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Dosh: Difference between revisions
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==General prohibition== | ==General prohibition== | ||
# [[Dash]] includes removing any earth-grown food from its natural shell or attachment.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 317) </ref> | # [[Dash]] includes removing any earth-grown food from its natural shell or attachment.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 317) based on the explanation of Rabbeinu Chananel (Shabbos 74a). | ||
# Mefarek is a [[Toldah]] of Dosh. <ref>Rashi [[Shabbat]] 73b and Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 8:7 and 21:12) write that Mefarek is a [[Toldah]] of Dosh. </ref> | <br /> The Gemara Shabbos (75a) records a dispute between Rebbi Yehuda and the Chachamim whether the Melacha of Dosh only applies to giduley karka, meaning things that grow in the ground. The Rambam (hilchos Shabbos 8:7) rules like the Chachamim that mi’d’oraisa it only applies to giduley karka, and this is the opinion of most of the Rishonim. </ref> | ||
# There is a dispute amongst the Rishonim whether Dosh is only violated by removing something that is covered by its encasing, as was the case in the mishkan, or that any detachment from something unwanted would be a violation of Dosh.<ref> This dispute is quoted in Eglei Tal (Dosh #2:3). It is based on the machlokes between Rashi (73b s.v. mefareik) and Tosfos (73b s.v. v’achas) about how to explain why the Gemara says that one would be in violation of a toldah of Dosh when knocking off a tree.* Seemingly, this question is relevant to whether it is permitted to detach grapes from their vine, and, thus, the Achronim wonder why it is that the Ramo (siman 336:8) rules without question that it is permitted to remove a fruit from a branch that was detached before Shabbos. * The Pri Megadim (introduction to siman 320) explains that the Ramo concludes like those Rishonim who assume Dosh is only violated when it entails removing something usable from a covered p’soles. * However, many Achronim are weary of taking this approach. As an alternative, the Eglei Tal (Dosh #11) says that Dosh does not apply when the detachment is being done for immediate use, as threshing is done as a preparation for further processing. A similar approach is taken by Rav Moshe Feinstein (Igros Moshe O”C vol. 1, siman 125) to explain why the removal of a shell from a nut or a peel from garlic is only a question of Borer and not Dosh. * Another explanation is offered by the Shvisas HaShabbos (Introduction to Meleches Dosh, no. 4) quoting the Shem Chodosh who argues that Dosh is only violated when the ochel is extracted by putting pressure on the entire item, which was the way it was done in the Mishkan. * Rav Mordechai Willig (Am Mordechai Shabbos siman 21) suggests a fourth approach based on the Aruch Hashulchan (319:20) that Dosh is only violated when working on many items at the same time. Rav Willig notes that according to this explanation one would have to be careful not to pick many grapes at once. </ref> | |||
==In the Mishkan== | |||
# According to most Rishonim, the melacha of Dosh was done in the Mishkan by threshing the seeds from their shells so that they could be used for the dyes.<ref> 39 Melachos, vol. 2, pg. 315. The Eglei Tal (Introduction #1) quotes the opinion of some Rishonim who maintained that Dosh was done in preparation for the bread that was needed in the Mishkan, in which the case the melacha was removing the grain kernels from their chaff and stalk (39 Melachos, vol. 2, pg. 315). </ref> | |||
==Toladot== | |||
===Mefarek=== | |||
# Mefarek is a [[Toldah]] of Dosh. <ref>Rashi [[Shabbat]] 73b and Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 8:7 and 21:12) write that Mefarek is a [[Toldah]] of Dosh. <br /> | |||
One major difference between Mefareik and its Av is that Dosh is the removal of ochel from p’soles, something unwanted, which is not the case with squeezing juice from fruit. In order to maintain the comparison, the squeezing of the juice must be viewed as squeezing liquid from food. Therefore, the Gemara (144b) rules that squeezing juice directly into food (not drink) is permitted since then it is viewed as removing food from food and is not similar to Dosh where the extract is different than what it is removed from.<br />The Mishna Brurah (Sha’ar Ha’tziun Siman 320, no. 23) quotes a machlokes Rishonim regarding squeezing into a plate with the intention of subsequently pouring it into food. The Chazon Ish (O”C 55:6) rules that it is only permitted if it is direct and such is the opinion of Shmiras Shabbos k’Hilchisa (chap. 5, seif 5). See, however, Biur Halacha 320:1 s.v. muter </ref> | |||
