Choresh: Difference between revisions
From Halachipedia
→Sweeping and Rinsing Floors on Shabbat
m (Text replacement - "Shemirat Shabbat" to "Shemirat Shabbat") |
|||
| (4 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
==Definition== | ==Definition== | ||
#Choresh, or [[plowing]], is one of the 39 melachot | #Choresh, or [[plowing]], is one of the 39 Av melachot,<ref>Mishna in Masechet [[Shabbat]] 73a </ref>and It is considered the 2nd Av Melacha (or the 1st depending on whose list one is using) in whats called the order of the bread making (''siddura depat).''<ref>The mishna on 73b has it 2nd on its list, while the Rambam - Shabbat (7:1) and others have it 1st </ref> | ||
#The three types of actions that are forbidden as ‘[[Plowing]]’ are making holes, softening, and flattening the ground to prepare it for [[planting]]. <ref>Kalkelet [[Shabbat]] 2 </ref> | #The definition of Choresh is any action that prepares the soil for [[planting]].<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 251) </ref> | ||
#The extensions of the Torah prohibition of ‘[[Plowing]]’ include removing rocks or thorns from a field, spreading out fertilizer in a field, and watering a field (in order to soften it). <ref>Rambam [[Shabbat]] 8:1 </ref> | #The three types of actions that are forbidden as ‘[[Plowing]]’ are making holes, softening, and flattening the ground to prepare it for [[planting]].<ref>Kalkelet [[Shabbat]] 2 </ref> | ||
#It's forbidden to remove dirt mounds and stones or fill in holes in the field in order to flatten the ground. <ref>Mishna Brurah (Intro to 337) </ref> | #The extensions (''Toladot)'' of the Torah prohibition of ‘[[Plowing]]’ include removing rocks or thorns from a field, spreading out fertilizer in a field, and watering a field (in order to soften it).<ref>Rambam [[Shabbat]] 8:1 </ref> | ||
#It's forbidden to remove dirt mounds and stones or fill in holes in the field in order to flatten the ground.<ref>Mishna Brurah (Intro to 337) </ref> | |||
==Amount== | ==Amount== | ||
#[[Plowing]] of any amount is forbidden<ref>Rambam [[Shabbat]] 8:1, Mishna Brurah (Intro to 337) </ref> because even a tiny hole is useful to plant a tiny seed. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 252) </ref> | #[[Plowing]] of any amount is forbidden<ref>Rambam [[Shabbat]] 8:1, Mishna Brurah (Intro to 337) </ref> because even a tiny hole is useful to plant a tiny seed.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 252) </ref> | ||
==Watering dirt or a plant== | ==Watering dirt or a plant== | ||
#It's forbidden to water soil on [[Shabbat]]. (According to many authorities this is prohibited because of Choresh as it improves the field, while others prohibit it because of Zoreha, [[planting]].) <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 254) </ref> | #It's forbidden to water soil on [[Shabbat]]. (According to many authorities this is prohibited because of Choresh as it improves the field, while others prohibit it because of Zoreha, [[planting]].) <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 254) </ref> | ||
#It's permissible to water desert land if nothing isn't used for [[planting]] while the ground is still moist. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 254) </ref> | #It's permissible to water desert land if nothing isn't used for [[planting]] while the ground is still moist.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 254) </ref> | ||
#It's forbidden to wash one's hands over grass or vegetation. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 268) </ref> | #It's forbidden to wash one's hands over grass or vegetation.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 268) </ref> | ||
#Since acidic or caustic liquids do not promote vegetation it's permissible to spill vinegar or alcohol on vegetation. Similarly according to many authorities if there is a great need it is permissible to urinate on plants on [[Shabbat]]. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 268) </ref> | #Since acidic or caustic liquids do not promote vegetation it's permissible to spill vinegar or alcohol on vegetation. Similarly according to many authorities if there is a great need it is permissible to urinate on plants on [[Shabbat]].<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 268) </ref> | ||
==Clearing the ground== | ==Clearing the ground== | ||
