Boneh: Difference between revisions
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The basic definition of Boneh is creating or assembling any kind of structure. In order to be culpable for Boneh, one need not even build the entire structure; even contributing to the building process can be enough to be culpable. The classic example of the av melacha of Boneh would be the construction of a permanent structure, like a house.<ref> Rav Eli Baruch Shulman highlighted a Rashi in Beitzah, 11b (s.v. d’ein binyan b’keilim) that says the reason that there is no binyan by keilim (according to Beis Hillel) is because Boneh applies only to binyan batim. </ref> The amount of Boneh that one must do to be culpable is any amount.<ref> Mishnah, Shabbos 102b. The Gemara says this is learned from the Mishkan where they would fill up wormholes in the kerashim with melted lead. </ref> | The basic definition of Boneh is creating or assembling any kind of structure. In order to be culpable for Boneh, one need not even build the entire structure; even contributing to the building process can be enough to be culpable. The classic example of the av melacha of Boneh would be the construction of a permanent structure, like a house.<ref> Rav Eli Baruch Shulman highlighted a Rashi in Beitzah, 11b (s.v. d’ein binyan b’keilim) that says the reason that there is no binyan by keilim (according to Beis Hillel) is because Boneh applies only to binyan batim. </ref> The amount of Boneh that one must do to be culpable is any amount.<ref> Mishnah, Shabbos 102b. The Gemara says this is learned from the Mishkan where they would fill up wormholes in the kerashim with melted lead. </ref> | ||
=== Two Primary Principles of Boneh === | === Two Primary Principles of Boneh === | ||
# Creating a shelter ("asiat ohel") <ref>Rambam 7,6 This was done in the Mishkan when the walls and rooftops were assembled. </ref> | # Creating a shelter ("asiat ohel") <ref>Rambam 7,6 This was done in the Mishkan when the walls and rooftops were assembled. </ref> | ||
# Assembling pieces to create a form or structure ("me'dabek chalakim") <ref> Rambam 11,13 and 22,27 This was done in the Mishkan when the planks were assembled. </ref> | # Assembling pieces to create a form or structure ("me'dabek chalakim") <ref> Rambam 11,13 and 22,27 This was done in the Mishkan when the planks were assembled. </ref> | ||
# Performing either of these actions constitutes a Torah-prohibition, as both of these actions were done in the construction of the Mishkan. An action that involves both of these principles is the av melacha of Boneh. <ref>Rambam as explained by the Even Ha'ezel 10,17. For instance, Rambam Hilchos Shabbos 7:6 writes that making cheese on Shabbos is a violation of Boneh, as it involves combining pieces together to create a new object.</ref> Pitching a tent, even if it does not require assembly, would be asiyas ohel and a toldah of Boneh.<ref> Rambam, Hilchos Shabbos, 10:13</ref> | # Performing either of these actions constitutes a Torah-prohibition, as both of these actions were done in the construction of the Mishkan. An action that involves both of these principles is the av melacha of Boneh.<ref>Rambam as explained by the Even Ha'ezel 10,17. For instance, Rambam Hilchos Shabbos 7:6 writes that making cheese on Shabbos is a violation of Boneh, as it involves combining pieces together to create a new object.</ref> Pitching a tent, even if it does not require assembly, would be asiyas ohel and a toldah of Boneh.<ref> Rambam, Hilchos Shabbos, 10:13</ref> | ||
===Building shelters and tents=== | ===Building shelters and tents=== | ||
# Setting up a functional installation attached to the ground is a violation of Boneh (building). For example, it's forbidden to erect a post in the ground or tomato stake to support a tomato plant. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1005) </ref> | # Setting up a functional installation attached to the ground is a violation of Boneh (building). For example, it's forbidden to erect a post in the ground or tomato stake to support a tomato plant.