# Mefarek includes [[squeezing]] juice from fruit ([[Sechitah]]) or liquid from a cloth. <ref>Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 8:10 and 21:12) writes that [[squeezing]] fruit ([[Sechitah]]) is a violation of Mefarek. 39 Melachos (Dosh note 113) quotes Tosfot Ketubot 6a s.v. Hay who holds that [[squeezing]] a liquid from a cloth is also considered Mefarek. </ref> | # Mefarek includes [[squeezing]] juice from fruit ([[Sechitah]]) or liquid from a cloth. <ref>Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 8:10 and 21:12) writes that [[squeezing]] fruit ([[Sechitah]]) is a violation of Mefarek. 39 Melachos (Dosh note 113) quotes Tosfot Ketubot 6a s.v. Hay who holds that [[squeezing]] a liquid from a cloth is also considered Mefarek. </ref> | ||
==Removing peas from a pod== | ==Removing peas from a pod== | ||
# One may not remove peas from an inedible pod on [[Shabbat]]. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 325) </ref> | # One may not remove peas from an inedible pod on [[Shabbat]]. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 325) </ref> | ||
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==Squeezing a fruit== | ==Squeezing a fruit== | ||
# It is forbidden to squeeze a fruit in order to extract its liquid if one squeezes the fruit into a liquid or empty vessel. The prohibition is violated whether it is done by hand or with a utensil. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 5:1,2. [[Squeezing]] a liquid out of a solid ([[Sechita]]) is Mefarek which is a [[Toldah]] of the Melacha of [[Dash]] (Iglei Tal, [[Dash]] #8, Mishna Brurah 320:1). | # It is forbidden to squeeze a fruit in order to extract its liquid if one squeezes the fruit into a liquid or empty vessel. The prohibition is violated whether it is done by hand or with a utensil. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 5:1,2. [[Squeezing]] a liquid out of a solid ([[Sechita]]) is Mefarek which is a [[Toldah]] of the Melacha of [[Dash]] (Iglei Tal, [[Dash]] #8, Mishna Brurah 320:1). | ||
* | * Shulchan Aruch 320:1 writes that it's forbidden to squeeze olives and grapes and the juice which flows from them on their own is also forbidden for consumption. However, berries and pomegranates even though they are forbidden to be squeezed the juices from them that flow on their own are permissible if the fruit was meant to be eaten and not be squeezed for the juice. Lastly, all other fruits may be squeezed. The Rama 320:1 explains that in places where it's normal to squeeze certain fruits for their juices it is also forbidden to squeeze those fruits just like berries and pomegranates; in other words, the Rama 320:1 holds that a fruit's usage is based location. Mishna Brurah 320:5 explains that [[squeezing]] berries and pomegranates is forbidden rabbinically because some people squeeze them for the juice like grapes and olives. However, all other fruit in the days of Shulchan Aruch weren't squeezed for juice and were eaten. That's why it is permissible to squeeze such fruits because the fruit if considered like a solid and extracting one solid from another is permissible. | ||
* Therefore, the Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata (chap 5 note 4) writes that nowadays that it is common to squeeze all fruits for their juice it is forbidden to squeeze any fruit on [[Shabbat]]. On the other hand, 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 328) lists certain fruits which are rabbinically prohibited to squeeze including oranges, lemons, grapefruits, apples, pineapples, cherries, strawberries, peaches, plums, pomegranates, and tomatoes. Similarly, Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]], vol 3, 343 and 491) delineates certain fruits which are squeezed for the juices in some places such as grapes, olives, berries, pomegranates, apples, grapefruits, pears, mangoes, tangerines, and pineapples would be forbidden to squeeze on [[Shabbat]], however, fruits which are not squeezed anywhere such as quince or watermelon one be squeezed on [[Shabbat]]. Yalkut Yosef (pg 344) adds that even when it is permissible to squeeze a fruit, it may only be done by hand and not with a juicer (tool).</ref> One may not squeeze a fruit into an empty vessel with intent to put solid food in afterwards. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 5:5 </ref> | * Therefore, the Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata (chap 5 note 4) writes that nowadays that it is common to squeeze all fruits for their juice it is forbidden to squeeze any fruit on [[Shabbat]]. On the other hand, 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 328) lists certain fruits which are rabbinically prohibited to squeeze including oranges, lemons, grapefruits, apples, pineapples, cherries, strawberries, peaches, plums, pomegranates, and tomatoes. Similarly, Yalkut Yosef ([[Shabbat]], vol 3, 343 and 491) delineates certain fruits which are squeezed for the juices in some places such as grapes, olives, berries, pomegranates, apples, grapefruits, pears, mangoes, tangerines, and pineapples would be forbidden to squeeze on [[Shabbat]], however, fruits which are not squeezed anywhere such as quince or watermelon one be squeezed on [[Shabbat]]. Yalkut Yosef (pg 344) adds that even when it is permissible to squeeze a fruit, it may only be done by hand and not with a juicer (tool).