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Earliest and Latest time to light Chanukah Candles: Difference between revisions
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Earliest and Latest time to light Chanukah Candles (view source)
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* The Rashba (21b s.v. Ha DeAmrinan) seems to understand the term Mishtishka HaChama to mean Shkiyat HaChama. The Ran (on the Rif 9a s.v. Mitzvata) and Meiri (21b s.v. Achar) also imply this understanding. The Beiur HaGra 672:1 understands the Rashba and Ran as discussing the Shekiya Sheniya (the second sunset, a term that will hopefully be clarified later). | * The Rashba (21b s.v. Ha DeAmrinan) seems to understand the term Mishtishka HaChama to mean Shkiyat HaChama. The Ran (on the Rif 9a s.v. Mitzvata) and Meiri (21b s.v. Achar) also imply this understanding. The Beiur HaGra 672:1 understands the Rashba and Ran as discussing the Shekiya Sheniya (the second sunset, a term that will hopefully be clarified later). | ||
* However, the Mordechai (Hagahot Mordechai 455) writes that one should light [[Chanukah]] candles at Tzeit HaKochavim, because a candle isn’t noticeable during the day. Similarly, Rabbenu Tam (Sefer HaYashar 221, Tosfot Menachot 20b s.v. Nifsal) holds that one should not [[chanuka]] candles until the end of the second [[shekiyah]], which is equivalent to Tzet Hakochavim. The Hagahot Mordechai ([[Shabbat]] 455), Ritva 21b, Sh”t Trumat HaDeshen 102 in name of Mordechai, Sedah LeDerech 4:7(2), and Bach 672:1 based on the Rosh ([[Shabbat]] 2:3) concur with the opinion of Rabbenu Tam. The Tur and S”A 672:1 rule like the Mordechai. | * However, the Mordechai (Hagahot Mordechai 455) writes that one should light [[Chanukah]] candles at Tzeit HaKochavim, because a candle isn’t noticeable during the day. Similarly, Rabbenu Tam (Sefer HaYashar 221, Tosfot Menachot 20b s.v. Nifsal) holds that one should not [[chanuka]] candles until the end of the second [[shekiyah]], which is equivalent to Tzet Hakochavim. The Hagahot Mordechai ([[Shabbat]] 455), Ritva 21b, Sh”t Trumat HaDeshen 102 in name of Mordechai, Sedah LeDerech 4:7(2), and Bach 672:1 based on the Rosh ([[Shabbat]] 2:3) concur with the opinion of Rabbenu Tam. The Tur and S”A 672:1 rule like the Mordechai. | ||
* Most achronim hold like S”A to light at Tzet Hakochavim including the Shaarei Knesset HaGedolah 672:1, | * Most achronim hold like S”A to light at Tzet Hakochavim including the Shaarei Knesset HaGedolah 672:1, Magen Avraham 672:1, Eliyah Raba 672:1, Maamer Mordechai 672:1, Chaye Adam 154:18, Derech HaChaim 672:2, Ben Ish Chai Vayeshev 7, Shulchan lechem Hapanim 672, and Kaf Hachaim 672:2. | ||
* Thus, Yalkut Yosef 672:1 writes that one should light at tzet hachochavim which is 15 minutes after sunset. [The time of 15 minutes is built off the Geonim's opinion that 13.5 minutes after sunset is Tzet Hakochavim unlike the tzet hachochavim of Rabbenu Tam, which is 72 minutes after sunset because [[Chanukah]] is only derabanan and one can rely on the Minhag Eretz Yisrael for derabanan mitzvoth (Sh”t Yabia Omer 2:21). Additionally, by not lighting until the Tzet Hakochavim of Rabbenu Tam will lead one to light after the latest time for which one doesn’t fulfill the mitzvah according to many poskim (Sefer [[Chanukah]] of Rav Kanievsky pg 13 note 8).] [http://www.halachayomit.co.il/EnglishDefault.asp?HalachaID=1695 Halacha yomit] writes that the time is extrapolated to each place based on 13.5 minutes Sha'ot Zmaniot. | * Thus, Yalkut Yosef 672:1 writes that one should light at tzet hachochavim which is 15 minutes after sunset. [The time of 15 minutes is built off the Geonim's opinion that 13.5 minutes after sunset is Tzet Hakochavim unlike the tzet hachochavim of Rabbenu Tam, which is 72 minutes after sunset because [[Chanukah]] is only derabanan and one can rely on the Minhag Eretz Yisrael for derabanan mitzvoth (Sh”t Yabia Omer 2:21). Additionally, by not lighting until the Tzet Hakochavim of Rabbenu Tam will lead one to light after the latest time for which one doesn’t fulfill the mitzvah according to many poskim (Sefer [[Chanukah]] of Rav Kanievsky pg 13 note 8).] [http://www.halachayomit.co.il/EnglishDefault.asp?HalachaID=1695 Halacha yomit] writes that the time is extrapolated to each place based on 13.5 minutes Sha'ot Zmaniot. | ||