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1005) </ref> | ||
# Laying bricks, setting up rocks as a border to a garden, putting down rocks for landscaping purposes (like chips around a tree or on a road or path), and building a fence are all violations of Boneh (building). <ref> 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1006) </ref> | # Laying bricks, setting up rocks as a border to a garden, putting down rocks for landscaping purposes (like chips around a tree or on a road or path), and building a fence are all violations of Boneh (building).<ref> 39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1006) </ref> | ||
# Building a [[Sukkah]] is forbidden as Boneh (building). <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1010) </ref> | # Building a [[Sukkah]] is forbidden as Boneh (building).<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1010) </ref> | ||
# Building any functional land structure whether it is permanent or temporary is forbidden. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1012) explains that if it is a construction that can't be taken apart and only can be broken then it's forbidden biblically whether it is permanent or temporary and if it is a assembly that can be dismantled then building it for temporary purposes (less than 7 days) is a rabbinic violation and building it for permanent purposes is biblical violations. </ref> | # Building any functional land structure whether it is permanent or temporary is forbidden.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1012) explains that if it is a construction that can't be taken apart and only can be broken then it's forbidden biblically whether it is permanent or temporary and if it is a assembly that can be dismantled then building it for temporary purposes (less than 7 days) is a rabbinic violation and building it for permanent purposes is biblical violations. </ref> | ||
# However, using an object as it is normally used such as closing a door is permitted. Similarly one may replace a removable paper towel roll or removable toilet paper holder. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1014-5) </ref> | # However, using an object as it is normally used such as closing a door is permitted. Similarly one may replace a removable paper towel roll or removable toilet paper holder.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1014-5) </ref> | ||
===Adding on to a existing structure=== | ===Adding on to a existing structure=== | ||
# Just as it is forbidden to create even a temporary structure on [[Shabbat]], it is forbidden to add onto a permanent structure even if the addition is temporary.<ref>Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 80:67</ref> | # Just as it is forbidden to create even a temporary structure on [[Shabbat]], it is forbidden to add onto a permanent structure even if the addition is temporary.<ref>Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 80:67</ref> | ||
# In previous centuries it was common to have dirt floors and it would be forbidden to put down new sand as it is left as a permanent layer of the floor and is a violation of Boneh (building). <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1015) </ref> | # In previous centuries it was common to have dirt floors and it would be forbidden to put down new sand as it is left as a permanent layer of the floor and is a violation of Boneh (building).<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1015) </ref> | ||
# Putting down a large area rug which is meant to remain there for more than 7 days is forbidden as it is considered something that can become nullified to the floor. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1017 and 1019) explains that since it is only a loose addition it doesn't become nullified to the floor unless it is put there for 7 days. </ref> | # Putting down a large area rug which is meant to remain there for more than 7 days is forbidden as it is considered something that can become nullified to the floor.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1017 and 1019) explains that since it is only a loose addition it doesn't become nullified to the floor unless it is put there for 7 days. See Dor Hamelaktim v. 4 p. 2040 who quotes Shabbos Home (Artscroll, p. 423) as being lenient unless the carpet is from wall to wall.</ref> | ||
# Tiling a floor, wallpapering a room, installing a doorknob are all forbidden as adding to an existing structure. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1016-7) </ref> | # Tiling a floor, wallpapering a room, installing a doorknob are all forbidden as adding to an existing structure.