Building the Sukkah: Difference between revisions
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===Completely Lavud=== | ===Completely Lavud=== | ||
#Sephardim hold that one may create the walls of the sukkah by placing several poles within three tefachim of each other. This is true whether the poles are placed horizontally or vertically.<ref>Kaf Hachaim 630:18 writes that one may create a sukkah with three walls by placing poles within 3 tefachim of each other, either horizontally or vertically. Chazon Ovadia pp. 5-6 agrees and thus allows building a sukkah on a porch enclosed on three sides by bars with less than three tefachim space between them.</ref> | #Sephardim hold that one may create the walls of the sukkah by placing several poles within three tefachim of each other. This is true whether the poles are placed horizontally or vertically.<ref>Kaf Hachaim 630:18 writes that one may create a sukkah with three walls by placing poles within 3 tefachim of each other, either horizontally or vertically. Chazon Ovadia pp. 5-6 agrees and thus allows building a sukkah on a porch enclosed on three sides by bars with less than three tefachim space between them.</ref> | ||
#Ashkenazim allow this only if one either one makes 4 walls with lavud or has cloth walls in addition to the 3 lavud walls.<ref>Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach in Halichot Shlomo (7:2, p. 98). However, Tosfot (Sukkah 16b s.v. bifachot) holds that one cannot create a wall completely based on lavud, meaning, one cannot make entire walls of either vertical or horizontal beams within three tefachim of each other. Magen Avraham 630:1 writes that Tosfot would validate a sukkah with walls made of only vertical or horizontal beams if the sukkah has four walls. Mishna Brurah 630:7 rules like this Magen Avraham, but in Shaar Hatziyun 630:49 he allows the use of vertical or horizontal beams to construct a three-walled sukkah when clothes are used to form the walls. In this case, even if one is strict to not use cloth, one can be lenient because the lavud walls would serve as backup if the cloth did untie. Chazon Ish 75:12 is strict even if one builds four walls with these beams, against the Magen Avraham. [https://www.yutorah.org/sidebar/lecture.cfm/972040/rabbi-hershel-schachter/inyonei-succos-5781/ Rav Hershel Schachter (Inyonei Succos 5781 min 36-8)] explained that we follow that the Mishna Brurah that if there are four walls it is sufficient with lavud in one direction. Therefore, in the days of corona those who want to use sukkah's with no walls so that there's less of a health concern can do so with lavud of four walls.</ref> | #Ashkenazim allow this only if one either one makes 4 walls with lavud or has cloth walls in addition to the 3 lavud walls.<ref>Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach in Halichot Shlomo (7:2, p. 98). However, Tosfot (Sukkah 16b s.v. bifachot) holds that one cannot create a wall completely based on lavud, meaning, one cannot make entire walls of either vertical or horizontal beams within three tefachim of each other. Magen Avraham 630:1 writes that Tosfot would validate a sukkah with walls made of only vertical or horizontal beams if the sukkah has four walls. Mishna Brurah 630:7 rules like this Magen Avraham, but in Shaar Hatziyun 630:49 he allows the use of vertical or horizontal beams to construct a three-walled sukkah when clothes are used to form the walls. In this case, even if one is strict to not use cloth, one can be lenient because the lavud walls would serve as backup if the cloth did untie. Chazon Ish 75:12 is strict even if one builds four walls with these beams, against the Magen Avraham and Mishna Brurah. Bikkurei Yakov 630:4 also disagrees with the Magen Avraham and disallows lavud walls even if there are four walls. [https://www.yutorah.org/sidebar/lecture.cfm/972040/rabbi-hershel-schachter/inyonei-succos-5781/ Rav Hershel Schachter (Inyonei Succos 5781 min 36-8)] explained that we follow that the Mishna Brurah that if there are four walls it is sufficient with lavud in one direction. Therefore, in the days of corona those who want to use sukkah's with no walls so that there's less of a health concern can do so with lavud of four walls. | ||
# If the walls have lavud in both the horizontal and vertical direction it is permissible even with three walls according to everyone.<ref>Magen Avraham 630:1</ref> | * Chut Shani Sukkot p. 229 adds that even according to the Magen Avraham a wall of four tefachim can be joined to two L shaped walls with lavud even if there isn't four walls. Creating a wall with lavud is impermissible, but attaching walls can have lavud.</ref> | ||
# If the walls have lavud in both the horizontal and vertical direction it is permissible even with three walls according to everyone.<ref>Magen Avraham 630:1, Chut Shani Sukkot p. 229</ref> | |||
==Building a Sukkah in the street== | ==Building a Sukkah in the street== | ||
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==Materials for walls of Sukkah== | ==Materials for walls of Sukkah== | ||