* However Pri [[Chadash]] 672 and Buir HaGra O”C 672:1 (see also Beiur HaGra O"C 261 and Y”D 266:17, and Maaseh Rav 235) hold that one should light at sunset. Mishna Brurah 672:1 quotes both the opinion of the Shulchan Aruch and Gra and then writes that if one davens at Tzet Hakochavim one may follow the opinion of the Gra even initially. See also Sh”t Az Nidabru 7:70. Rav Moshe Feinstein in Igrot Moshe O”C 4:101 and Rav Chaim Kanievsky in Yemeh [[Hallel]] VeHodah 12:8, say to light 10 minutes after sunset and have it last for a half hour before tzet hachovim and a half hour after tzet hachoavim. Torat HaMoadim 4:1 rules to light 15 minutes after [[shekiah]] [15 minutes is based on the geonim’s tzet hachochavim (3/4 [[mil]]) with the Rav Amram Goan’s lengh of a [[mil]] being 18 minutes, the fact that in the winter the [[shaot Zmaniot]] are shorter, and we add on a few minutes to be strict for Rabbi Yose’s opinion of Ben Hashemashot which only happens after Rabbi Yehuda’s finishes.] | * However Pri [[Chadash]] 672 and Buir HaGra O”C 672:1 (see also Beiur HaGra O"C 261 and Y”D 266:17, and Maaseh Rav 235) hold that one should light at sunset. Mishna Brurah 672:1 quotes both the opinion of the Shulchan Aruch and Gra and then writes that if one davens at Tzet Hakochavim one may follow the opinion of the Gra even initially. See also Sh”t Az Nidabru 7:70. Rav Moshe Feinstein in Igrot Moshe O”C 4:101 and Rav Chaim Kanievsky in Yemeh [[Hallel]] VeHodah 12:8, say to light 10 minutes after sunset and have it last for a half hour before tzet hachovim and a half hour after tzet hachoavim. Torat HaMoadim 4:1 rules to light 15 minutes after [[shekiah]] [15 minutes is based on the geonim’s tzet hachochavim (3/4 [[mil]]) with the Rav Amram Goan’s lengh of a [[mil]] being 18 minutes, the fact that in the winter the [[shaot Zmaniot]] are shorter, and we add on a few minutes to be strict for Rabbi Yose’s opinion of Ben Hashemashot which only happens after Rabbi Yehuda’s finishes.] | ||
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* However, Igrot Moshe 4:105:7 argues that even if all family members are sleeping, one may recite the bracha, because pirsumei nisa isn’t an absolutely essential part of the mitzvah. The Chemed Moshe (quoted by Shaat Tziyun 672:17), Erech Hashulchan 672:4, and Moed Kol Chai 27:27 agree. One of the proofs of the Chemed Moshe is the Riaz (quoted by Shulchan Aruch 677:3) who says that if a person is alone in a town that is completely filled with non-Jews one should light there with a bracha, even if there is someone lighting for him at home. The Igrot Moshe writes that the same would be true even if a person is all alone and there aren't even non-Jews around, one should light there with a bracha. | * However, Igrot Moshe 4:105:7 argues that even if all family members are sleeping, one may recite the bracha, because pirsumei nisa isn’t an absolutely essential part of the mitzvah. The Chemed Moshe (quoted by Shaat Tziyun 672:17), Erech Hashulchan 672:4, and Moed Kol Chai 27:27 agree. One of the proofs of the Chemed Moshe is the Riaz (quoted by Shulchan Aruch 677:3) who says that if a person is alone in a town that is completely filled with non-Jews one should light there with a bracha, even if there is someone lighting for him at home. The Igrot Moshe writes that the same would be true even if a person is all alone and there aren't even non-Jews around, one should light there with a bracha. | ||