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1016-7) </ref> | ||
# According to many poskim it is permitted to rehang a picture that fell on [[Shabbat]] as long as the picture isn't expensive and rare. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1019) explains that that according to many opinions hanging a picture isn't a violation of adding to a existing structure because it retains it's own function similar to putting a potted plant on the floor or a vessel in the breakfront even though it will remain for a long time. On pg 1038 he writes that it's permissible to rehang it unless it is a expensive and rare painting because it would be [[muktzah]] and according to some poskim it's [[muktzeh]] once it was attached during the onset of [[Shabbat]]. </ref> | # According to many poskim it is permitted to rehang a picture that fell on [[Shabbat]] as long as the picture isn't expensive and rare.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1019) explains that that according to many opinions hanging a picture isn't a violation of adding to a existing structure because it retains it's own function similar to putting a potted plant on the floor or a vessel in the breakfront even though it will remain for a long time. On pg 1038 he writes that it's permissible to rehang it unless it is a expensive and rare painting because it would be [[muktzah]] and according to some poskim it's [[muktzeh]] once it was attached during the onset of [[Shabbat]]. </ref> | ||
# One should not replace a [[mezuzah]] that fell on [[Shabbat]] because of issues of adding to an existing structure and [[muktzeh]]. However, if it is [[lying]] on the floor one pick it up in a abnormal way such as by using the palms of both hands. <ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1038) </ref> | # One should not replace a [[mezuzah]] that fell on [[Shabbat]] because of issues of adding to an existing structure and [[muktzeh]]. However, if it is [[lying]] on the floor one pick it up in a abnormal way such as by using the palms of both hands.<ref>39 Melachos (Rabbi Ribiat, vol 4, pg 1038) </ref> | ||
===Digging and filling a hole=== | ===Digging and filling a hole=== | ||
# When people used to have dirt floors, if there was a hole in the floor, filling it up would be a violation of Boneh. <reF>In Gemara ([[Shabbat]] 73b) Rava says that if one fills in a hole with dirt inside the house, one has violated Boneh. Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 10:12) rules that flattening the ground indoors, by flattening a mound or filling in a hole is a violation of Boneh. Mishna Brurah 337:6 writes that if one intentionally fills the holes when sweeping one would violate Boneh.</ref> | # When people used to have dirt floors, if there was a hole in the floor, filling it up would be a violation of Boneh. <reF>In Gemara ([[Shabbat]] 73b) Rava says that if one fills in a hole with dirt inside the house, one has violated Boneh. Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 10:12) rules that flattening the ground indoors, by flattening a mound or filling in a hole is a violation of Boneh. Mishna Brurah 337:6 writes that if one intentionally fills the holes when sweeping one would violate Boneh.</ref> | ||
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# Covering a pot with a cover tightly is permitted since it is meant to be opened and closed all the time.<Ref>Mishna Brurah 313:45</ref> | # Covering a pot with a cover tightly is permitted since it is meant to be opened and closed all the time.<Ref>Mishna Brurah 313:45</ref> | ||
# A shtender which can have its height adjusted with a knob but isn't frequently adjusted, according to many poskim it is permitted to adjust the height on Shabbat, and according to others it is forbidden.<ref>Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach in Meor HaShabbat (v. 2 Letter 32:3) holds that it is permitted to adjust the height of a shtender with a knob which tightens and loosens, even if it is only infrequently adjusted, since the shtender is like covering and uncovering a pot, which was a utensil before and after the use. However, Minchat Yitzchak 9:38 disagrees since the shtender is only infrequently adjusted unlike a pot cover. See Dirshu (Mishna Brurah 313:45) and [http://ph.yhb.org.il/01-15-06/ Peninei Halacha Shabbat 15:6].