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===Berachot=== | ===Berachot=== | ||
#Children should be taught to say berachot before food at the age of 5, or when the children are able to say it properly. However many people have different customs to start having children say berachot at an earlier age. <ref>"CHINUCH AGE." Ahavsalom (n.d.): n. pag. Dh.ahavasolam.com. Web. 1 Feb. 2016. <http://dh.ahavasolam.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/A-List-of-Chinuch-Ages.pdf>, שלחן ערוך א”ח רט”ו:ג as cited in Singer, Shmuel. "A Parent's Guide to Teaching Children Mitzvot." Google Books. Shmuel Singer, n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2016. <https://books.google.com/books?id=55NdTR7HfYAC&pg=PA20&lpg=PA20&dq=age%2Bchildren%2Bberachot&source=bl&ots=zwGJnqECD_&sig=xSHlovDBimMjahI64ia2ltu_5ho&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjHopOi39bKAhUBLyYKHRqADUEQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=age%20children%20berachot&f=false>. | |||
*Yalkut Yosef (Chinuch p. 20) quotes the Chikrei Lev who proves that there is chinuch even on mitzvot derabanan, as the gemara Rosh Hashana 29b indicates that a person should teach his son how to make hamotzei before eating bread.</ref> | *Yalkut Yosef (Chinuch p. 20) quotes the Chikrei Lev who proves that there is chinuch even on mitzvot derabanan, as the gemara Rosh Hashana 29b indicates that a person should teach his son how to make hamotzei before eating bread.</ref> | ||
#Some say that children from the age of 6 should say Birkat Hamazon.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 18:2. Also see Rabbi Mansour on dailyhalacha.com writes that parents should ensure that children from the age of 6 say Birkat HaMazon. </ref> Some say that a child who is unable to recite the regular text of Birkat Hamazon should recite an abbreviated version.<ref>Rav Simcha Bunim Cohen (Children in Halacha page 28) based on M.B. 187:4. Sefer Chinuch Yisroel page 93 says it is not right to teach a child to only say the first bracha as that is teaching them to do the wrong thing and it may be a blessing in vain. See also Rav Elyashiv (V'Zos HaBracha 20:3)</ref> Others say, he should be taught to say as much as he can.<ref>Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Halichot Shlomo Tefillah 1:8) explains that we don't usually say the abbreviated text, so we shouldn't teach children differently than the normal practice.</ref> | |||
#In order to teach children what berachot they should say and how they should say them, anyone<ref>M.B. 167:93 says this is not limited to parents, but one may help any child who cannot make a bracha on their own</ref> may show/teach the children by saying the full berachot for the child even where the child doesn't presently have to make that bracha.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 167:19. M.B. 215:14 says even a teacher can mention the name of Hashem to teach children. | |||
See Chanoch L’Naar (14:4). As cited in "CHINUCH AGE." Ahavsalom (n.d.): n. pag. Dh.ahavasolam.com. Web. 1 Feb. 2016. <http://dh.ahavasolam.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/A-List-of-Chinuch-Ages.pdf>.</ref> Some say that when possible, the adult should just begin pronouncing the name of God, and have the child pronounce the entire Name.<ref>Aishel Avraham 167:19</ref> | |||
#A parent is allowed to answer “amen” to berachot that are said by a child at the proper time, but not when it is just for practice.<ref>Shulchan Aruch O.C. 215:3 </ref> | |||
##Some limit this to answering "amen" to a child who has reached the age of chinuch,<ref>M.B. 215:16 and Aruch HaShulchan 215:2. Rav Simcha Bunim Cohen (Children in Halacha page 22 footnote 6) explains that since the child has not reached the age of chinuch, it is not a bracha and therefore one shouldn't answer amen.</ref> but others allow answering "amen" even to a child before the age of chinuch. The custom is to answer even to younger children.<ref>Rav Simcha Bunim Cohen (Children in Halacha page 22) quoting from Shmirat Shabbat KiHilchita Mahdura Kama 32:193 explains that it is teaching children to answer Amen after brachot. </ref> | |||
#Children that are older than five or six, or whatever age the accepted custom says, and get up in the middle of the night, should not eat unless they said the proper berachot beforehand. <ref>"CHINUCH AGE." Ahavsalom (n.d.): n. pag. Dh.ahavasolam.com. Web. 1 Feb. 2016. <http://dh.ahavasolam.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/A-List-of-Chinuch-Ages.pdf>. </ref> | |||