* Similarly, Rav Ovadyah in Chazon Ovadyah ([[Chanukah]] pg 64-7; published 5767) writes it in this language: if one comes home late and everyone is sleeping if one can wake up one or two house members that's great, however, if one can’t wake anyone up then one can still make a bracha. [It seems that Rav Ovadyah Yosef retracted from his ruling in Kol Sinai 5725.] Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (cited by Beyomin DeChanukah 242 and Shalmei Moed pg 218) agrees. | * Similarly, Rav Ovadyah in Chazon Ovadyah ([[Chanukah]] pg 64-7; published 5767) writes it in this language: if one comes home late and everyone is sleeping if one can wake up one or two house members that's great, however, if one can’t wake anyone up then one can still make a bracha. [It seems that Rav Ovadyah Yosef retracted from his ruling in Kol Sinai 5725.] Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (cited by Beyomin DeChanukah 242 and Shalmei Moed pg 218) agrees. | ||
* See also the | * See also the Magen Avraham quotes Maharshal who says to make a bracha only up to [[Chatzot]]. The Gra (Maaseh Rav 236) agrees with the Maharshal. | ||
* The Rif (9b), Rambam ([[Chanuka]] 4:5), and Rosh (2:3) all write that the time that people leave the marketplace is one half-hour after the time for lighting begins. Tur and S”A 672:2 codify this as halacha. However, the Ritva 21b s.v. Ad points out that this amount of time is not an objective time period, but rather is dependent on the time and place. Therefore, Rabbi Mordechai Willig (Hilchos [[Chanukah]] and [[Purim]] #1, min 19-20) rules that although the minhag of some yeshivot is to light about 20 minutes after sunset (see note 1), one may light as long as people are walking in the streets, which in a yeshiva could be very late indeed. </ref> | * The Rif (9b), Rambam ([[Chanuka]] 4:5), and Rosh (2:3) all write that the time that people leave the marketplace is one half-hour after the time for lighting begins. Tur and S”A 672:2 codify this as halacha. However, the Ritva 21b s.v. Ad points out that this amount of time is not an objective time period, but rather is dependent on the time and place. Therefore, Rabbi Mordechai Willig (Hilchos [[Chanukah]] and [[Purim]] #1, min 19-20) rules that although the minhag of some yeshivot is to light about 20 minutes after sunset (see note 1), one may light as long as people are walking in the streets, which in a yeshiva could be very late indeed. </ref> | ||
# Someone who came home right before [[Olot HaShachar]] can light with a bracha even though it won’t be lit for 30 minutes during the night. Some say one should light without a bracha if there’s not 30 minutes for the candle to be light at night. <ref> Sh”t [[Shevet Halevi]] 8:156 writes that one can light with a bracha even if there’s not 30 minutes for the candles to burn before [[Olot Hashachar]]. He proves this from the simple language of S”A, | # Someone who came home right before [[Olot HaShachar]] can light with a bracha even though it won’t be lit for 30 minutes during the night. Some say one should light without a bracha if there’s not 30 minutes for the candle to be light at night. <ref> Sh”t [[Shevet Halevi]] 8:156 writes that one can light with a bracha even if there’s not 30 minutes for the candles to burn before [[Olot Hashachar]]. He proves this from the simple language of S”A, Magen Avraham and Mishna Brurah (and all other poskim) that one can light all night until [[Olot HaShachar]]. So writes Sh”t Rivovot Efraim 5:582 in name of Sh”t Shem MeShimon 3 pg 120. Chazon Ovadiah ([[Chanukah]] pg 67) seems to agree because he quotes the Shevet HaLevi and no one who argues. Yalkut Yosef Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 672:2. However, Rav Elyashiv in Sefer [[Chanukah]] 13:13 and Torat HaYoledet 54:7 say not to light with a bracha unless there’s 30 minutes before [[Olot HaShachar]]. </ref> | ||
# One should wait for his wife because of Shalom Bayit even if that means missing lighting precisely at the time for lighting. <ref> Emet LeYacov 677 in the footnote, Kovetz MeBet Levi kislev 5757. </ref> | # One should wait for his wife because of Shalom Bayit even if that means missing lighting precisely at the time for lighting. <ref> Emet LeYacov 677 in the footnote, Kovetz MeBet Levi kislev 5757. </ref> | ||
# One who didn’t