</ref> | # A shtender which can have its height adjusted with a knob but isn't frequently adjusted, according to many poskim it is permitted to adjust the height on Shabbat, and according to others it is forbidden.<ref>Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach in Meor HaShabbat (v. 2 Letter 32:3) holds that it is permitted to adjust the height of a shtender with a knob which tightens and loosens, even if it is only infrequently adjusted, since the shtender is like covering and uncovering a pot, which was a utensil before and after the use. However, Minchat Yitzchak 9:38 disagrees since the shtender is only infrequently adjusted unlike a pot cover. See Dirshu (Mishna Brurah 313:45) and [http://ph.yhb.org.il/01-15-06/ Peninei Halacha Shabbat 15:6].</ref> | ||
# Making an earth vessel such as an oven or barrel before it is hardened in the kiln is a violation of Boneh. <ref>Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 10:13)</ref> | # Making an earth vessel such as an oven or barrel before it is hardened in the kiln is a violation of Boneh.<ref>Rambam ([[Shabbat]] 10:13)</ref> | ||
# One shouldn't untangle [[Tzitzit]] strings on [[Shabbat]] because this involves Tikkun Kli (fixing of a vessel). <ref>Shemirat | # One shouldn't untangle [[Tzitzit]] strings on [[Shabbat]] because this involves Tikkun Kli (fixing of a vessel).<ref>Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchata 15:94</ref> | ||
# One shouldn't make a paper boat or paper hat by folding the paper since this involves creating a vessel. <ref>Shemirat | # One shouldn't make a paper boat or paper hat by folding the paper since this involves creating a vessel.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchata 16:21</ref> | ||
# One may fold a napkin regularly, but one shouldn't fold it in a special shape, such as is normally done in honor of guests. <ref>Shemirat | # One may fold a napkin regularly, but one shouldn't fold it in a special shape, such as is normally done in honor of guests.<ref>Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchata 28:17</ref> Some are lenient.<reF>Rivevot Efraim 1:223:8 quoting Rav Moshe Feinstein. See also Dor Hamelaktim v. 2 p. 1214 for more opinions.</ref> | ||
==In the Mishkan== | ==In the Mishkan== | ||
# The melacha of Boneh was done in the Mishkan when they placed the kerashim, the planks that made up the walls, into their sockets.<ref> Yerushalmi Shabbos, 7th and 12th Perek </ref> | # The melacha of Boneh was done in the Mishkan when they placed the kerashim, the planks that made up the walls, into their sockets.<ref> Yerushalmi Shabbos, 7th and 12th Perek </ref> | ||
==Building a | ==Building a Tent== | ||
# | # It is forbidden to set up the roof of a tent, permanent or temporary, on [[Shabbat]], even if one there are no walls. Additionally, it’s forbidden to add onto a tent structure, however, a temporary addition to an existing structure is permitted.<Ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 24:1-2 </ref> | ||
# It is forbidden to set up a tent out of blankets even if it is meant to be temporary. <Ref>Menuchat Ahava (vol 3, 23:8), Shemirat | # It is forbidden to set up a tent out of blankets even if it is meant to be temporary.<Ref>Menuchat Ahava (vol 3, 23:8), Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 24:1-2 </ref> | ||
===Adding an existing structure=== | ===Adding an existing structure=== | ||
# It’s permitted to make a temporary addition to an | # It’s permitted to make a temporary addition to an existing tent. Therefore, if there is a [[Tefach]] of roof already opened before [[Shabbat]] one may continue to add a temporary addition to that roof, but one should only add to the existing roof starting from the side which is already roofed. <Ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 24:6 </ref> | ||
# One may not put a mat on top of polls or walls even if the mat is rolled up if there is a [[Tefach]] of width to the roll of the mat. Even if the rolled mat was put there before [[Shabbat]] one may not unroll it on [[Shabbat]], however, if a [[Tefach]] of the mat was already unrolled then it is permitted to continue to unroll it on [[Shabbat]]. <ref>Shemirat | # One may not put a mat on top of polls or walls even if the mat is rolled up if there is a [[Tefach]] of width to the roll of the mat. Even if the rolled mat was put there before [[Shabbat]] one may not unroll it on [[Shabbat]], however, if a [[Tefach]] of the mat was already unrolled then it is permitted to continue to unroll it on [[Shabbat]].<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 24:5, 7 </ref> | ||
===Roof | ===Roof Which is Attached=== | ||
