by the Rambam (Taniot 5:2-3), S”A 549:1, Mishna Brurah 549:1, and Yalkut Yosef (Moadim pg 527). </ref> The significance and background of these fasts are explained below. The first three are discussed in this article. For the other fasts please see the following links: [[Tisha BeAv]], [[Tanit Ester]], and [[Tanit Bechorim]]. Another related page is [[Commemoration of the Destruction of the Temple]] ([[Zecher LeChurban]]). The principle purpose of the fast days is to cause one to reflect upon one's ways in order to repent.<ref>Rambam | All Jews fast on the four fast days mentioned by the prophets which are: [[Tzom Gedalya]] (the third of Tishrei), [[Asara BeTevet]] (tenth of Tevet), [[Shiva Asar BeTamuz]] (seventeenth of Tamuz), and [[Tisha BeAv]] (ninth of Av). <ref>The prophet Zechariyah (8:19) stated that in the future the fast of the fourth, fifth, seventh, and tenth will become days of happiness for the Jews. In Gemara [[Rosh Hashana]] 18b, Rabbi Akiva explains that number in the pasuk refers to the number of the month. Thus, the fast of fourth is the ninth of Tamuz, the fifth is the ninth of Av, the seventh is the third of Tishrei (fast of Gedalyah), and tenth is tenth of Tevet. The Tur 549:1 and Rambam (Taniot 5:4) rule like Rabbi Akiva. Tur 549:2 explains that on the ninth of Tamuz the wall of Yerushalyim was broken by the first Bet HaMikdash, however, nowadays we fast on the seventeenth of Tamuz when the wall of Yerushalyim was broken by the second Bet HaMikdash. These four fasts are codified as halacha by the Rambam (Taniot 5:2-3), S”A 549:1, Mishna Brurah 549:1, and Yalkut Yosef (Moadim pg 527). </ref> The significance and background of these fasts are explained below. The first three are discussed in this article. For the other fasts please see the following links: [[Tisha BeAv]], [[Tanit Ester]], and [[Tanit Bechorim]]. Another related page is [[Commemoration of the Destruction of the Temple]] ([[Zecher LeChurban]]). The principle purpose of the fast days is to cause one to reflect upon one's ways in order to repent.<ref>Rambam Hilchot Taaniyot 5:1 </ref> | ||
==Tzom Gedalya== | ==Tzom Gedalya== | ||
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==Asara BeTevet== | ==Asara BeTevet== | ||
# [[Asara BeTevet]] commemorates the tragedy of Nebuchadnezzar's laying siege on the city of Jerusalem. <ref> Rambam (Taniyot 5:2), Chazon Ovadia (Laws of the Four Fasts, Halacha 4), Mishna Berura 549:2, Kitzur S"A 121:3. </ref> | # [[Asara BeTevet]] commemorates the tragedy of Nebuchadnezzar's laying siege on the city of Jerusalem. <ref> Rambam (Taniyot 5:2), Chazon Ovadia (Laws of the Four Fasts, Halacha 4), Mishna Berura 549:2, Kitzur S"A 121:3. </ref> | ||
===On a Friday=== | |||
# Even if Asara b'tevet falls out on a Friday one should fast until tzet hakovachim even though the fast would carry into [[shabbat]]. <ref> Shulchan Aruch 249:4. Rama there quotes an opinion that if you pray early and finish [[Mariv/Arvit|Arvit]] before [[Tzet HaKochavim]] you should eat, but then says that nevertheless on a public fast one should fast until [[Tzet HaKochavim]] and on a private fast, eat after [[davening]]. </ref> | |||
# If [[Asara BeTevet]] falls out on Friday, one shouldn’t be strict and rather should wash oneself because of Kavod [[Shabbat]]. <ref>Mishna Brurah 550:6 </ref> | |||
# If Asara Bitevet falls out on friday, [[shacharit]] is prayed as usual. For [[Mincha]], the torah and haftara are read, aneinu is recited during the amida. [[Tachanun]] and avinu malkenu are not said. <ref>Aruch Hashulchan 550:2. see there about a custom that existed to omit torah reading </ref> | |||
# Those who wear [[tefillin]] during [[mincha]] on a fast day, should recite [[mincha]] early on friday so as not to have his [[tefillin]] on too close to [[Shabbat]] <ref> Nitei Gavriel [[Chanuka]] 62:4 </ref> | |||
# If [[Asara BeTevet]] falls out to be on Friday one may taste the food if one spits it out and doesn’t swallow. <Ref>Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 42:61 based on S"A 567:1, Mishna Berura 567:6, Kaf Hachaim 567:10 </ref> | |||
==Shiva Asar BeTamuz== | ==Shiva Asar BeTamuz== | ||