#While there is a prohibition in saying G-d's Name (Ado-nai) when it is isn't warranted, the prohibition is waived when being used in the process of Chinuch. Therefore, it is permitted (obligatory, rather) to say the full [[Brachot|Bracha]], with Shem and Malchut, in order to teach a child how and when to say what [[Brachot]].<ref>The Gemara (Brachot 53b) says that one doesn’t say amen after the [[Brachot|Bracha]] of a katan when he is just saying a [[Brachot|Bracha]] as he is being taught the Brachot. The Rambam (Brachot 1:15) codifies as halacha. The Kesef Mishna there writes that it’s clearly implied that the teacher is permitted to say the Brachot with Hashem’s name to teach the children how to say the Brachot and when the children repeat the [[Brachot|Bracha]] after him, since the [[Brachot|Bracha]] is only for Chinuch, one doesn’t answer amen. Shulchan Aruch 215:3 rules that if a child is saying a [[Brachot|Bracha]] as he is learning from his teacher one doesn’t answer amen, but if a child says a [[Brachot|Bracha]] in order to exempt himself from some obligation (meaning saying a [[Brachot|Bracha]] when he is obligated to say it), then one should answer amen. | |||
*Mishna Brurah 215:14 writes that it is permitted for the teacher to say the Brachot with Hashem’s name to teach the children how to say the Brachot. Although saying a [[Brachot|Bracha]] for Chinuch is permitted, saying a [[Brachot|Bracha]] as one is learning such as an adult who finds the text of a [[Brachot|Bracha]] in the gemara as he is learning should not say the [[Brachot|Bracha]] with Hashem’s name as one is reading the gemara. However, Yalkut Yosef 215:15 writes that in order to teach a child how to say Brachot one may say them with Hashem’s name, however, once the child knows how to make a [[Brachot|Bracha]] and he just needs help in saying the [[Brachot|Bracha]] one should say it without Hashem’s name.</ref> | *Mishna Brurah 215:14 writes that it is permitted for the teacher to say the Brachot with Hashem’s name to teach the children how to say the Brachot. Although saying a [[Brachot|Bracha]] for Chinuch is permitted, saying a [[Brachot|Bracha]] as one is learning such as an adult who finds the text of a [[Brachot|Bracha]] in the gemara as he is learning should not say the [[Brachot|Bracha]] with Hashem’s name as one is reading the gemara. However, Yalkut Yosef 215:15 writes that in order to teach a child how to say Brachot one may say them with Hashem’s name, however, once the child knows how to make a [[Brachot|Bracha]] and he just needs help in saying the [[Brachot|Bracha]] one should say it without Hashem’s name.</ref> | ||
#With regards to Birkat HaGomel see [[Birkat_HaGomel#Who_is_obligated_to_make_Birchat_HaGomel.3F|Birkat HaGomel page]]. | |||
===Talit Katan=== | ===Talit Katan=== | ||
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Aruch HaShulchan 17:5 asks why one is obligated to buy his child a talit as the mitzvah of tzitzit is limited to one who is wearing a four cornered garment. So if one doesn't have the garment, there is no requirement? Rav Simcha Bunim Cohen (Children in Halacha page 15 footnote 8) quotes the Bach s.v. katan that since the custom is that everyone wears tzitzit, one is obligated in chinuch of this custom as well. | Aruch HaShulchan 17:5 asks why one is obligated to buy his child a talit as the mitzvah of tzitzit is limited to one who is wearing a four cornered garment. So if one doesn't have the garment, there is no requirement? Rav Simcha Bunim Cohen (Children in Halacha page 15 footnote 8) quotes the Bach s.v. katan that since the custom is that everyone wears tzitzit, one is obligated in chinuch of this custom as well. | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
#There are a variety of opinions for the age of chinuch for talit katan | #There are a variety of opinions for the age of chinuch for talit katan | ||
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#One should not kiss a young child in shul.<ref>Rama O.C. 98:1 quotes Shut Binyamin Zev 163 that explains the reason is, so that one realizes that there is no love like the love one has for Hashem. See Sefer Chasidim 255 | #One should not kiss a young child in shul.<ref>Rama O.C. 98:1 quotes Shut Binyamin Zev 163 that explains the reason is, so that one realizes that there is no love like the love one has for Hashem. See Sefer Chasidim 255 | ||