# If a roof was attached before [[Shabbat]] with hinges or another permanent connection it is permitted to spread out that roof (which was attached) on [[Shabbat]]. <Ref>Shemirat | # If a roof was attached before [[Shabbat]] with hinges or another permanent connection it is permitted to spread out that roof (which was attached) on [[Shabbat]].<Ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 24:13 </ref> | ||
{{Stroller Hood on Shabbat}} | |||
==Practical Examples of Building== | ==Practical Examples of Building== | ||
==Folding table== | ===Folding table=== | ||
# It is permitted to open a folding table. <Ref>Shemirat | # It is permitted to open a folding table.<Ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 24:23 </ref> | ||
# It’s permitted to add a table leaf to extend a table on [[Shabbat]] | # It’s permitted to add a table leaf to extend a table on [[Shabbat]] for temporary use,<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 24:23, Rivivot Ephraim 1:222:3, Practical Laws of [[Shabbat]] (Rabbi Rafeal Soae, vol 2, pg 146). Chazon Ovadia (v. 5, p. 315) writes that it is permitted to add a leaf to a table and it doesn’t involve constructing an ohel, since part of the ohel was already in place (and it is temporary). </ref> however, one should not take it apart on Shabbat unless one needs the space on that [[Shabbat]]. | ||
# One should not remove a drawer from a table if there’s a depth of a [[Tefach]] in the drawer, however, it is permitted to remove a drawer from a dresser because even after removing the drawer there still remains a roofed structure in the dresser. <Ref>Shemirat | # One should not remove a drawer from a table if there’s a depth of a [[Tefach]] in the drawer, however, it is permitted to remove a drawer from a dresser because even after removing the drawer there still remains a roofed structure in the dresser.<Ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 24:24 (and note 85) </ref> | ||
# It is permitted to spread a tablecloth even if it hangs over the side of the table. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 315:31, Shemirat | # It is permitted to spread a tablecloth even if it hangs over the side of the table. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 315:31, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 24:25 </ref> | ||
===Umbrella=== | ===Umbrella=== | ||
# The Rabbis | # The Rabbis forbade opening and closing an umbrella on [[Shabbat]]. Furthermore, they forbade using an umbrella that’s already opened from before [[Shabbat]]. <Ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 24:15, Biur Halacha 315:7, Ben Ish Chai (second year Shemot #8), Noda Biyehuda 1:30, [https://www.dailyhalacha.com/Display.asp?ClipDate=3/25/2008 Rabbi Eli Mansour], Rivevot Ephraim 7:105 and 2:115:61. see however Chatam Sofer OC 72 who is lenient </ref> | ||
# An umbrella is [[muktzeh]] since it cannot be used <ref> Shemirat | # An umbrella is [[muktzeh]] since it cannot be used <ref> Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 24:15 </ref> | ||
===Binoculars=== | ===Binoculars=== | ||
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===Setting up a Mechitza=== | ===Setting up a Mechitza=== | ||
# It’s permissible to set up a partition as a mechitzah in shul between men and women on [[Shabbat]]. <ref>Yalkut Yosef (vol 2, 315, pg 531), Rav Soloveitchik (cited in Nefesh Harav pg. 170) </ref> | # It’s permissible to set up a partition as a mechitzah in shul between men and women on [[Shabbat]].<ref>Yalkut Yosef (vol 2, 315, pg 531), Rav Soloveitchik (cited in Nefesh Harav pg. 170), [https://www.yutorah.org/sidebar/lecture.cfm/857702/rabbi-hershel-schachter/highlights-of-melachos-shabbos-ii/ Rav Schachter (Highlights of Melachos Shabbat Part 2, min 62)] </ref> | ||
===Saltshakers=== | ===Saltshakers=== | ||