# [[Shiva Asar BeTamuz]] commemorates 5 things: 1) The Luchot were broken. 2) The Korban Tamid in the 1st Bet Hamikdash was abolished. 3) In the 2nd Bet Hamikdash destruction, the city of Jerusalem was breached. 4) The Torah was burned by Apostomus. 5) An idol was put in the Bet Hamikdash. <ref> Mishna Taanit 26b, Rambam Taaniyot 5:2, Shibbolei Haleket 263, Chayei Adam 133:4, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 121:4, Aruch Hashulchan 549:3, Chazon Ovadia (Laws of the Four Fasts, Halacha 1), Mishna Berura 549:2, Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 527. </ref> | # [[Shiva Asar BeTamuz]] commemorates 5 things: 1) The Luchot were broken. 2) The Korban Tamid in the 1st Bet Hamikdash was abolished. 3) In the 2nd Bet Hamikdash destruction, the city of Jerusalem was breached. 4) The Torah was burned by Apostomus. 5) An idol was put in the Bet Hamikdash. <ref> Mishna Taanit 26b, Rambam Taaniyot 5:2, Shibbolei Haleket 263, Chayei Adam 133:4, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 121:4, Aruch Hashulchan 549:3, Chazon Ovadia (Laws of the Four Fasts, Halacha 1), Mishna Berura 549:2, Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 527. </ref> | ||
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===When does the fast end?=== | ===When does the fast end?=== | ||
# Any fast which one didn’t complete until [[Tzet HaKochavim]] is considered as though one didn't fast. <Ref> S”A 562:1, Mordechai Taanis 631, Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 529. The Gemara in Taanit 12a says that the sun didn't set on is not considered a fast. Rabbeinu Yona quoted by the Rosh [[Shabbat]] 2:23 says from this gemara that the fast concludes at sunset. However, the Rosh himself in Taanit 1:12 says that the gemara is referring to the completion of the setting of the sun, namely tzet kavochavim. This is the source of the S"A 562:1. Aruch Hashulchan 562:9 and the Gra 562:2 say that since there are some rishonim who follow Rabbeinu Yona anyone who is lenient and relies on them should not be rebuked for it. see Aruch Hashulchan there who thinks this is also the opinion of the Rambam. </ref> | # Any fast which one didn’t complete until [[Tzet HaKochavim]] is considered as though one didn't fast. <Ref> S”A 562:1, Mordechai Taanis 631, Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 529. The Gemara in Taanit 12a says that the sun didn't set on is not considered a fast. Rabbeinu Yona quoted by the Rosh [[Shabbat]] 2:23 says from this gemara that the fast concludes at sunset. However, the Rosh himself in Taanit 1:12 says that the gemara is referring to the completion of the setting of the sun, namely tzet kavochavim. This is the source of the S"A 562:1. Aruch Hashulchan 562:9 and the Gra 562:2 say that since there are some rishonim who follow Rabbeinu Yona anyone who is lenient and relies on them should not be rebuked for it. see Aruch Hashulchan there who thinks this is also the opinion of the Rambam. </ref> | ||
# Some poskim allow somebody who ends [[Shabbat]] according to the time of Rabbeinu Tam, to be lenient and end these rabbinic fasts according to the time of the Gra, <ref> Yalkut Yosef 293:4, Shearim Metzuyanim Bihalacha 123:4, Nitei Gavriel Bein Hamitzarim page 57 </ref> while other say he should wait <ref> Yisroel V’hazemanim 1:pages 573-578, Nitei Gavriel bein hamitzarim page 58. </ref> | # Some poskim allow somebody who ends [[Shabbat]] according to the time of Rabbeinu Tam, to be lenient and end these rabbinic fasts according to the time of the Gra, <ref> Yalkut Yosef 293:4, Shearim Metzuyanim Bihalacha 123:4, Nitei Gavriel Bein Hamitzarim page 57 </ref> while other say he should wait <ref> Yisroel V’hazemanim 1:pages 573-578, Nitei Gavriel bein hamitzarim page 58. </ref> | ||
====Travel==== | ====Travel==== | ||
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====Tasting food on Friday==== | ====Tasting food on Friday==== | ||
# In general, it’s a mitzvah to taste the [[Shabbat]] food before [[Shabbat]] to know if tastes right ([[Preparing_for_Shabbat#Tasting_the_food_in_preparation_of_Shabbat|Tasting food in preparation of Shabbat]]). However, on Friday of [[Shabbat]] Chazon, one shouldn’t taste the food. <Ref>Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 42:61 </ref> | # In general, it’s a mitzvah to taste the [[Shabbat]] food before [[Shabbat]] to know if tastes right ([[Preparing_for_Shabbat#Tasting_the_food_in_preparation_of_Shabbat|Tasting food in preparation of Shabbat]]). However, on Friday of [[Shabbat]] Chazon, one shouldn’t taste the food. <Ref>Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 42:61 </ref> | ||
====Making a [[Shehecheyanu]]==== | ====Making a [[Shehecheyanu]]==== | ||
# It’s permitted to make a [[Shehecheyanu]] on a fast day. <Ref> Piskei Teshuvot 550:8 in name of Pri Megadim A”A 551:42 and Kaf HaChaim 550:209 </ref> | # It’s permitted to make a [[Shehecheyanu]] on a fast day. <Ref> Piskei Teshuvot 550:8 in name of Pri Megadim A”A 551:42 and Kaf HaChaim 550:209 </ref> | ||