light at night (before [[Olot HaShachar]]) can’t light during the day, but if one wants, one can light without a bracha. <ref> S”A 672:2. Siddur Rashi 116 pg 151 (quoting Teshuvat Rabbenu Yitzchak Bar Yehuda) says if one didn’t light during the night one can’t light during the day. So quotes Sh”t Maaseh Goenim 55 pg 43, Teshuvat Rashi 52, Machsor Vitri 237 pg 201, Sh”t Maharam MeRotenberg 634, Pardes HaGadol 199, Tur 672, Shibolei HaLeket 185, and Roke’ach 226. Ravyah 3:843 in name of Rabbenu Tam says one can light in the day if one didn’t light at night. Sh”t Hitorerut [[Teshuva]] 1:119 writes that since we light nowadays indoors one should light as long as the candle gives off light (before [[HaNetz]], when the sun’s light overwhelms the candles light). However, Rav Ovadyah in Kol Sinai (kislev 5725) and Torat HaMoadim 4:5 argue that even though one should light to satisfy all opinions one isn’t allowed to make a bracha. </ref> | # One who didn’t light at night (before [[Olot HaShachar]]) can’t light during the day, but if one wants, one can light without a bracha. <ref> S”A 672:2. Siddur Rashi 116 pg 151 (quoting Teshuvat Rabbenu Yitzchak Bar Yehuda) says if one didn’t light during the night one can’t light during the day. So quotes Sh”t Maaseh Goenim 55 pg 43, Teshuvat Rashi 52, Machsor Vitri 237 pg 201, Sh”t Maharam MeRotenberg 634, Pardes HaGadol 199, Tur 672, Shibolei HaLeket 185, and Roke’ach 226. Ravyah 3:843 in name of Rabbenu Tam says one can light in the day if one didn’t light at night. Sh”t Hitorerut [[Teshuva]] 1:119 writes that since we light nowadays indoors one should light as long as the candle gives off light (before [[HaNetz]], when the sun’s light overwhelms the candles light). However, Rav Ovadyah in Kol Sinai (kislev 5725) and Torat HaMoadim 4:5 argue that even though one should light to satisfy all opinions one isn’t allowed to make a bracha. </ref> | ||
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== Lighting before or after Mariv== | == Lighting before or after Mariv== | ||
# One who came home late and has to pray [[Mariv]] and light candles should pray first. <ref> Chazon Ovadyah ([[Chanukah]] pg 71) and Mishna Brurah (explained in Beiur Halacha) 672:1 brings two proofs :1)Tosfot ([[Shabbat]] 23b s.v. Hadar) says Tadir VeShEno Tadir, Tadir Kodem (the more common mitzvah comes first) overrides the mitzvah of Pirsume Nisa (publicizing the miracle. This is also the opinion of Meiri ([[Shabbat]] 23b) in name of Gedolei Dorot, Ran ([[Shabbat]] 23b), Ramban ([[Shabbat]] 22b), Rosh ([[Shabbat]] 2:13), Rashba ([[Shabbat]] 22b), Teshuvat Rashba 1:1070, Rabbenu Yerucham (p. 61d 2). Also, [[Kriyat Shema]] is Deoritta and lighting candles is Derabanan and Peni Yehoshua [[Brachot]] 51b, Nodeh BeYehuda Kama O”C 39,41e, and Sh”t Rama MePano 14 hold Deorittas precede a Derabanan. Even though the Shagat Aryeh argues that Deorittas don’t have any precedence over Derabanan’s, most of the achronim agree with the Peni Yehoshua including: Sh”t Imrei Esh O”C 53, Mispeh Eitan ([[Brachot]] 51b), Chatom Sofer (Pesachim 102b), and Sh”t Shev Yacov O”C 22. However | # One who came home late and has to pray [[Mariv]] and light candles should pray first. <ref> Chazon Ovadyah ([[Chanukah]] pg 71) and Mishna Brurah (explained in Beiur Halacha) 672:1 brings two proofs :1)Tosfot ([[Shabbat]] 23b s.v. Hadar) says Tadir VeShEno Tadir, Tadir Kodem (the more common mitzvah comes first) overrides the mitzvah of Pirsume Nisa (publicizing the miracle. This is also the opinion of Meiri ([[Shabbat]] 23b) in name of Gedolei Dorot, Ran ([[Shabbat]] 23b), Ramban ([[Shabbat]] 22b), Rosh ([[Shabbat]] 2:13), Rashba ([[Shabbat]] 22b), Teshuvat Rashba 1:1070, Rabbenu Yerucham (p. 61d 2). Also, [[Kriyat Shema]] is Deoritta and lighting candles is Derabanan and Peni Yehoshua [[Brachot]] 51b, Nodeh BeYehuda Kama O”C 39,41e, and Sh”t Rama MePano 14 hold Deorittas precede a Derabanan. Even though the Shagat Aryeh argues that Deorittas don’t have any precedence over Derabanan’s, most of the achronim agree with