# It is permitted to open and close a saltshaker on [[Shabbat]]. <ref> Minchat Shlomo 1:11:4 says that this isn't an issue of boneh since it isn't typically screwed on tightly. </ref> | # It is permitted to open and close a saltshaker on [[Shabbat]].<ref> Minchat Shlomo 1:11:4 says that this isn't an issue of boneh since it isn't typically screwed on tightly. </ref> | ||
===Pot covers=== | |||
#It is permitted to cover or remove the cover on a pot on [[Shabbat]].<ref>Yalkut Yosef (pg 506) </ref> Some say that one may not cover a pot which is larger than 40 [[seah]].<Ref>Or Letzion (vol 2, chap 28:5) </ref> | |||
===Glasses=== | ===Glasses=== | ||
# Some poskim permit a glasses lenses to be replaced by a non-professional <ref>Yalkut Yosef (pg 512) </ref> while others forbid. <Ref>Shemirat | # Some poskim permit a glasses lenses to be replaced by a non-professional <ref>Yalkut Yosef (pg 512) </ref> while others forbid. <Ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 15:77 </ref> | ||
===Hanging up Pictures=== | ===Hanging up Pictures=== | ||
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# Some are lenient to allow making ice on Shabbat and don't consider it to be constructing ice cubes. <Ref>Yalkut Yosef (pg 515) </ref> In terms of preparing for after Shabbat, see [[Hachana]]. | # Some are lenient to allow making ice on Shabbat and don't consider it to be constructing ice cubes. <Ref>Yalkut Yosef (pg 515) </ref> In terms of preparing for after Shabbat, see [[Hachana]]. | ||
==Watches== | ===Watches=== | ||
# It is forbidden to wind a watch which has stopped working on [[Shabbat]]. <ref>Shemirat | # It is forbidden to wind a watch which has stopped working on [[Shabbat]].<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 28:19 </ref> Some say that one may wind it if it is still working.<ref> Yalkut Yosef (pg 512) </ref> | ||
===Shtender=== | ===Shtender=== | ||
# Some say that it is permitted to adjust the height of a shtender if (1) the parts aren’t held tightly and (2) the parts are frequently opened and closed (as is common which shtenders in shul). However, if the parts fit tightly or it isn’t opened and closed frequently (as is common which shtenders in a house) it’s forbidden. The pieces are considered held loosely if one isn’t considered if the parts move around where they are joined. <Ref>Or Letzion (vol 2, 27:3). Sh"t Minchat Yitzchak 9:38 prohibits in any event </ref> However, some poskim are lenient in all cases. <Ref>Yalkut Yosef (314, pg 504), Shulchan Shlomo 313:7, Sh”t Shevet HaLevi 6:32. </ref> | # Some say that it is permitted to adjust the height of a shtender if (1) the parts aren’t held tightly and (2) the parts are frequently opened and closed (as is common which shtenders in shul). However, if the parts fit tightly or it isn’t opened and closed frequently (as is common which shtenders in a house) it’s forbidden. The pieces are considered held loosely if one isn’t considered if the parts move around where they are joined. <Ref>Or Letzion (vol 2, 27:3). Sh"t Minchat Yitzchak 9:38 prohibits in any event </ref> However, some poskim are lenient in all cases. <Ref>Yalkut Yosef (314, pg 504), Shulchan Shlomo 313:7, Sh”t Shevet HaLevi 6:32. </ref> | ||
{{Playpens and Cribs on Shabbat}} | |||
===Sukkah Schlock=== | ===Sukkah Schlock=== | ||
# It is permitted to put a rainproof cover (like a plastic tarp) on top of the Sachach of a [[Sukkah]] on [[Yom Tov]] | # It is permitted to put a rainproof cover (like a plastic tarp) on top of the Sachach of a [[Sukkah]] on [[Yom Tov]] as long as it is clear that one is only doing so to protect the sukkah and also the covering is within 3 tefachim of the sachach. When putting on the cover one should be careful not to move the Sachach because it is [[Muktzeh]]. <Ref>Mishna Brurah 640:25, Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 24:12 </ref> | ||
=== | ===Mosquito Net=== | ||
# | # Spreading over a mosquito net is different, and would be prohibited according to all Poskim unless it was spread out a the required 3.75 inches prior to [[Shabbos]].<ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 24:9, Shevet Halevi 3:54</ref> | ||
# It is forbidden to | |||
===Concrete=== | |||
