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Choresh: Difference between revisions
From Halachipedia
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==Definition== | ==Definition== | ||
# The most definition of Choresh is any action that prepares the soil for planting. <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 251) </ref> | # The most definition of Choresh is any action that prepares the soil for planting. <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 251) </ref> | ||
# The three types of actions that are forbidden as ‘Plowing’ are making holes, softening, and flattening the ground to prepare it for planting. <Ref> Kalkelet Shabbat 2 </ref> | # The three types of actions that are forbidden as ‘Plowing’ are making holes, softening, and flattening the ground to prepare it for planting. <Ref> Kalkelet [[Shabbat]] 2 </ref> | ||
# The extensions of the Torah prohibition of ‘Plowing’ include removing rocks or thorns from a field, spreading out fertilizer in a field, and watering a field (in order to soften it). <Ref> Rambam Shabbat 8:1 </ref> | # The extensions of the Torah prohibition of ‘Plowing’ include removing rocks or thorns from a field, spreading out fertilizer in a field, and watering a field (in order to soften it). <Ref> Rambam [[Shabbat]] 8:1 </ref> | ||
# It's forbidden to remove dirt mounds and stones or fill in holes in the field in order to flatten the ground. <ref> Mishna Brurah (Intro to 337) </ref> | # It's forbidden to remove dirt mounds and stones or fill in holes in the field in order to flatten the ground. <ref> Mishna Brurah (Intro to 337) </ref> | ||
==Amount== | ==Amount== | ||
# Plowing of any amount is forbidden<Ref> Rambam Shabbat 8:1, Mishna Brurah (Intro to 337) </ref> because even a tiny hole is useful to plant a tiny seed. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 252) </ref> | # Plowing of any amount is forbidden<Ref> Rambam [[Shabbat]] 8:1, Mishna Brurah (Intro to 337) </ref> because even a tiny hole is useful to plant a tiny seed. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 252) </ref> | ||
==Watering dirt or a plant== | ==Watering dirt or a plant== | ||
# It's forbidden to water soil on Shabbat. (According to many authorities this is prohibited because of Choresh as it improves the field, while others prohibit it because of Zoreha, planting.) <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 254) </ref> | # It's forbidden to water soil on [[Shabbat]]. (According to many authorities this is prohibited because of Choresh as it improves the field, while others prohibit it because of Zoreha, planting.) <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 254) </ref> | ||
# It's permissible to water desert land if nothing isn't used for planting while the ground is still moist. <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 254) </ref> | # It's permissible to water desert land if nothing isn't used for planting while the ground is still moist. <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 254) </ref> | ||
# It's forbidden to wash one's hands over grass or vegetation. <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 268) </ref> | # It's forbidden to wash one's hands over grass or vegetation. <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 268) </ref> | ||
# Since acidic or caustic liquids do not promote vegetation it's permissible to spill vinegar or alcohol on vegetation. Similarly according to many authorities if there is a great need it is permissible to urinate on plants on Shabbat. <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 268) </ref> | # Since acidic or caustic liquids do not promote vegetation it's permissible to spill vinegar or alcohol on vegetation. Similarly according to many authorities if there is a great need it is permissible to urinate on plants on [[Shabbat]]. <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 268) </ref> | ||
==Clearing the ground== | ==Clearing the ground== | ||
# It's forbidden to clear rocks, logs, or debris off the terrain as it is considered Mesakel (a [[Toldah]] of Choresh) because it improves it for planting. <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 255) </ref> | # It's forbidden to clear rocks, logs, or debris off the terrain as it is considered Mesakel (a [[Toldah]] of Choresh) because it improves it for planting. <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 255) </ref> | ||
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# In previous centuries when the flooring was earth it there was no concern of Choresh when digging or filling in holes but there is a prohibition of Boneh (as it improves the structure of the floor). <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 255-6) </ref> | # In previous centuries when the flooring was earth it there was no concern of Choresh when digging or filling in holes but there is a prohibition of Boneh (as it improves the structure of the floor). <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 255-6) </ref> | ||
==Weeding== | ==Weeding== | ||
# It is forbidden to remove weeds from a field on Shabbat. <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 255) </ref> | # It is forbidden to remove weeds from a field on [[Shabbat]]. <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 255) </ref> | ||
# It is fertilizing | # It is fertilizing | ||
==Cleaning off one's shoes== | ==Cleaning off one's shoes== | ||
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# Even there's no issue of Choresh in digging or plowing in a arid desert soil, or under a low deck or porch where vegetation can not grow, nonetheless there is another concern of Boneh. <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 254) </ref> | # Even there's no issue of Choresh in digging or plowing in a arid desert soil, or under a low deck or porch where vegetation can not grow, nonetheless there is another concern of Boneh. <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 254) </ref> | ||
==Sweeping on shabbat== | ==Sweeping on shabbat== | ||
# One can’t sweep in a courtyard even if it’s tiled as a prohibition of sweeping a field but sweeping in a house (with flooring, where majority of houses in the city have flooring) is permitted. One shouldn’t use a broom with straw bristles because it’s definitely going to cause individual bristles to break. <Ref> S”A 337:2, Mishna Brurah 337:14, Sefer Hilchot Shabbat (vol 2 pg 51, Choresh note 115, by Rabbi Eider) in name of Rabbi Moshe Feinstein), 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 256-7) </ref> | # One can’t sweep in a courtyard even if it’s tiled as a prohibition of sweeping a field but sweeping in a house (with flooring, where majority of houses in the city have flooring) is permitted. One shouldn’t use a broom with straw bristles because it’s definitely going to cause individual bristles to break. <Ref> S”A 337:2, Mishna Brurah 337:14, Sefer Hilchot [[Shabbat]] (vol 2 pg 51, Choresh note 115, by Rabbi Eider) in name of Rabbi Moshe Feinstein), 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 256-7) </ref> | ||
==Games on dirt== | ==Games on dirt== | ||