#It's forbidden to clear rocks, logs, or debris off the terrain as it is considered Mesaken (a [[Toldah]] of Choresh) because it improves it for [[planting]]. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 255) </ref> | #It's forbidden to clear rocks, logs, or debris off the terrain as it is considered Mesaken (a [[Toldah]] of Choresh) because it improves it for [[planting]].<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 255) </ref> | ||
#Leveling terrain is a form of landscaping which is a [[Toldah]] of Choresh (Mashveh Gumot). <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 255) </ref> | #Leveling terrain is a form of landscaping which is a [[Toldah]] of Choresh (Mashveh Gumot).<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 255) </ref> | ||
#In previous centuries when the flooring was earth it there was no concern of Choresh when digging or filling in holes but there is a prohibition of Boneh (as it improves the structure of the floor). <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 255-6) | #In previous centuries when the flooring was earth it there was no concern of Choresh when digging or filling in holes but there is a prohibition of Boneh (as it improves the structure of the floor).<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 255-6) | ||
Chazon Ovadia Shabbat Vol. 4, Hilchot Choresh, Halacha 4 </ref> | Chazon Ovadia Shabbat Vol. 4, Hilchot Choresh, Halacha 4 </ref> | ||
| Line 28: | Line 29: | ||
==Weeding== | ==Weeding== | ||
#It is forbidden to remove weeds from a field on [[Shabbat]]. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 255) </ref> | #It is forbidden to remove weeds from a field on [[Shabbat]].<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 255) </ref> | ||
==Cleaning off one's shoes== | ==Cleaning off one's shoes== | ||
#The rabbinic prohibitions on this action are removing dirt from one’s shoe in a field [because you may come to fill a hole]. A tiled courtyard is included in this prohibition but a house isn’t (unless the ground is dirt). <ref>S”A 302:6, 337:2, B”HL {{ibid}}. “VeYesh” </ref> | #The rabbinic prohibitions on this action are removing dirt from one’s shoe in a field [because you may come to fill a hole]. A tiled courtyard is included in this prohibition but a house isn’t (unless the ground is dirt). Others say that the only place where one can't clean mud off ones shoes or feet would be on a dirt floor, but on a wall or a paved floor, it would be permitted.<ref>S”A 302:6, 337:2, B”HL {{ibid}}. “VeYesh” | ||
#One can’t rub spit into the ground but one can step on it regularly. <ref>S”A 316:11, 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 255) | |||
Chazon Ovadia shabbat 4 pg. 54 - this gezeirah was made incase one forgets its shabbat and once he wipes the mud of his shoes or legs, will come to flatten the ground (See tos. dilma shabbat 141a) </ref> | |||
#One can’t rub spit into the ground but one can step on it regularly.<ref>S”A 316:11, 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 255) | |||
Chazon Ovadia Shabbat Vol. 4, Hilchot Choresh, Halacha 6 </ref> | Chazon Ovadia Shabbat Vol. 4, Hilchot Choresh, Halacha 6 </ref> | ||
| Line 39: | Line 42: | ||
==Plowing in a uncultivable land== | ==Plowing in a uncultivable land== | ||
#Even there's no issue of Choresh in digging or [[plowing]] in a arid desert soil, or under a low deck or porch where vegetation can not grow, nonetheless there is another concern of Boneh. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 254) </ref> | #Even there's no issue of Choresh in digging or [[plowing]] in a arid desert soil, or under a low deck or porch where vegetation can not grow, nonetheless there is another concern of Boneh.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 254) </ref> | ||
See Chazon Ovadia Shabbat | ==Sweeping and Rinsing Floors on Shabbat== | ||