</ref> One may not squeeze a fruit into an empty vessel with intent to put solid food in afterwards. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 5:5. The Mishna Brurah (Sha’ar Ha’tziun Siman 320, no. 23) quotes a machlokes Rishonim regarding squeezing into a plate with the intention of subsequently pouring it into food. The Chazon Ish (O”C 55:6) rules that it is only permitted if it is directly onto food and such is the opinion of Shmiras Shabbos k’Hilchiso (chap. 5, seif 5). See, however, Biur Halacha 320:1 s.v. muter </ref> | ||
# It’s permitted to squeeze a fruit with one’s hand onto a solid food if either the food absorbs the liquid or the liquid is meant to improve the flavor of the food. <Ref>Gemara Shabbat 144b, | # It’s permitted to squeeze a fruit with one’s hand onto a solid food if either the food absorbs the liquid or the liquid is meant to improve the flavor of the food. <Ref>Gemara Shabbat 144b, Shulchan Aruch 505:1, Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 5:3,7, 39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 345) </ref> | ||
===Liquids that oozed out on their own=== | ===Liquids that oozed out on their own=== | ||
# Juice that oozed (by itself) out of fruit, which is specifically designated to be eaten, is permitted to drink. <Ref>Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 5:11 </ref> | # Juice that oozed (by itself) out of fruit, which is specifically designated to be eaten, is permitted to drink. <Ref>Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 5:11 </ref> | ||
===Squeezing a lemon=== | ===Squeezing a lemon=== | ||
# It is permitted to squeeze a lemon on sugar even if one’s intent is to put the sugar in a liquid afterwards, however, there are authorities who are strict on this issue. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 5:5,6, 39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 346). Although the Shulchan Aruch 320:6 states that one may squeeze a lemon on [[Shabbat]], the Mishna Brurah 320:22 explains that the reason for the leniency doesn't apply today. | # It is permitted to squeeze a lemon on sugar even if one’s intent is to put the sugar in a liquid afterwards, however, there are authorities who are strict on this issue. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 5:5,6, 39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 346). Although the Shulchan Aruch 320:6 states that one may squeeze a lemon on [[Shabbat]], the Mishna Brurah 320:22 explains that the reason for the leniency doesn't apply today. Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 80:12 writes that it is forbidden to squeeze lemons to make lemonade.</ref> | ||
# It’s permissible to cut a slice of lemon and put it into a drink even though the juice will seep out. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 5:2 </ref> Note that if the drink is hot tea its only permissible if it is made in a Kli Shelishi (see [[Bishul]]). One may gently stir the tea but one may not press the lemon against the wall of the cup. Additionally, one should cut the lemon directly over the tea. <ref> 39 | # It’s permissible to cut a slice of lemon and put it into a drink even though the juice will seep out. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 5:2. Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata’s source is the Kalkelet Shabbat (Dosh) who cites the Taz 320:7 for this halacha. It seems that the primary reason for the leniency is that the juice being squeezed out isn’t intentional. </ref> Note that if the drink is hot tea its only permissible if it is made in a Kli Shelishi (see [[Bishul]]). One may gently stir the tea but one may not press the lemon against the wall of the cup. Additionally, one should cut the lemon directly over the tea. <ref> 39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 340) </ref> | ||
===Squeezing out excess liquid=== | ===Squeezing out excess liquid=== | ||
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# One may scrape out grapefruit with a spoon to eat the pulp (the flesh of the fruit) attached to the peel, however, it's forbidden to press the spoon against the pulp in order to extract juices. <ref> 39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 341), [http://www.dailyhalacha.com/displayRead.asp?readID=2278 Rabbi Mansour] on Dailyhalacha.com </ref> | # One may scrape out grapefruit with a spoon to eat the pulp (the flesh of the fruit) attached to the peel, however, it's forbidden to press the spoon against the pulp in order to extract juices. <ref> 39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 341), [http://www.dailyhalacha.com/displayRead.asp?readID=2278 Rabbi Mansour] on Dailyhalacha.com </ref> | ||