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# Playing marbles on a dirt floor is forbidden because it may smoothen the ground. Many poskim permit playing on flooring (wood, concrete, carpet), while others impose the prohibition to all floorings. Nonetheless, all agree that it's permissible to play marbles on a table or on a large floor mat. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2 pg 259) </ref> | # Playing marbles on a dirt floor is forbidden because it may smoothen the ground. Many poskim permit playing on flooring (wood, concrete, carpet), while others impose the prohibition to all floorings. Nonetheless, all agree that it's permissible to play marbles on a table or on a large floor mat. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2 pg 259) </ref> | ||
===Playing with dice=== | ===Playing with dice=== | ||
# Playing with dice on the ground is forbidden because it may smoothen the ground. This prohibition applies even to flooring in a house but not a rug or a table. <Ref> S”A 338:5, Mishna Brurah 338:20, Kalkelet Shabbat 2 </ref> | # Playing with dice on the ground is forbidden because it may smoothen the ground. This prohibition applies even to flooring in a house but not a rug or a table. <Ref> S”A 338:5, Mishna Brurah 338:20, Kalkelet [[Shabbat]] 2 </ref> | ||
===Playing with soccer=== | ===Playing with soccer=== | ||
# One should not play soccer on a dirt field. <ref>Practical Halachos of Shabbos (pg 21) based on Mishna Brurah 308:158 who says that one shouldn't play with a ball on the ground because of the concern of flattening out the ground. </ref> | # One should not play soccer on a dirt field. <ref>Practical Halachos of Shabbos (pg 21) based on Mishna Brurah 308:158 who says that one shouldn't play with a ball on the ground because of the concern of flattening out the ground. </ref> | ||
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==Playing with sand== | ==Playing with sand== | ||
# There is no issue of Choresh in digging in fine dry sand (however, there is an issue of muktzah) and so it is permissible to drag a chair in sand even though it will make a furrow. <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 252) </ref> | # There is no issue of Choresh in digging in fine dry sand (however, there is an issue of muktzah) and so it is permissible to drag a chair in sand even though it will make a furrow. <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 252) </ref> | ||
# It’s permissible for children to play with sand that’s fine, dry, and prepared before Shabbat for this use (as in a sandbox). One may not add water to the sand on Shabbat. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 16:4, Children in Halacha (Rabbi Simcha Bunim, pg 137-8), 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 253) </ref> | # It’s permissible for children to play with sand that’s fine, dry, and prepared before [[Shabbat]] for this use (as in a sandbox). One may not add water to the sand on [[Shabbat]]. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 16:4, Children in Halacha (Rabbi Simcha Bunim, pg 137-8), 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 253) </ref> | ||
# One may not dig in moist or clumpy sand. Therefore if the sand in a sandbox is moist or has solidified as is common after the rain one should not allow children to play in the sandbox. <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 254) </ref> | # One may not dig in moist or clumpy sand. Therefore if the sand in a sandbox is moist or has solidified as is common after the rain one should not allow children to play in the sandbox. <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 254) </ref> | ||
# Adding water to sand is a violation of the Melacha of Losh (kneading). <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 254) </ref> | # Adding water to sand is a violation of the Melacha of Losh (kneading). <Ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 254) </ref> | ||
==Dragging heavy objects== | ==Dragging heavy objects== | ||
# It’s permitted to drag a bed, chair, or bench on dirt if you don’t intend to make a hole with it. But a heavy bench or table which will definitely make a hole can’t be dragged even in a tiled courtyard [but is permitted in a house]. <Ref> S”A 337:1, M”B 337:4, Biur Halacha “VeYesh” </ref> It is permissible to push a carraige or wheel chair on dirt befcause the wheels aren't digging up dirt but depressing it. <Ref>Practical Halachos of Shabbat (pg 21) quoting Hilchos Shabbos by Rabbi Shimon Eider (pg 43 par 8) </ref> | # It’s permitted to drag a bed, chair, or bench on dirt if you don’t intend to make a hole with it. But a heavy bench or table which will definitely make a hole can’t be dragged even in a tiled courtyard [but is permitted in a house]. <Ref> S”A 337:1, M”B 337:4, Biur Halacha “VeYesh” </ref> It is permissible to push a carraige or wheel chair on dirt befcause the wheels aren't digging up dirt but depressing it. <Ref>Practical Halachos of [[Shabbat]] (pg 21) quoting Hilchos Shabbos by Rabbi Shimon Eider (pg 43 par 8) </ref> | ||
# A children’s toy can be dragged since it has a smooth bottom [because it will not dig up dirt but compress it] even if it will lean to the side and drag. <Ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:42, Sh”t Yechava Daat 2:52 </ref> | # A children’s toy can be dragged since it has a smooth bottom [because it will not dig up dirt but compress it] even if it will lean to the side and drag. <Ref> Shemirat [[Shabbat]] KeHilchata 28:42, Sh”t Yechava Daat 2:52 </ref> | ||
==Compressing soil== | ==Compressing soil== | ||
# Walking on soft dirt is permissible because one is merely compressing soil and not loosening it. However, one should be careful not to llift the wheels when turning to avoid scraping up dirt. <ref> 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 258) </ref> | # Walking on soft dirt is permissible because one is merely compressing soil and not loosening it. However, one should be careful not to llift the wheels when turning to avoid scraping up dirt. <ref> 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 258) </ref> | ||