#One may not sweep in a courtyard even if it’s tiled as a prohibition of sweeping a field but sweeping in a house (with flooring, where majority of houses in the city have flooring) is permitted.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 337:2, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 80:73, Mishna Brurah 337:14, Sefer Hilchot [[Shabbat]] (vol 2 pg 51, Choresh note 115, by Rabbi Eider) in name of Rabbi Moshe Feinstein), 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 256-7). See Chazon Ovadia (Shabbat v. 4, pp. 54-57). </ref> One shouldn’t use a broom with straw bristles because it’s definitely going to cause individual bristles to break.<ref>Rama O.C. 337:2. Birkei Yosef 337:1 quotes the Maharikash who disagrees and doesn't think that there is any melacha occuring when a bristle of a broom breaks. Bet Meir agrees. Mishna Brurah 337:14 opines that it is forbidden since it is considered [[soter]], breaking of a utensil. Even though it is in a destructive fashion, [[mekalkel]], it is still rabbinically forbidden.</ref> | |||
#One should not rinse the floor of one's house, even if it is paved. If one specific part of ones floor became dirty, one may put water onto it and clean it up with a squeegee which wouldn't have any sechita issues.<ref>Chazon Ovadia (Shabbat v. 4 p. 49) </ref> | |||
==Games on dirt== | ==Games on dirt== | ||
===Playing with marbles=== | ===Playing with marbles=== | ||
#Playing marbles on a dirt floor is forbidden because it may smoothen the ground. Many poskim permit playing on flooring (wood, concrete, carpet), while others impose the prohibition to all floorings. Nonetheless, all agree that it's permissible to play marbles on a table or on a large floor mat. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2 pg 259) | #Playing marbles on a dirt floor is forbidden because it may smoothen the ground. Many poskim permit playing on flooring (wood, concrete, carpet), while others impose the prohibition to all floorings. Nonetheless, all agree that it's permissible to play marbles on a table or on a large floor mat.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2 pg 259) | ||
Rav Ovadia Yosef (Chazon Ovadia Shabbat Vol.4, Hilchot Choresh Halacha 7) permits for playing with marbles on non-dirt floors for Sephardim, like brooming. </ref> | Rav Ovadia Yosef (Chazon Ovadia Shabbat Vol.4, Hilchot Choresh Halacha 7) permits for playing with marbles on non-dirt floors for Sephardim, like brooming. </ref> | ||
| Line 56: | Line 57: | ||
===Playing with dice=== | ===Playing with dice=== | ||
#Playing with dice on the ground is forbidden because it may smoothen the ground. This prohibition applies even to flooring in a house but not a rug or a table. <ref>S”A 338:5, Mishna Brurah 338:20, Kalkelet [[Shabbat]] 2 </ref> | #Playing with dice on the ground is forbidden because it may smoothen the ground. This prohibition applies even to flooring in a house but not a rug or a table.<ref>S”A 338:5, Mishna Brurah 338:20, Kalkelet [[Shabbat]] 2 </ref> | ||
===Playing with soccer=== | ===Playing with soccer=== | ||
#One should not play soccer on a dirt field. <ref>Practical Halachos of [[Shabbos]] (pg 21) based on Mishna Brurah 308:158 who says that one shouldn't play with a ball on the ground because of the concern of flattening out the ground. </ref> | #One should not play soccer on a dirt field.<ref>Practical Halachos of [[Shabbos]] (pg 21) based on Mishna Brurah 308:158 who says that one shouldn't play with a ball on the ground because of the concern of flattening out the ground. </ref> | ||
===Playing jacks=== | ===Playing jacks=== | ||
#Since jacks and kugelach don't involve rolling it's permissible to play it on any surface. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 259) </ref> | #Since jacks and kugelach don't involve rolling it's permissible to play it on any surface.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 259) </ref> | ||
==Playing with sand== | ==Playing with sand== | ||
#There is no issue of Choresh in digging in fine dry sand (however, there is an issue of [[muktzah]]) and so it is permissible to drag a chair in sand even though it will make a furrow. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 252) </ref> | #There is no issue of Choresh in digging in fine dry sand (however, there is an issue of [[muktzah]]) and so it is permissible to drag a chair in sand even though it will make a furrow.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 252) </ref> | ||