Rav Ovadya Yosef (Shut Yichaveh Daas) says that this applies to both young and old children and even to other people. However, he says that the custom to kiss a rav or father on the hand is definitely permitted. He explains that they are different as there is a mitzvah to honor them, so giving them honor is a form of honoring Hashem.</ref> Some limit this to the time of prayer.<ref>Rav Michel Sherkin (Meged Givot Olam Chelek 1 page 92) says Rav Moshe Feinstein felt that this prohibition is limited to the time of tefillah (as discussed by the Gra O.C. 98:1 by the fact that the Rama has this halcha in Hilchot Tefillah, not Hilchot Bet Hakneset).</ref> Others do not accept this distinction.<ref>Rav Hershel Schachter quoted by his son <nowiki>https://www.yutorah.org/sidebar/lecture.cfm/802649/rabbi-shay-schachter/kissing-our-children-in-shul/</nowiki> at 2:20</ref> | Rav Ovadya Yosef (Shut Yichaveh Daas 4:12) says that this applies to both young and old children and even to other people. However, he says that the custom to kiss a rav or father on the hand is definitely permitted. He explains that they are different as there is a mitzvah to honor them, so giving them honor is a form of honoring Hashem.</ref> Some limit this to the time of prayer.<ref>Rav Michel Sherkin (Meged Givot Olam Chelek 1 page 92) says Rav Moshe Feinstein felt that this prohibition is limited to the time of tefillah (as discussed by the Gra O.C. 98:1 by the fact that the Rama has this halcha in Hilchot Tefillah, not Hilchot Bet Hakneset).</ref> Others do not accept this distinction.<ref>Rav Hershel Schachter quoted by his son <nowiki>https://www.yutorah.org/sidebar/lecture.cfm/802649/rabbi-shay-schachter/kissing-our-children-in-shul/</nowiki> at 2:20</ref> | ||
==A Kohen Becoming Tamei== | ==A Kohen Becoming Tamei== | ||
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===Kiddush and Havdalah=== | ===Kiddush and Havdalah=== | ||
#When a child is able to understand when it is Shabbat, then he or she must hear kiddush and havdalah. Understanding that it is Shabbos does not mean that he or she only says good shabbos and that’s all; rather a kid must understand that it’s the 7th day and it’s the rest day and not a day to do work. <ref>Rabbi Dovid Ostroff, The Shabbos Weekly</ref> | #When a child is able to understand when it is Shabbat, then he or she must hear kiddush and havdalah. Understanding that it is Shabbos does not mean that he or she only says good shabbos and that’s all; rather a kid must understand that it’s the 7th day and it’s the rest day and not a day to do work. <ref>Rabbi Dovid Ostroff, The Shabbos Weekly. See M.B. 269:1</ref> | ||
#When a child is of that age, parents must make sure to call the child to the table to hear kiddush. <ref>Rabbi Dovid Ostroff, The Shabbos Weekly</ref> | #When a child is of that age, parents must make sure to call the child to the table to hear kiddush. <ref>Rabbi Dovid Ostroff, The Shabbos Weekly</ref> However, unlike adults, children are permitted to eat before kiddush is recited.<ref>M.B. 269:1</ref> | ||
#If a child goes to sleep before hearing havdallah or Kiddush and it is past the child’s normal bedtime, it is not necessary to wake him or her up for Havdalah. <ref>Rav Shlomo Zalman Aurebach as cited in Rabbi Dovid Ostroff, The Shabbos Weekly</ref> | #If a child goes to sleep before hearing havdallah or Kiddush on Friday night and it is past the child’s normal bedtime, some say it is not necessary to wake him or her up for Kiddush/Havdalah.<ref>Rav Shlomo Zalman Aurebach as cited in Rabbi Dovid Ostroff, The Shabbos Weekly</ref> Others say that on Friday night, the child may say Kiddush before going to sleep after [[plag haMincha]].<ref>Rav Simcha Bunim Cohen (Children in Halacha page 58) </ref> Others suggest that if the child did not say kiddush on Friday night or havdallah, he should say the Friday night text for the Shabbos morning kiddush and havdallah when he wakes up on Sunday morning.<ref>Rav Simcha Bunim Cohen (Children in Halacha page 58) quoting from Sefer Chinuch Yisroel page 99. Rav Cohen says that we have an obligation of chinuch even for bdieved situations. Our children have to know what to do when they grow up and this situation occurs.</ref> | ||
===Kavod Shabbat=== | |||
#Children who have reached the age of chinuch should be taught to assist in preparing for shabbat.<ref>Rav Simcha Bunim Cohen (Children in Halacha page 55)</ref> | |||
#Children who have reached the age of chinuch should be given special clothes for shabbat.<ref>Rav Simcha Bunim Cohen (Children in Halacha page 56)</ref> | |||
#The obligation to light candles before shabbat can be fulfilled by one member of the house lighting. Nevertheless, some have the custom for the young girls to light their own candles.<ref>Rav Simcha Bunim Cohen (Children in Halacha page 56) quoting from Aruch HaShulchan 263:7</ref> | |||
===Melacha on Shabbat=== | ===Melacha on Shabbat=== | ||