# It is forbidden to pour water on concrete on Shabbat in order to harden it even if one is pouring the water for another purpose like washing one's hands and beneath there is concrete that needs to be hardened. The best option is to use a timer. A worse alternative is to ask a non-Jew to do it using grama, such as pouring the water into a vessel near the concrete which when it overflows spills onto the concrete.<ref>Chazon Ovadia v. 5 p. 277</ref> | |||
==Building a wall== | ==Building a wall== | ||
# It’s forbidden to build a permanent wall which means that it is meant to last a few days. <Ref>Shemirat | # It’s forbidden to build a permanent wall which means that it is meant to last a few days. <Ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 24:26 </ref> | ||
# It is permitted to erect a temporary wall even to protect from the sun or wind; for example it’s permitted to set up temporary walls around a sick person’s bed <Ref>Shemirat | # It is permitted to erect a temporary wall even to protect from the sun or wind; for example it’s permitted to set up temporary walls around a sick person’s bed <Ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 24:27 </ref> | ||
# It’s permitted to place a cloth in place of a broken window, but one may not use nails or thumbtacks. <Ref>Shemirat | # It’s permitted to place a cloth in place of a broken window, but one may not use nails or thumbtacks. <Ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 24:27 </ref> | ||
# It’s permitted to set up a Parochet (curtain) in front of the Aron in Shul on [[Shabbat]] as long as it doesn’t have a width of a [[Tefach]] as a roof. Some only permit if there are doors besides the curtain while others forbid unless there are doors. <Ref>Rama 315:1, Mishna Brurah 315:7 </ref> If it is a large Parochet it should only be put up by two people so that it doesn’t fold over and form a tent on [[Shabbat]]. <ref>S”A 315:12, Mishna Brurah 315:8 </ref> | # It’s permitted to set up a Parochet (curtain) in front of the Aron in Shul on [[Shabbat]] as long as it doesn’t have a width of a [[Tefach]] as a roof. Some only permit if there are doors besides the curtain while others forbid unless there are doors. <Ref>Rama 315:1, Mishna Brurah 315:7 </ref> If it is a large Parochet it should only be put up by two people so that it doesn’t fold over and form a tent on [[Shabbat]].<ref>S”A 315:12, Mishna Brurah 315:8 </ref> | ||
===Curtains=== | ===Curtains=== | ||
# It’s permitted to set up a curtain in place of a door even if it’s attached at the bottom and top only if it is meant to be set up temporarily (less than a few days). <Ref>Shemirat | # It’s permitted to set up a curtain in place of a door even if it’s attached at the bottom and top only if it is meant to be set up temporarily (less than a few days). <Ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 24:27 </ref> | ||
# Some permit setting up a curtain even for many days (permanently) if it is only attached at the top and not the bottom. However, others hold that this is biblically forbidden. Even according to those who permit when put up a large curtain one must make sure to put it up with two people so that it doesn’t fold over while trying to put it up and when it folds over it will form a tent on [[Shabbat]]. <Ref>Shemirat | # Some permit setting up a curtain even for many days (permanently) if it is only attached at the top and not the bottom. However, others hold that this is biblically forbidden. Even according to those who permit when put up a large curtain one must make sure to put it up with two people so that it doesn’t fold over while trying to put it up and when it folds over it will form a tent on [[Shabbat]]. <Ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 24:28 quotes the opinion of the Rama 315:1 and Mishna Brurah 315:6 as being lenient against the Chazon Ish 52:13 who is strict, but don’t resolve or take a side in the dispute. The Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata insists on putting it up with two people based on the S”A 315:12 </ref> | ||
# Setting up a curtain in place of a window is the same as a door (if it’s temporary it’s permitted, if it’s permanent some permit if one only attaches it at the top while others forbid.) <ref>Shemirat | # Setting up a curtain in place of a window is the same as a door (if it’s temporary it’s permitted, if it’s permanent some permit if one only attaches it at the top while others forbid.) <ref>Shemirat Shabbat KeHilchata 24:29 </ref> | ||
==Links== | ==Links== | ||