the Peni Yehoshua including: Sh”t Imrei Esh O”C 53, Mispeh Eitan ([[Brachot]] 51b), Chatom Sofer (Pesachim 102b), and Sh”t Shev Yacov O”C 22. However Magen Avraham 672:5 rules one should light before praying [[Mariv]]. Because of Tadir and [[Shema]] is Deoritta, Sh”t Shevut Yacov 2:40, Sh”t Shev Yacov 22 quoted by Sh”t Orach LeChaim O”C 1, implied from Sh”t Lechem Seirim 21, Shoel UMeishiv (Riviah 2:219) and Chaim VeChesed Mosefia pg 90d:11 in name of Mahari MeTaril disagree with the Magen Avraham. Chidushei Maharsa 8b says that everyone agrees that if it’s close to [[Chatzot]] one should pray before lighting because preferably one should pray before [[Chatzot]]. [Bear Hetev 672:2 quotes Magen Avraham and then says so holds Knesset Hagedolah. However Shaarei [[Teshuva]] 672:1 says that the Bear Hetev made a mistake about the Knesset Hagedolah as appears from Sh”t Shevut Yacov. Sh”t Shevut Yacov quotes the Shaarei Knesset Hagedolah (Hagahot Hatur 672:1) who writes that he retracted from his opinion that one should light before praying. ] </ref> | ||
# Sephardim have the Minhag to pray [[Mariv]] at Shkiah and to light individually at Tzet. So too, if the [[minyan]] prays at Tzet they should pray and then light individually unless there’s a concern that they won’t be able to light before ‘Tichle Regel’, in which case each individual should light before praying. One should set up the chanukia and candles before Tzet so that after [[Mariv]] one can light right away. <ref> Torat HaMoadim 4:8 and Kaf Hachaim 672:5 say that because of Tadir we pray and then light. Chida in Machzik Bracha 672:3, Sh”t Mahari Halevi 1:182, says if there’s a concern of missing ‘Tichle Regel’ one could light first. One should set it up beforehand as per Mishna Brurah 672:1 and Kaf Hachaim 672:6. </ref> | # Sephardim have the Minhag to pray [[Mariv]] at Shkiah and to light individually at Tzet. So too, if the [[minyan]] prays at Tzet they should pray and then light individually unless there’s a concern that they won’t be able to light before ‘Tichle Regel’, in which case each individual should light before praying. One should set up the chanukia and candles before Tzet so that after [[Mariv]] one can light right away. <ref> Torat HaMoadim 4:8 and Kaf Hachaim 672:5 say that because of Tadir we pray and then light. Chida in Machzik Bracha 672:3, Sh”t Mahari Halevi 1:182, says if there’s a concern of missing ‘Tichle Regel’ one could light first. One should set it up beforehand as per Mishna Brurah 672:1 and Kaf Hachaim 672:6. </ref> | ||
# Ashkenzim who have the Minhag to pray at Tzet, should light at Shkiah before praying [[Mariv]] at Tzet. If Tzet came and one didn’t light he should first pray and then light. However some have the Minhag to always light after praying [[Mariv]]. One should set up the chanukia and candles before Tzet so that after [[Mariv]] one can light right away. <ref> Mishna Brurah 672:1 in name of Mor Ukesiah and the Minhag of the Gra to light before they prayed at Tzet, if one didn’t light until Tzet one prays first because of Tadir and that [[Shema]] is Deoritta. He also records the practice of some who would always light after [[Mariv]]. Torat HaMoadim 4:8 agrees. One should set it up beforehand as per Mishna Brurah 672:1 and Kaf Hachaim 672:6. </ref> | # Ashkenzim who have the Minhag to pray at Tzet, should light at Shkiah before praying [[Mariv]] at Tzet. If Tzet came and one didn’t light he should first pray and then light. However some have the Minhag to always light after praying [[Mariv]]. One should set up the chanukia and candles before Tzet so that after [[Mariv]] one can light right away. <ref> Mishna Brurah 672:1 in name of Mor Ukesiah and the Minhag of the Gra to light before they prayed at Tzet, if one didn’t light until Tzet one prays first because of Tadir and that [[Shema]] is Deoritta. He also records the practice of some who would always light after [[Mariv]]. Torat HaMoadim 4:8 agrees. One should set it up beforehand as per Mishna Brurah 672:1 and Kaf Hachaim 672:6. </ref> | ||