#It’s permissible for children to play with sand that’s fine, dry, and prepared before [[Shabbat]] for this use (as in a [[sandbox]]). One may not add water to the sand on [[Shabbat]]. <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 16:4, Children in Halacha (Rabbi Simcha Bunim, pg 137-8), 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 253) </ref> | #It’s permissible for children to play with sand that’s fine, dry, and prepared before [[Shabbat]] for this use (as in a [[sandbox]]). One may not add water to the sand on [[Shabbat]].<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 16:4, Children in Halacha (Rabbi Simcha Bunim, pg 137-8), 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 253) </ref> | ||
#One may not dig in moist or clumpy sand. Therefore if the sand in a [[sandbox]] is moist or has solidified as is common after the rain one should not allow children to play in the [[sandbox]]. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 254) </ref> | #One may not dig in moist or clumpy sand. Therefore if the sand in a [[sandbox]] is moist or has solidified as is common after the rain one should not allow children to play in the [[sandbox]].<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 254) </ref> | ||
#Adding water to sand is a violation of the Melacha of [[Losh]] ([[kneading]]). <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 254) </ref> | #Adding water to sand is a violation of the Melacha of [[Losh]] ([[kneading]]).<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 254) </ref> | ||
==Dragging | ==Dragging Heavy Objects== | ||
#It’s permitted to drag a bed, chair, or bench on dirt if you don’t intend to make a hole with it. But a heavy bench or table which will definitely make a hole can’t be dragged even in a tiled courtyard [but is permitted in a house]. <ref> | #It’s permitted to drag a bed, chair, or bench on dirt if you don’t intend to make a hole with it. But a heavy bench or table which will definitely make a hole can’t be dragged even in a tiled courtyard [but is permitted in a house].<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 337:1, Mishna Brurah 337:4, Beiur Halacha s.v. VeYesh </ref> | ||
#It is permissible to push a carriage, stroller, or wheel chair on dirt because the wheels aren't digging up dirt but depressing it.<ref>Practical Halachos of [[Shabbat]] (pg 21) quoting Hilchos [[Shabbos]] by Rabbi Shimon Eider (pg 43 par 8) </ref> Other reasons to permit pushing a carriage are that the holes in the ground aren't intentional, aren't beneficial, and are made in an abnormal way.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:48, Sh”t Yechave Daat 2:52 </ref> | |||
==Compressing soil== | ==Compressing soil== | ||
#Walking on soft dirt is permissible because one is merely compressing soil and not loosening it. However, one should be careful not to lift the wheels when turning to avoid scraping up dirt. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 258) </ref> | #Walking on soft dirt is permissible because one is merely compressing soil and not loosening it. However, one should be careful not to lift the wheels when turning to avoid scraping up dirt.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 258) </ref> | ||
#It's permissible to push a carriage on soft soil because one is merely compressing soil and not loosening it. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 258) </ref> | #It's permissible to push a carriage on soft soil because one is merely compressing soil and not loosening it.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 258) </ref> | ||
#It's permissible to sit on a chair in the [[sukkah]] even thought the legs sink into the ground. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 259) </ref> | #It's permissible to sit on a chair in the [[sukkah]] even thought the legs sink into the ground.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, pg 259) </ref> | ||
==High heel shoes== | ==High heel shoes== | ||
#It is permitted to wear high-heeled shoes on bare soil, yet, it is preferable to walk slowly on the soil. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, page 258), [http://www.dailyhalacha.com/Display.asp?PageIndex=12&ClipID=1176 Rabbi Eli Mansour on dailyhalacha.com] </ref> | #It is permitted to wear high-heeled shoes on bare soil, yet, it is preferable to walk slowly on the soil.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 2, page 258), [http://www.dailyhalacha.com/Display.asp?PageIndex=12&ClipID=1176 Rabbi Eli Mansour on dailyhalacha.com] </ref> | ||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