===Squeezing grapes=== | ===Squeezing grapes=== | ||
# It is permitted to squeeze grapes onto food, but it is forbidden to squeeze grapes into an empty dish even if it is for flavor. <ref> | # It is permitted to squeeze grapes onto food, but it is forbidden to squeeze grapes into an empty dish even if it is for flavor. <ref> Shulchan Aruch 320:4 </ref> | ||
# However, if one is stringent and does not even squeeze fruits onto food shall be blessed. <ref> Mishnah | # However, if one is stringent and does not even squeeze fruits onto food shall be blessed. <ref> Mishnah Brurah 320:17 </ref> | ||
# It’s preferable not to squeeze grapes even onto solid foods that will absorb the liquid or be improved. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 5:4 </ref> | # It’s preferable not to squeeze grapes even onto solid foods that will absorb the liquid or be improved. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 5:4 </ref> | ||
# One shouldn’t suck on grapes while holding them in one’s hand, rather one should put the entire grape in one’s mouth, eat (or suck on it) and take out what’s left. <Ref>Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 5:10 </ref> | # One shouldn’t suck on grapes while holding them in one’s hand, rather one should put the entire grape in one’s mouth, eat (or suck on it) and take out what’s left. <Ref>Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 5:10 </ref> | ||
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==Squeezing a liquid out of a cloth== | ==Squeezing a liquid out of a cloth== | ||
# It is forbidden to squeeze any liquid out of any cloth on [[Shabbat]]. <ref> | # It is forbidden to squeeze any liquid out of any cloth on [[Shabbat]]. <ref>Shulchan Aruch 320:12, 18, 39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 347) </ref> | ||
# If wine spilled on a tablecloth one may not wring out the cloth. If some of the liquid didn't get absorbed one may scoop it off with a spoon if one is careful not to spread the colored wine over a wider area (which is an issue of [[Tzoveya]]. <ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 348) </ref> | # If wine spilled on a tablecloth one may not wring out the cloth. If some of the liquid didn't get absorbed one may scoop it off with a spoon if one is careful not to spread the colored wine over a wider area (which is an issue of [[Tzoveya]]. <ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 348) </ref> | ||
# A wet washcloth or rag is not [[Muktzeh]] and may be moved if one is careful not to grip it tightly. <ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 354) </ref> | # A wet washcloth or rag is not [[Muktzeh]] and may be moved if one is careful not to grip it tightly. <ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 354) </ref> | ||
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# A wet sponge is [[Muktzeh]] Machmat Issur and may only be moved if the space it is occupying is needed. When moving a wet sponge one should do so gently so as not to squeeze out any liquid. However, a dry sponge or a wet sponge which has a handle or vinyl backing aren't [[muktzeh]] and may be moved for any necessary purpose. <ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 354) </ref> | # A wet sponge is [[Muktzeh]] Machmat Issur and may only be moved if the space it is occupying is needed. When moving a wet sponge one should do so gently so as not to squeeze out any liquid. However, a dry sponge or a wet sponge which has a handle or vinyl backing aren't [[muktzeh]] and may be moved for any necessary purpose. <ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 354) </ref> | ||
==Squeezing water from hair== | ==Squeezing water from hair== | ||
# It is forbidden to squeeze water out of one's hair on [[Shabbat]]. <ref>Mishna Brurah 326:25</ref>Similarly, one shouldn't shampoo one's hair on [[shabbat]]. <ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 371)</ref> | # It is forbidden to squeeze water out of one's hair on [[Shabbat]].<ref>Mishna Brurah 326:25. See Yabia Omer 4:30:19 who proves that the Rashba and other rishonim hold that there's no rabbinic prohibition to squeeze hair. However, he does not conclude in accordance with those rishonim; instead he follows the Rambam and Shulchan Aruch that it is rabbinically forbidden.</ref> Similarly, one shouldn't shampoo one's hair on [[shabbat]].<ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 371)</ref> | ||
# One may wet one's hair if one does not squeeze it out. <ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 371)</ref> | # One may wet one's hair if one does not squeeze it out. <ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 371)</ref> | ||
# One should not shake one's head vigorously in order to remove the absorbed water. <ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 372)</ref> | # One should not shake one's head vigorously in order to remove the absorbed water. <ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 372)</ref> | ||
# One may tightly wrap a towel on one's hair to absorb the liquid because the liquid is absorbed immediately and becomes useless. <ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 371)</ref> | # One may not dry one's hair with a towel by pressing the towel to the wet hair. Instead one should touch the towel lightly to the hair.<ref>Ben Ish Chai (Pekudei II n. 8) writes that one could pat dry the hair with a towel but not press. This is also the conclusion of [https://www.yeshiva.org.il/ask/91086]. Mishna Brurah (Biur Halacha 326:8) who emphasizes that when going to the mikveh one should be careful not to violate sechita implies the same.</ref> | ||
# One may tightly wrap a towel on one's hair to absorb the liquid because the liquid is absorbed immediately and becomes useless.<ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 371)</ref> | |||
==Cleaning a counter or table== | ==Cleaning a counter or table== | ||
# One may use a rag or towel to wipe up a spill if the rag or towel is able to soak up the entire spill without needing to wring it out. One may also use many rags at the same time if together they can absorb the spill. <ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 350-1) </ref> | # One may use a rag or towel to wipe up a spill if the rag or towel is able to soak up the entire spill without needing to wring it out. One may also use many rags at the same time if together they can absorb the spill. <ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 350-1) </ref> | ||
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==Baby wipes== | ==Baby wipes== | ||
# Some say that one may use baby wipes to clean a baby if one does it gently and doesn't press down.<ref>[http://www.dailyhalacha.com/displayRead.asp?readID=2277 Rabbi Mansour] on Dailyhalacha.com</ref> However, some advise not using baby wipes but rather tissues and water as described in the following halacha. <ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 353) </ref> | # Some say that one may use baby wipes to clean a baby if one does it gently and doesn't press down.<ref>Yalkut Yosef 302:31 based on Har Tzvi OC 1:190, [http://www.dailyhalacha.com/displayRead.asp?readID=2277 Rabbi Mansour] on Dailyhalacha.com</ref> However, some advise not using baby wipes but rather tissues and water as described in the following halacha. <ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 353) </ref> | ||
# One should not wet a cloth and then wipe the baby rather the liquid such as water, thin lotion, or oil should be applied to the baby's skin and then wiped with a paper napkin or paper towel and if that's not available then one may use a dry cloth. If one uses a dry cloth then once it gets wet one should be very cautious not to apply pressure when wiping. <ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 351) </ref> | # One should not wet a cloth and then wipe the baby rather the liquid such as water, thin lotion, or oil should be applied to the baby's skin and then wiped with a paper napkin or paper towel and if that's not available then one may use a dry cloth. If one uses a dry cloth then once it gets wet one should be very cautious not to apply pressure when wiping. <ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 351) </ref> | ||
==Nursing== | ==Nursing== | ||
# It is only permissible to nurse on [[Shabbat]] if the infant feeds directly from the mother. A nursing mother who is experiencing pain may express excess milk if it goes directly to waste and is not collected in a cup or container. <ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 356) </ref> | # It is only permissible to nurse on [[Shabbat]] if the infant feeds directly from the mother. A nursing mother who is experiencing pain may express excess milk if it goes directly to waste and is not collected in a cup or container. <ref>39 Melachos (vol 2, pg 356) </ref> | ||
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* [[Sechitah on Yom Tov]] | * [[Sechitah on Yom Tov]] | ||
* [[Showering on Yom Tov]] | * [[Showering on Yom Tov]] | ||
==Links== | |||
*[http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/786011/Rabbi_Mordechai_I_Willig/Halacha_Sugyos_of_Shabbos_73b Halacha Sugyos of Shabbos 73b] by Rabbi Mordechai Willig | |||
* [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/802348/Rabbi_Daniel_Stein/Gemara_Shabbos_#51_-_Dosh:_Sechitah_Review Dosh: Sechita Review] by Rabbi Daniel Stein | |||
==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
[[Category:Shabbat]] | [[Category:Shabbat]] | ||