#All materials are permissible to be for the walls of a [[Sukkah]] (see next halacha). Some say that that a pious person should preferably only use materials that aren't | #All materials are permissible to be for the walls of a [[Sukkah]] (see next halacha). Some say that that a pious person should preferably only use materials that aren't biblically unfit for [[S'chach]].<ref>The Mishna Sukkah 12a declares that all materials are valid for the walls. Shulchan Aruch 630:1 codifies this. Interestingly, the Bach OC 630:1 writes that a pious person should be strict for the Or Zarua (Hilchot Sukkah 2:289:2 quoted by Hagahot Ashri 1:24) who holds that one should not use materials that one may not use for schach for the walls of the sukkah, such as materials that are susceptible to impurity. The Biur Hagra 630:1 questions the Hagahot Ashri, since the Yerushalmi he quotes as a proof, in fact says exactly the opposite. Beiur Halacha s.v. Kol quotes two reasons that a pious person should be strict only to use materials that are not unfit biblically for [[S'chach]] based on the Bach siman 630, but quotes others who reject this stringency. See Chazon Ovadia [[Sukkot]] 1-2 for a list of poskim as well even though he allows the use of these materials. Chazon Ovadia pp. 1-2 as well as Aruch Hashulchan 630:1-2 both say that most achronim do not hold of this stringency and allow one to use materials that are mekabel tumah for the walls. </ref> Nonetheless, one should avoid using any material that emits a foul odor.<ref>Rama 630:1</ref> | ||
#Accordingly, one may even form a sukkah outside of one’s car by opening the doors on one side of the car and placing schach over them.<ref>R’ Moshe Heinemann permits this (http://www.jewishworldreview.com/1000/sukkah.car.html) . When building one’s sukkah in this manner he should also ensure that 1) the doors of the sukkah reach within three tefachim of the ground, to accomplish this it may help to park near the curb (see section titled “Lavud”) 2) the door on the opposite side of the car remains closed, 3) one may not use the seat of the car as one’s table even if he only plans to eat under the schach. </ref> | #Accordingly, one may even form a sukkah outside of one’s car by opening the doors on one side of the car and placing schach over them.<ref>R’ Moshe Heinemann permits this (http://www.jewishworldreview.com/1000/sukkah.car.html) . When building one’s sukkah in this manner he should also ensure that 1) the doors of the sukkah reach within three tefachim of the ground, to accomplish this it may help to park near the curb (see section titled “Lavud”) 2) the door on the opposite side of the car remains closed, 3) one may not use the seat of the car as one’s table even if he only plans to eat under the schach. </ref> | ||
#Many authorities hold that plastic curtains (tarp, canvas) are unfit for walls of a [[Sukkah]], while others permit. [This is not because of an issue with the material itself but because of an issue with it blowing in the wind.] <ref>Rav Ovadiah Yosef in Chazon Ovadyah (pg 1-5), Yabia Omer OC 9:59, and Yechave Daat 3:46, Rav Menashe Klein Mishnah Halachot 512, Rav Chaim Zonnenfeld in Salmat Chaim 254 and Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach in Halichot Shlomo ([[Sukkah]] 7:1 pg 97) hold that plastic curtains that sway in the wind even slightly are unfit for walls of a [[Sukkah]]. [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/764662/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%94%D7%9B'%D7%A4_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA Rav Hershel Schachter] (min 72-80) explains that even though the Chazon Ish (hilchot eruvin 13:6) was lenient, most poskim are strict. In a situation of extreme need Rav Schachter thought one could rely on the Chazon Ish to eat in such a sukkah.<br /> | #Many authorities hold that plastic curtains (tarp, canvas) are unfit for walls of a [[Sukkah]], while others permit. [This is not because of an issue with the material itself but because of an issue with it blowing in the wind.] <ref>Rav Ovadiah Yosef in Chazon Ovadyah (pg 1-5), Yabia Omer OC 9:59, and Yechave Daat 3:46, Rav Menashe Klein Mishnah Halachot 512, Rav Chaim Zonnenfeld in Salmat Chaim 254 and Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach in Halichot Shlomo ([[Sukkah]] 7:1 pg 97) hold that plastic curtains that sway in the wind even slightly are unfit for walls of a [[Sukkah]]. [http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/764662/Rabbi_Hershel_Schachter/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%94%D7%9B'%D7%A4_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA Rav Hershel Schachter] (min 72-80) explains that even though the Chazon Ish (hilchot eruvin 13:6) was lenient, most poskim are strict. In a situation of extreme need Rav Schachter thought one could rely on the Chazon Ish to eat in such a sukkah.<br /> | ||
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#A [[sukkah]] built for [[sukkot]] is exempt from a [[mezuza]] since it is a temporary structure.<ref>Chazon Ovadia [[Sukkot]] page 94, Shulchan Aruch YD 286:11 based on Yoma 10b. </ref> | #A [[sukkah]] built for [[sukkot]] is exempt from a [[mezuza]] since it is a temporary structure.<ref>Chazon Ovadia [[Sukkot]] page 94, Shulchan Aruch YD 286:11 based on Yoma 10b. </ref> | ||
#A [[sukkah]] built on a wagon, car, ship, etc. is kosher, and one who sits in it can recite the beracha of leshev basukkah even while it is moving.<ref>Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 121, Yechave Daat 3:47, Chazon Ovadia [[Sukkot]] page 169. </ref> | #A [[sukkah]] built on a wagon, car, ship, etc. is kosher, and one who sits in it can recite the beracha of leshev basukkah even while it is moving.<ref>Yalkut Yosef Moadim page 121, Yechave Daat 3:47, Chazon Ovadia [[Sukkot]] page 169. </ref> | ||
#Throughout the entire holiday, it is | #Throughout the entire holiday, it is biblically forbidden to derive benefit from any of the essential materials used in building the sukkah. Regarding these materials, a stipulation will not permit one to derive benefit from them.<ref>Mishna Brurah 638:1 explaining Shulchan Aruch there. See Tosfot (Sukkah 9a s.v. minayin). The Rama 638:1 notes that the essential materials of the sukkah can’t be used even if makes a stipulation that they should not be designated for a mitzvah.</ref> | ||
==Covering the Sukkah in case of Rain== | ==Covering the Sukkah in case of Rain== | ||
